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Amargasaurus cazaui

Description

Amargasaurus ("La Amarga lizard") is a genus of sauropod dinosaur from the Early Cretaceous epoch (129.4–122.46 mya) of what is now Argentina. The only known skeleton was discovered in 1984 and is virtually complete, including a fragmentary skull, making Amargasaurus one of the best-known sauropods of its epoch. Amargasaurus was first described in 1991 and contains a single known species, Amargasaurus cazaui. It was a large animal, but small for a sauropod, reaching 9 to 10 meters (30 to 33 feet) in length. Most distinctively, it sported two parallel rows of tall spines down its neck and back, taller than in any other known sauropod. In life, these spines most likely could have stuck out of the body as solitary structures that supported a keratinous sheath. An alternate hypothesis, now less favored, postulates that they could have formed a scaffold supporting a skin sail. They might have been used for display, combat, or defense.


Source Data
SourceIDLink
Global Biodiversity Information Facility ID (GBIF)4822554https://www.gbif.org/species/4822554
PaleoBioDB ID (PBDB)53962https://paleobiodb.org/classic/checkTaxonInfo?taxon_no=53962
Rankspecies
Taxonomy (GBIF)Life : Animalia : Chordata : Reptilia : Dinosauria : Dicraeosauridae : Amargasaurus : Amargasaurus cazaui
Taxonomy (PBDB)Life : Animalia : Chordata : Saurischia : Dicraeosauridae : Amargasaurus : Amargasaurus cazaui
Taxonomic Status (GBIF)accepted
Classification
(PBDB,GBIF)
RankNameAuthor
-Eukaryota
-OpisthokontaCavalier-Smith 1987
kingdomAnimalia
-TriploblasticaLankester 1877
-NephrozoaJondelius et al. 2002
-DeuterostomiaGrobben 1908
phylumChordataHaeckel 1847
subphylumVertebrataLamarck 1801
superclassGnathostomataGegenbauer 1874
-Osteichthyes
-SarcopterygiiRomer 1955
subclassDipnotetrapodomorpha
subclassTetrapodomorpha
-Tetrapoda
-ReptiliomorphaSäve-Söderbergh 1934
-AnthracosauriaSäve-Söderbergh 1934
-Batrachosauria
-Cotylosauria
-AmniotaHaeckel 1866
-SauropsidaHuxley 1864
classReptiliaLaurenti 1768
subclassEureptilia
-RomeriidaGauthier et al. 1988
-Diapsida
-Eosuchia
-NeodiapsidaBenton 1985
-SauriaGauthier 1984
-Archosauromorpha
-CrocopodaEzcurra 2016
-ArchosauriformesGauthier 1986
-EucrocopodaEzcurra 2016
-Archosauria
informalAvemetatarsaliaBenton 1999
-OrnithodiraGauthier 1986
-DinosauromorphaBenton 1985
-DinosauriformesNovas 1992
-Dinosauria
-Saurischia
-EusaurischiaPadian et al. 1999
-Sauropodomorpha
-MassopodaYates 2007
-SauropodiformesMartinez et al. 2011
-Sauropoda
-EusauropodaUpchurch 1995
-NeosauropodaBonaparte 1986
-Diplodocoidea
-DiplodocimorphaCalvo and Salgado 1995
-FlagellicaudataHarris and Dodson 2004
-Dicraeosauridae
genusAmargasaurusBonaparte 1984
speciesAmargasaurus cazauiSalgado & Bonaparte 1991
Generic NameAmargasaurus
Scientific NameAmargasaurus cazaui Salgado & Bonaparte, 1991
Name Published InSalgado, Leonardo & José F. Bonaparte. 1991. Un nuevo sauropodo Dicraeosauridae, Amargasaurus cazaui gen. et sp. nov. de la Formación La Amarga, Neocomiano de la Provincia del Neuquén, Argentina. Ameghiniana 28(3-4): 333-346.
Opinions (PBDB)
NameRankOpinionEvidenceAuthor
Amargasaurus cazauispeciesbelongs to Amargasaurusstated without evidenceSalgado and Bonaparte, 1991
Amargasaurus cazauispeciesbelongs to Amargasaurusstated with evidenceBonaparte, 1996
Amargasaurus cazauispeciesbelongs to Amargasaurusstated without evidenceNovas, 1997
Amargasaurus cazauispeciesbelongs to Amargasaurusstated with evidenceWilson, 2002
Amargasaurus cazauispeciesbelongs to Amargasaurusstated without evidenceRuiz-Omeñaca and Canudo, 2003
Amargasaurus cazauispeciesbelongs to Amargasaurusstated with evidenceUpchurch et al., 2004
Amargasaurus cazauispeciesbelongs to Amargasaurusstated without evidenceGallina and Apesteguía, 2005
Amargasaurus cazauispeciesbelongs to Amargasaurusstated with evidenceIbiricu et al., 2012
Amargasaurus cazauispeciesbelongs to Amargasaurusstated without evidenceGrellet-Tinner et al., 2012
Status (PBDB)extinct
Taxon Size (PBDB)1
First Recorded Appearance129 - 125 Ma
Early/Lower Cretaceous
Last Recorded Appearance129 - 125 Ma
Early/Lower Cretaceous
Environmentterrestrial (based on Sauropoda)
Motilityactively mobile (based on Sauropoda)
Dietherbivore (based on Sauropoda)
Reproductionoviparous, dispersal=direct/internal,mobile (based on Sauropoda)
Ontogenyaccretion,modification of parts (based on Sauropoda)
Taphonomyhydroxylapatite,compact or dense,thick (based on Sauropoda)
Primary Reference (PBDB)L. Salgado and J. F. Bonaparte. 1991. Un nuevo saurópodo Dicraeosauridae, Amargasaurus cazaui gen. et sp. nov., de la Formación La Amarga, Neocomiano de la provincia del Neuquén, Argentina [Amargasaurus cazaui gen. et sp. nov., a new dicraeosaurid sauropod from the La Amarga Formation, Neocomian of Neuquén province, Argentina]. Ameghiniana 28(3-4):333-346
Wikipediahttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amargasaurus_cazaui

