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Plecoptera

Description

The Plecoptera are an order of insects, commonly known as stoneflies. Some 3,500 species are described worldwide, with new species still being discovered. Stoneflies are found worldwide, except Antarctica. Stoneflies are believed to be one of the most primitive groups of Neoptera, with close relatives identified from the Carboniferous and Lower Permian geological periods, while true stoneflies are known from fossils only a bit younger. Their modern diversity, however, apparently is of Mesozoic origin.


Source Data
SourceIDLink
Global Biodiversity Information Facility ID (GBIF)9159051https://www.gbif.org/species/9159051
PaleoBioDB ID (PBDB)133906https://paleobiodb.org/classic/checkTaxonInfo?taxon_no=133906
Rankgenus (GBIF)
order (PBDB)
Taxonomy (GBIF)Life : Animalia : Arthropoda : Insecta : Lepidoptera : Erebidae : Plecoptera
Taxonomy (PBDB)Life : Animalia : Arthropoda : Insecta : Plecoptera
Taxonomic Status (GBIF)doubtful
Classification
(PBDB,GBIF)
RankNameAuthor
-Eukaryota
-OpisthokontaCavalier-Smith 1987
kingdomAnimalia
-Bilateria
-EubilateriaAx 1987
-ProtostomiaGrobben 1908
-Ecdysozoa
-Panarthropoda
phylumArthropodaLatreille 1829
subphylumMandibulata
-Pancrustacea
superclassHexapodaLatreille 1825
-CercofilataKukalová-Peck 1987
classInsectaLinnaeus 1758
-Dicondylia
-ParanotaliaSroka et al. 2014
subclassPterygotaBrauer 1885
-NeopterygotaCrampton 1924
infraclassNeopteraMartynov 1923
-PolyneopteraMartynov 1938
genusPlecopteraNoc
Common Namestonefly
Scientific NamePlecoptera Noc
Opinions (PBDB)
NameRankOpinionEvidenceAuthor
Plecopteraorderbelongs to Insectastated with evidenceLatreille, 1802
Plecopteraorderbelongs to Orthopteroideastated without evidenceMartynov, 1925
Plecopteraorderbelongs to Polyneopterastated with evidenceSharov, 1968
Plecopteraorderbelongs to Plecopteridastated with evidenceEades, 2012
Plecopteraorderbelongs to Polyneopterastated with evidenceWipfler et al., 2019
Status (PBDB)extant
Taxon Size (PBDB)457
Extant Size (PBDB)41 (9.0%)
First Recorded Appearance315 - 311 Ma
Carboniferous
Environmentfreshwater,terrestrial
Motilityactively mobile
Visionwell-developed
Dietdetritivore, omnivore
Reproductionoviparous
Ontogenymolting
Taphonomychitin
Primary Reference (PBDB)H. C. Burmeister. 1839. Handbuch der Entomologie. Zweiter Band. Besondere Entomologie. Zweite Abtheilung. Kaukerfe. Gymnognatha (Zweite Hälfte; vulgo Neuroptera)
Wikipediahttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plecoptera

Fossil Distribution

Subtaxa

NameStatusCommon Name(s)Fossil OccurrencesOldestYoungest
Antarctoperlaria
suborder
listed (PBDB)59268 Ma
Permian
0 Ma
Extant
Arctoperlaria
suborder
listed (PBDB)361280 Ma
Permian
0 Ma
Extant
Perlopseina
suborder
listed (PBDB)7279 Ma
Permian
279 Ma
Permian
Fatjanopteridae
family
accepted (GBIF)
listed (PBDB)
2315 Ma
Carboniferous
296 Ma
Permian
Gulouidae
family
accepted (GBIF)
listed (PBDB)
5315 Ma
Carboniferous
315 Ma
Carboniferous
Perlapsocidae
family
accepted (GBIF)
listed (PBDB)
1290 Ma
Permian
290 Ma
Permian
Afroperla
genus
accepted (GBIF)
listed (PBDB)
1254 Ma
Permian
254 Ma
Permian
Capitiperla
genus
accepted (GBIF)
listed (PBDB)
1237 Ma
Middle Triassic
237 Ma
Middle Triassic
Fluminiperla
genus
accepted (GBIF)
listed (PBDB)
1125 Ma
Early/Lower Cretaceous
125 Ma
Early/Lower Cretaceous
Kaptsheranga
genus
accepted (GBIF)
listed (PBDB)
1164 Ma
Middle Jurassic
164 Ma
Middle Jurassic
Marciperla
genus
accepted (GBIF)
listed (PBDB)
1170 Ma
Middle Jurassic
170 Ma
Middle Jurassic
Sinoperla
genus
listed (PBDB)1125 Ma
Early/Lower Cretaceous
125 Ma
Early/Lower Cretaceous

Synonymy List

YearName and Author
1802Plecoptera Latreille
1802Perlaria Latreille p. 292
1802Perlina Latreille p. 292
1839Plecoptera Burmeister p. 863
1925Plecoptera Martynov p. 576
1954Perlaria Riek p. 167
1968Plecoptera Sharov
YearName and Author
1987Perlina Sinitshenkova p. 19
1992Perlaria Carpenter p. 93
1992Perlina Sinitshenkova p. 46
2007Perlina Liu et al. p. 323
2010Plecoptera Kluge p. 23
2012Plecoptera Eades
2019Plecoptera Wipfler et al.

References

Burmeister H. C. , Handbuch der Entomologie. Zweiter Band. Besondere Entomologie. Zweite Abtheilung. Kaukerfe. Gymnognatha (Zweite Hälfte; vulgo Neuroptera), 757-1050
Latreille P. A. , Histoire Naturelle, Générale et Particulière des Crustacés et des Insectes, Tome Troisième, 1-467
Martynov A. V. (1925) To the knowledge of fossil insects from Jurassic beds in Turkestan. 2. Raphidioptera (continued), Orthoptera (s. l. ), Odonata, Neuroptera, Izvestiya Akademii Nauk 19 12-15, 569-598
Riek E. F. (1954) Further Triassic insects from Brookvale, NSW (orders Orthoptera Saltatoria, Protorthoptera, Perlaria), Records of the Australian Museum 23 4, 161-168 doi:10.3853/j.0067-1975.23.1954.630
Sharov A. G. (1968) Filogeniya ortopteroidnykh nasekomykh, Trudy Paleontologicheskogo Instituta Akademii Nauk SSSR 118, 1-216
Sinitshenkova N. D. (1987) Istopicheskoe razvitie vesiyanok, Akademiya Nauk SSSR, Trudy Paleontologicheskogo Instituta 221, 1-142
Carpenter F. M. (1992) , Treatise on Invertebrate Paleontology Part R, Arthropoda 4: Superclass Hexapoda 3/4, 1-655
Sinitshenkova N. D. (1992) New upper Mesozoic stone flies from Yakutia (Insecta: Perlida = Plecoptera), Paleontological Journal 26 3, 43-55
Liu Y. S., Sinitshenkova N. D., et al (2007) A new genus and species of stonefly (Insecta: Plecoptera) from the Yixian Formation, Liaoning Province, China, Cretaceous Research 28, 322-326
Eades D. (2012) , Polyneoptera Species File
Wipfler B., Letsch H., et al (2019) Evolutionary history of Polyneoptera and its implications for our understanding of early winged insects, Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences
Data courtesy of: PBDB: The Paleobiology Database, Creative Commons CC-BY licenced. , GBIF: the Global Biodiversity Information Facility, various licences, iDigBio, various licences, and EOL: The Encyclopedia of Life (Open Data Public Domain). Because fossils are made of minerals too!
 
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