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Perlidae

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Description

The Perlidae are a family of stoneflies, with more than 50 genera and 1,100 described species. The majority of the Perlidae are found in eastern North America, but they occur worldwide except for Antarctica and parts of Africa. Their lifecycles range between one and three years. They adults emerge in the summer; they are very active and known to be attracted to light sources. They are usually very sensitive to changes in environment.

From Wikipedia article at https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Perlidae, which is released under the Creative Commons Attribution-Share-Alike License 3.0.

Source Data

Source	ID	Link
Global Biodiversity Information Facility ID (GBIF)	7223	https://www.gbif.org/species/7223
PaleoBioDB ID (PBDB)	221730	https://paleobiodb.org/classic/checkTaxonInfo?taxon_no=221730

Rank

family

Taxonomy (GBIF)

Life : Animalia : Arthropoda : Insecta : Plecoptera : Perlidae

Taxonomy (PBDB)

Life : Animalia : Arthropoda : Insecta : Plecoptera : Perlidae

Taxonomic Status (GBIF)

accepted

Classification
(PBDB,GBIF)

Rank	Name	Author
-	Eukaryota
-	Opisthokonta	Cavalier-Smith 1987
kingdom	Animalia
-	Bilateria
-	Eubilateria	Ax 1987
-	Protostomia	Grobben 1908
-	Ecdysozoa
-	Panarthropoda
phylum	Arthropoda	Latreille 1829
subphylum	Mandibulata
-	Pancrustacea
superclass	Hexapoda	Latreille 1825
-	Cercofilata	Kukalová-Peck 1987
class	Insecta	Linnaeus 1758
-	Dicondylia
-	Paranotalia	Sroka et al. 2014
subclass	Pterygota	Brauer 1885
-	Neopterygota	Crampton 1924
infraclass	Neoptera	Martynov 1923
-	Polyneoptera	Martynov 1938
order	Plecoptera	Burmeister 1839
suborder	Arctoperlaria	Zwick 1973
infraorder	Systellognatha	Enderlein 1969
superfamily	Perloidea	Latreille 1802
family	Perlidae	Latreille 1802

Common Name

common stonefly

Scientific Name

Perlidae

Name Published In

in Sonnini’s Buffon, Hist. nat. gén. partic. Crust. Ins., 3: 292

Opinions (PBDB)

Name	Rank	Opinion	Evidence	Author
Perlidae	family	belongs to Perlomorpha	stated with evidence	Sinitshenkova, 1987
Perlidae	family	belongs to Perlaria	stated without evidence	Carpenter, 1992
Perlidae	family	belongs to Plecoptera	stated without evidence	Stark and Lentz, 1992
Perlidae	family	belongs to Perloidea	stated with evidence	Zwick, 2000

Status (PBDB)

extant

Taxon Size (PBDB)

Extant Size (PBDB)

7 (18%)

First Recorded Appearance

99.6 - 93.5 Ma
Late/Upper Cretaceous

Environment

freshwater,terrestrial (based on Plecoptera)

Motility

actively mobile (based on Plecoptera)

Vision

well-developed (based on Plecoptera)

Diet

detritivore, omnivore (based on Plecoptera)

Reproduction

oviparous (based on Plecoptera)

Ontogeny

molting (based on Plecoptera)

Taphonomy

chitin (based on Plecoptera)

Primary Reference (PBDB)

P. A. Latreille. 1802. Histoire Naturelle, Générale et Particulière des Crustacés et des Insectes, Tome Troisième

Common Name(s)

Common Stonefly, Common Stoneflies, Jättebäcksländor, Borstelsteenvliegen, Summer Stoneflies