Fossil Distribution

Obsolete Names

NameSourceTaxon RankTaxonomy
Amargasaurus groeberi Bonaparte, 1984GBIFspeciesAnimalia : Chordata : Reptilia : Dinosauria : Dicraeosauridae : Amargasaurus : Amargasaurus groeberi

Synonymy List

YearName and Author
1984Amargasaurus groeberi Bonaparte p. 136
1991Amargasaurus cazaui Salgado and Bonaparte
1992Amargasaurus groeberi Molnar p. 265
1992Amargasaurus cazaui Salgado and Calvo p. 337
1995Amargasaurus cazaui Calvo and Salgado p. 30 fig. 18
1996Amargasaurus cazaui Bonaparte p. 97
1997Amargasaurus cazaui Novas p. 683
1999Amargasaurus cazaui Salgado p. 209
2002Amargasaurus cazaui Wilson p. 273
2003Amargasaurus cazaui Ruiz-Omeñaca and Canudo p. 295
2004Amargasaurus cazaui Upchurch et al. p. 264
2005Amargasaurus cazaui Gallina and Apesteguía p. 158
YearName and Author
2005Amargasaurus cazaui Salgado and Coria p. 435
2006Amargasaurus cazaui Harris p. 1110
2007Amargasaurus cazaui Apesteguía p. 539
2007Amargasaurus cazaui González Riga and Astini p. 290
2010Amargasaurus cazaui Calvo and Porfiri p. 101
2012Amargasaurus cazaui Grellet-Tinner et al. p. 41
2012Amargasaurus cazaui Ibiricu et al. p. 226
2013Amargasaurus cazaui Pereda-Suberbiola et al. p. 66
2013Amargasaurus cazaui Tschopp and Mateus p. 877
2014Amargasaurus cazaui Mocho et al.
2019Amargasaurus cazaui Gallina et al. p. 1