Wikipedia

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Perlidae

External Images

Fossil Distribution

Subtaxa

Name	Status	Common Name(s)	Fossil Occurrences	Oldest	Youngest
Acroneuriinae subfamily	listed (PBDB)		18	99.6 Ma Late/Upper Cretaceous	0 Ma Extant
Neoperlini tribe	listed (PBDB)				0 Ma Extant
Acroneuria genus	accepted (GBIF)	No associated record in PBDB
Agnetina genus	accepted (GBIF)	No associated record in PBDB
Anacroneuria genus	accepted (GBIF)	No associated record in PBDB
Archaeoperla genus	accepted (GBIF)	No associated record in PBDB
Attaneuria genus	accepted (GBIF)	No associated record in PBDB
Beloneuria genus	accepted (GBIF)	No associated record in PBDB
Berekia ✝ genus	accepted (GBIF) listed (PBDB)		1	228 Ma Late/Upper Triassic	228 Ma Late/Upper Triassic
Brahmana genus	accepted (GBIF)	No associated record in PBDB
Burmacroneuria ✝ genus	listed (PBDB)		1	99.6 Ma Late/Upper Cretaceous	99.6 Ma Late/Upper Cretaceous
Calineuria genus	accepted (GBIF)	No associated record in PBDB
Caroperla genus	accepted (GBIF)	No associated record in PBDB
Chinoperla genus	accepted (GBIF)	No associated record in PBDB
Chloroperloides ✝ genus	accepted (GBIF) listed (PBDB)		1	164 Ma Middle Jurassic	164 Ma Middle Jurassic
Claassenia genus	accepted (GBIF)	No associated record in PBDB
Dinocras genus	accepted (GBIF)	No associated record in PBDB
Dominiperla ✝ genus	accepted (GBIF) listed (PBDB)		1	20.4 Ma Miocene	20.4 Ma Miocene
Doroneuria genus	accepted (GBIF)	No associated record in PBDB
Eccoptura genus	accepted (GBIF)	No associated record in PBDB
Enderleina genus	accepted (GBIF)	No associated record in PBDB
Eoperla genus	accepted (GBIF)	No associated record in PBDB
Etrocorema genus	accepted (GBIF)	No associated record in PBDB
Euperlida ✝ genus	accepted (GBIF) listed (PBDB)		1	33.9 Ma Oligocene	33.9 Ma Oligocene
Flavoperla genus	accepted (GBIF)	No associated record in PBDB
Furcaperla genus	accepted (GBIF)	No associated record in PBDB
Gibosia genus	accepted (GBIF)	No associated record in PBDB
Hansonoperla genus	accepted (GBIF)	No associated record in PBDB
Helenoperla genus	accepted (GBIF)	No associated record in PBDB
Hemacroneuria genus	accepted (GBIF)	No associated record in PBDB
Hesperoperla genus	accepted (GBIF)	No associated record in PBDB
Inconeuria genus	accepted (GBIF)	No associated record in PBDB
Kamimuria genus	accepted (GBIF)	No associated record in PBDB
Kaptsheranga ✝ genus	accepted (GBIF) listed (PBDB)		1	164 Ma Middle Jurassic	164 Ma Middle Jurassic
Kempnyella genus	accepted (GBIF)	No associated record in PBDB
Kempnyia genus	accepted (GBIF)	No associated record in PBDB
Kiotina genus	accepted (GBIF)	No associated record in PBDB
Klapalekia genus	accepted (GBIF)	No associated record in PBDB
Largusoperla ✝ genus	accepted (GBIF) listed (PBDB)		13	99.6 Ma Late/Upper Cretaceous	99.6 Ma Late/Upper Cretaceous
Macrogynoplax genus	accepted (GBIF)	No associated record in PBDB
Marthamea genus	accepted (GBIF)	No associated record in PBDB
Mesoperla genus	accepted (GBIF)	No associated record in PBDB
Miniperla genus	accepted (GBIF)	No associated record in PBDB
Neoperla genus	accepted (GBIF)	No associated record in PBDB
Neoperlops genus	accepted (GBIF)	No associated record in PBDB
Nigroperla genus	accepted (GBIF)	No associated record in PBDB
Niponiella genus	accepted (GBIF)	No associated record in PBDB
Nishineuria genus	accepted (GBIF)	No associated record in PBDB
Onychoplax genus	accepted (GBIF)	No associated record in PBDB
Oyamia genus	accepted (GBIF)	No associated record in PBDB
Paragnetina genus	accepted (GBIF)	No associated record in PBDB
Pectinoperla ✝ genus	accepted (GBIF) listed (PBDB)		1	152 Ma Late Jurassic	152 Ma Late Jurassic
Perla genus	accepted (GBIF) listed (PBDB)		2	38.0 Ma Eocene	0 Ma Extant
Perlesta genus	accepted (GBIF)	No associated record in PBDB
Perlinella genus	accepted (GBIF)	No associated record in PBDB
Perlisca ✝ genus	accepted (GBIF) listed (PBDB)		3	183 Ma Early Jurassic	183 Ma Early Jurassic
Perlitodes ✝ genus	accepted (GBIF) listed (PBDB)		2	152 Ma Late Jurassic	152 Ma Late Jurassic
Perlomimus ✝ genus	accepted (GBIF) listed (PBDB)		1	164 Ma Middle Jurassic	164 Ma Middle Jurassic
Phanoperla genus	accepted (GBIF)	No associated record in PBDB
Pictetoperla genus	accepted (GBIF)	No associated record in PBDB
Pinguisoperla ✝ genus	accepted (GBIF) listed (PBDB)		1	99.6 Ma Late/Upper Cretaceous	99.6 Ma Late/Upper Cretaceous
Savina ✝ genus	accepted (GBIF) listed (PBDB)		1	152 Ma Late Jurassic	152 Ma Late Jurassic
Sinacroneuria genus	accepted (GBIF)	No associated record in PBDB
Starkoperla ✝ genus	listed (PBDB)		1	99.6 Ma Late/Upper Cretaceous	99.6 Ma Late/Upper Cretaceous
Tetropina genus	accepted (GBIF)	No associated record in PBDB
Togoperla genus	accepted (GBIF)	No associated record in PBDB
Trianguliperla ✝ genus	accepted (GBIF) listed (PBDB)		14	228 Ma Late/Upper Triassic	129 Ma Early/Lower Cretaceous
Tungussonympha ✝ genus	accepted (GBIF) listed (PBDB)		1	254 Ma Permian	254 Ma Permian
Tyloperla genus	accepted (GBIF)	No associated record in PBDB
Xanthoneuria genus	accepted (GBIF)	No associated record in PBDB
Zwickoperla ✝ genus	listed (PBDB)		1	99.6 Ma Late/Upper Cretaceous	99.6 Ma Late/Upper Cretaceous

Obsolete Names

Name	Source	Taxon Rank	Taxonomy
Neoperlinae	GBIF	family	Animalia : Arthropoda : Insecta : Plecoptera : Neoperlinae

Synonymy List

Year	Name and Author
1802	Perlariae Latreille p. 292
1987	Perlidae Sinitshenkova p. 37
1992	Perlidae Carpenter p. 96
1992	Perlidae Stark and Lentz
2000	Perlidae Zwick
2018	Perlidae Sroka et al. p. 10

References

Latreille P. A. , Histoire Naturelle, Générale et Particulière des Crustacés et des Insectes, Tome Troisième, 1-467

Sinitshenkova N. D. (1987) Istopicheskoe razvitie vesiyanok, Akademiya Nauk SSSR, Trudy Paleontologicheskogo Instituta 221, 1-142

Carpenter F. M. (1992) , Treatise on Invertebrate Paleontology Part R, Arthropoda 4: Superclass Hexapoda 3/4, 1-655

Stark B. P., Lentz D. L. (1992) Dominiperla antigua (Plecoptera: Perlidae), the first stonefly from Dominican amber, Journal of the Kansas Entomological Society 65, 93-96

Zwick P. (2000) Phylogenetic system and zoogeography of the Plecoptera, Annual Reviews of Entomology 45, 709-746

Sroka P., Staniczek A. H., et al (2018) 'Rolling' stoneflies (Insecta: Plecoptera) from mid-Cretaceous Burmese amber, PeerJ 6, e5354