References

Salgado L., Bonaparte J. F. (1991) Un nuevo saurópodo Dicraeosauridae, Amargasaurus cazaui gen. et sp. nov., de la Formación La Amarga, Neocomiano de la provincia del Neuquén, Argentina [Amargasaurus cazaui gen. et sp. nov., a new dicraeosaurid sauropod from the La Amarga Formation, Neocomian of Neuquén province, Argentina], Ameghiniana 28 3-4, 333-346
Bonaparte J. F. (1984) I dinosauri dell’Argentina [, Sulle Orme dei Dinosauri, 125-143
Calvo J. O., Salgado L. (1995) Rebbachisaurus tessonei sp. nov. a new Sauropoda from the Albian-Cenomanian of Argentina; new evidence on the origin of the Diplodocidae, GAIA 11, 13-33
Bonaparte J. F. (1996) Cretaceous tetrapods of Argentina, Münchner Geowissenschaften Abhandlungen 30, 73-130
Novas F. E. (1997) South American dinosaurs, Encyclopedia of Dinosaurs, 678-689
Wilson J. A. (2002) Sauropod dinosaur phylogeny: critique and cladistic analysis, Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 136, 217-276
Ruiz-Omeñaca J. I., Canudo J. I. (2003) Dinosaurios (Saurischia, Ornithischia) en el Barremiense (Cretácico Inferior) de la península Ibérica [Dinosaurs (Saurischia, Ornithischia) in the Barremian (Lower Cretaceous) of the Iberian peninsula], Dinosaurios y Otros Reptiles Mesozóicos de España, 269-312
Upchurch P., Barrett P. M., et al (2004) Sauropoda, The Dinosauria (2nd edition). University of California Press, Berkeley, 259-322
Gallina P. A., Apesteguía S. (2005) Cathartesaura anaerobica gen. et sp. nov., a new rebbachisaurid (Dinosauria, Sauropoda) from the Huincul Formation (Upper Cretaceous), Río Negro, Argentina, Revista del Museo Argentino de Ciencias Naturales, nuevo serie 7 2, 153-166
Apesteguía S. (2007) The sauropod diversity of the La Amarga Formation (Barremian), Neuquén (Argentina), Gondwana Research 12, 533-546 doi:10.1016/j.gr.2007.04.007
González Riga B. J., Astini R. A. (2007) Preservation of large titanosaur sauropods in overbank fluvial facies: a case study in the Cretaceous of Argentina, Journal of South American Earth Sciences 23, 290-303
Calvo J. O., Porfiri J. D. (2010) Panamericansaurus schroederi gen. nov. sp. nov. Un nuevo Sauropoda (Titanosauridae-Aeolosaurini) de la Provincia del Neuquén, Cretácico Superior de Patagonia, Argentina [Panamericansaurus schroederi gen. nov. sp. nov. A new Sauropoda (Titanosauridae-Aeolosaurini) from Neuquén Province, Upper Cretaceous of Patagonia, Argentina], Brazilian Geographical Journal: Geosciences and Humanities Research Medium 1, 100-115
Grellet-Tinner G., Fiorelli L. E., et al (2012) Water vapor conductance of the Lower Cretaceous dinosaurian eggs from Sanagasta, La Rioja, Argentina: paleobiological and paleoecological implications for South American faveoloolithid and megaloolithid eggs, Palaios 27, 35-47 doi:10.2110/palo.2011.p11-061r
Ibiricu L. M., Casal G. A., et al (2012) The southernmost records of Rebbachisauridae (Sauropoda: Diplodocoidea), from early Late Cretaceous deposits in central Patagonia, Cretaceous Research 34, 220-232
Pereda-Suberbiola X., Galton P. M., et al (2013) A plated dinosaur (Ornithischia, Stegosauria) from the Early Cretaceous of Argentina, South America: an evaluation, Alcheringa 37 1, 65-78 doi:http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/03115518.2012.702531
Tschopp E., Mateus O. (2013) The skull and neck of a new flagellicaudatan sauropod from the Morrison Formation and its implication for the evolution and ontogeny of diplodocid dinosaurs, Journal of Systematic Palaeontology 11 7, 853-888 doi:10.1080/14772019.2012.746589
Mocho P., Royo-Torres R., et al (2014) Phylogenetic reassessment of Lourinhasaurus alenquerensis, a basal Macronaria (Sauropoda) from the Upper Jurassic of Portugal, Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 170, 875-916 doi:10.1111/zoj.12113
Gallina P. A., Apesteguía S., et al (2019) A new long-spined dinosaur from Patagonia sheds light on sauropod defense system, Scientific Reports 9, 1392:1-10 doi:10.1038/s41598-018-37943-3
L. Salgado, J. F. Bonaparte (1991) Un nuevo saurópodo Dicraeosauridae, Amargasaurus cazaui gen. et sp. nov., de la Formación La Amarga, Neocomiano de la provincia del Neuquén, Argentina [Amargasaurus cazaui gen. et sp. nov., a new dicraeosaurid sauropod from the La Amarga Formation, Neocom: Ameghiniana 3-4: 333--346 - via Catalogue of Life
L. M. Ibiricu, G. A. Casal, M. C. Lamanna, R. D. Martínez, J. D. Harris, K. J. Lacovara (2012) The southernmost records of Rebbachisauridae (Sauropoda: Diplodocoidea), from early Late Cretaceous deposits in central Patagonia: Cretaceous Research: 220--232 - via Catalogue of Life
Data courtesy of: PBDB: The Paleobiology Database, Creative Commons CC-BY licenced. , GBIF: the Global Biodiversity Information Facility, various licences, iDigBio, various licences, and EOL: The Encyclopedia of Life (Open Data Public Domain). Because fossils are made of minerals too!
 
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