Zwick, Peter (2004) - via Taxa Watermanagement the Netherlands (TWN)

International Commission on Zoological Nomenclature. Opinion 645 Perla Geoffroy, 1762 (Insecta, Plecoptera); validation under the Plenary Powers.Bulletin of Zoological Nomenclature 20, 29-30 (1963) - via Official Lists and Indexes of Names in Zoology

Benton, M.J. (ed). (1993). The Fossil Record 2. Chapman & Hall, London, 845 pp. - via The Interim Register of Marine and Nonmarine Genera

Hallan, J. (2000-current). Biology Catalog. Web compilation accessible at http://bug.tamu.edu/research/collection/hallan/ (accessed June 2012). - via The Interim Register of Marine and Nonmarine Genera

Parker, S.P. (ed). (1982). Synopsis and Classification of Living Organisms. McGraw-Hill, New York. 2 volumes. - via The Interim Register of Marine and Nonmarine Genera

Gärdenfors, Ulf, Hall, Ragnar, Hallingbäck, Tomas, Hansson, Hans G. & Hedström, Lars (2003) Djur, svampar och växter i Sverige 2003. Förteckning över antal arter per familj. ArtDatabanken Rapporterar 5, ArtDatabanken, Uppsala. (reviderad excelfil med svenska djurfamiljer). - via Dyntaxa. Svensk taxonomisk databas

Carpenter. 1992. In Kaesler. Part R Arthropoda 4. Volume 3: Superclass Hexapoda. Treatise on Invertebrate Paleontology 96 - via Plecoptera Species File

Klapálek. 1909. In Klapálek & Grunberg. Hft. 8. Ephemerida, Plecoptera, Lepidoptera. In Brauer, A. II. Plecoptera, Steinfliegen. Die Süsswasserfauna Deutschlands. Eine Exkursionsfauna, Verlag von Gustav Fischer, Jena 42 - via Plecoptera Species File

Needham & Claassen. 1925. A Monograph of the Plecoptera or Stoneflies of America North of Mexico. The Thomas Say Foundation II:47-196, 286 - via Plecoptera Species File

Tillyard. 1921. A new classification of the order Perlaria. Canadian Entomologist (Canad. Ent.) 53:40 - via Plecoptera Species File

Zwick, P. 1990. In Campbell [Ed.]. Mayflies and Stoneflies: Life Histories and Biology. Proceedings of the 5th International Ephemeroptera Conference and the 9th International Plecoptera Conference. Transantarctic Relationships in the Plecoptera. Series Entomologica (Ser. Entomol.) 44:141-148 - via Plecoptera Species File

Newman. 1839. On the Synonymy of the Perlites, together with brief charaters of the old and of a few new species. Art. IV. Magazine of Natural History (Mag.nat.Hist.) New Series 3(25):32 - via Plecoptera Species File

Newman. 1853. Proposed division of Neuroptera into two classes. Art. XXIX. The Zoologist: A Popular Miscellany of Natural History (Zoologist) 11(Appendix):cxc - via Plecoptera Species File

Stark & Gaufin. 1976. The Nearctic genera of Perlidae (Plecoptera). Miscellaneous Publications of the entomological Society of America (Misc.Publs.ent.Soc.Am.) 10(1):1-77 - via Plecoptera Species File

Stephens. 1836. Illustrations of British entomology; or a synopsis of indigenous insects: containing their generic and specific distinctions with an account of their metamorphoses, times of appearance, localities, food and economy, as far as practicable, with coloured figures (from Westwood) of the rare and more interesting species, Baldwin & Cradock, London 6:134-145 - via Plecoptera Species File

Westwood. 1839. Part No. 9. An Introduction to the Modern Classification of Insects: Founded on the Natural Habits and Corresponding Organisation of the Different Families, Orme, Brown, Green, and Longmans, London 2:20 - via Plecoptera Species File

Du, Y. & He. 2001. In Dominguez [Ed.]. Progress on Taxonomic Study of the Family Perlidae from China. Trends in Research in Ephemeroptera and Plecoptera., Kluwer Academic/Plenum Publishers, New York, Boston etc 369-375 - via Plecoptera Species File

Frison. 1935. The stoneflies, or Plecoptera, of Illinois. Illinois Natural History Survey Bulletin (Ill.Nat.Hist.Surv.Bull.) 20:310, 372 - via Plecoptera Species File

Gill, Kondratieff, Casner, Encalada, Flecker, Gannon, Ghalambor, Guayasimin, Poff, M. P. Simmons, Thomas, Zamudio & Funk. 2016. Cryptic species diversity reveals biogeographic support for the ‘mountain passes are higher in the tropics’ hypothesis. Proceedings of the Royal Society B 283:1-9 - via Plecoptera Species File

Judson & C.R. Nelson. 2012. A Guide to Mongolian Stoneflies (Insecta: Plecoptera). Zootaxa 3541:35 - via Plecoptera Species File

Okamoto. 1912. Erster Beitrag zur Kenntnis der Japanischen Plecopteren. Transactions of the Sapporo Natural History Society (Trans. Sapporo. Nat. Hist. Soc.) 4:115 - via Plecoptera Species File

Sheldon. 2008. In Hauer, Stanford & Newell [Ed.]. Scale and Hierarchy in the Ecology of Stoneflies. International Advances in the Ecology, Zoogeography, and Systematics of Mayflies and Stoneflies, University of California Press, Berkeley, CA 15-38 - via Plecoptera Species File

Sivec, Stark & Uchida. 1988. Synopsis of the world genera of Perlinae (Plecoptera: Perlidae). Scopolia 16:1-66 - via Plecoptera Species File

Stewart & Stark. 2002. Nymphs of North American Stonefly Genera (Plecoptera). 2nd. Ed., Caddis Press, Columbus, Ohio 311 - via Plecoptera Species File

Zwick, P. 2000. Phylogenetic System and Zoogeography of the Plecoptera. Annual Review of Entomology (Annu.Rev.Entomol.) 45:732 - via Plecoptera Species File

Duarte, Lecci & Calor. 2014. Stoneflies (Insecta: Plecoptera) from Serra Bonita, Bahia, Brazil: New species and updated records. Zootaxa 3779(1):88 - via Plecoptera Species File

Illies. 1966. Katalog der rezenten Plecoptera. Das Tierreich – Eine Zusammenstellung und Kennzeichnung der rezenten Tierformen. (Das Tierreich) 82:259 - via Plecoptera Species File

Latreille. 1802. Families naturelles et genres. Histoire naturelle, générale et particulière des crustacés et des insectes : ouvrage faisant suite aux oeuvres de Leclerc de Buffon, et partie du cours complet d'histoire naturelle rédigé, F. Dufart, Paris 3:467 pp. - via Plecoptera Species File

Stark & Armitage. 2004. The stoneflies (Plecoptera) of eastern North America. Volume II. Chloroperlidae, Perlidae, Perlodidae (Perlodinae). Ohio Biological Survey Bulletin New Series (Ohio Biol. Surv. Bull. New Ser.) 14(4):1-192 - via Plecoptera Species File

Stewart & Sandberg. 2006. In Drosopoulos & Claridge. Vibratory Communication and Mate Searching Behaviour in Stoneflies. Insect Sounds and Communication: Physiology, Behaviour, Ecology and Evolution, CRC Press, Boca Raton, FL 184, 185 - via Plecoptera Species File

Zwick, P. 1973. Insecta: Plecoptera Phylogenetisches System und Katalog. Das Tierreich – Eine Zusammenstellung und Kennzeichnung der rezenten Tierformen. (Das Tierreich) 94:254, 417 - via Plecoptera Species File

Data courtesy of: PBDB: The Paleobiology Database, Creative Commons CC-BY licenced. , GBIF: the Global Biodiversity Information Facility, various licences, iDigBio, various licences, and EOL: The Encyclopedia of Life (Open Data Public Domain). Because fossils are made of minerals too!

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