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Protoceras

Description

Protoceras ('first horns') is an extinct genus of Artiodactyla, of the family Protoceratidae, endemic to North America. It lived from the Oligocene to the Early Miocene 33.3—16.0 Ma, existing for approximately 17 million years.


Source Data
SourceIDLink
Global Biodiversity Information Facility ID (GBIF)3240276https://www.gbif.org/species/3240276
PaleoBioDB ID (PBDB)42581https://paleobiodb.org/classic/checkTaxonInfo?taxon_no=42581
Rankgenus
Taxonomy (GBIF)Life : Animalia : Chordata : Mammalia : Artiodactyla : Protoceratidae : Protoceras
Taxonomy (PBDB)Life : Animalia : Chordata : Mammalia : Artiodactyla : Protoceratidae : Protoceras
Taxonomic Status (GBIF)accepted
Classification
(PBDB,GBIF)
RankNameAuthor
-Eukaryota
-OpisthokontaCavalier-Smith 1987
kingdomAnimalia
-TriploblasticaLankester 1877
-NephrozoaJondelius et al. 2002
-DeuterostomiaGrobben 1908
phylumChordataHaeckel 1847
subphylumVertebrataLamarck 1801
superclassGnathostomataGegenbauer 1874
-Osteichthyes
-SarcopterygiiRomer 1955
subclassDipnotetrapodomorpha
subclassTetrapodomorpha
-Tetrapoda
-ReptiliomorphaSäve-Söderbergh 1934
-AnthracosauriaSäve-Söderbergh 1934
-Batrachosauria
-Cotylosauria
-AmniotaHaeckel 1866
-SynapsidaOsborn 1903
-Therapsida
infraorderCynodontia
-EpicynodontiaHopson and Kitching 2001
infraorderEucynodontiaKemp 1982
-ProbainognathiaHopson 1990
-MammaliamorphaRowe 1988
-MammaliaformesRowe 1988
classMammaliaLinnaeus 1758
subclassTribosphenida
infraclassEutheria
orderUngulata
orderArtiodactylaOwen 1848
-RuminantiamorphaSpaulding et al. 2009
familyProtoceratidaeMarsh 1891
subfamilyProtoceratinae
genusProtocerasMarsh 1891
Scientific NameProtoceras Marsh, 1891
Name Published InAmer. J. Sci., (3) 41
Opinions (PBDB)
NameRankOpinionEvidenceAuthor
Protocerasgenusbelongs to Protoceratidaestated without evidenceMarsh, 1891
Protocerasgenusbelongs to Protoceratinaestated without evidenceHay, 1902
Protocerasgenusbelongs to Protoceratidaestated with evidenceScott, 1940
Protocerasgenusbelongs to Protoceratinaestated without evidenceWebb, 1981
Protocerasgenusbelongs to ProtoceratidaeimpliedCarroll, 1988
Protocerasgenusbelongs to Protoceratinaestated with evidenceProthero, 1998
Protocerasgenusbelongs to Protoceratinaestated without evidenceWebb et al., 2003
Protocerasgenusbelongs to Protoceratinaestated with evidenceProthero and Ludtke, 2007
Status (PBDB)extinct
Taxon Size (PBDB)6
First Recorded Appearance33.9 - 33.3 Ma
Oligocene
Last Recorded Appearance20.4 - 16.0 Ma
Miocene
Environmentterrestrial (based on Artiodactyla)
Motilityactively mobile (based on Osteichthyes)
Dietbrowser (based on Protoceratidae)
Taphonomyphosphatic (based on Vertebrata)
Primary Reference (PBDB)O. C. Marsh. 1891. A horned artiodactyle (Protoceras celer) from the Miocene. The American Journal of Science and Arts, series 3 41(241):81-82
Wikipediahttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Protoceras

Fossil Distribution

Subtaxa

NameStatusCommon Name(s)Fossil OccurrencesOldestYoungest
Protoceras celer
species
accepted (GBIF)
listed (PBDB)
433.9 Ma
Oligocene
33.3 Ma
Oligocene
Protoceras comptus
species
accepted (GBIF)
listed (PBDB)
Protoceras nasutus
species
accepted (GBIF)
listed (PBDB)
Protoceras neatodelpha
species
accepted (GBIF)
listed (PBDB)
124.8 Ma
Oligocene
24.8 Ma
Oligocene
Protoceras skinneri
species
accepted (GBIF)
listed (PBDB)
230.8 Ma
Oligocene
30.8 Ma
Oligocene

Synonymy List

YearName and Author
1891Protoceras Marsh p. 82
1902Protoceras Hay p. 673
1908Protoceras Matthew p. 561
1940Protoceras Scott p. 567 figs. Plates LX-LXII
1981Protoceras Webb p. 363
1988Protoceras Carroll
1998Protoceras Prothero p. 435
2003Protoceras Webb et al. p. 362
2007Protoceras Prothero and Ludtke p. 173

References

Marsh O. C. A horned artiodactyle (Protoceras celer) from the Miocene, The American Journal of Science and Arts, series 3 41 241, 81-82
Hay O. P. (1902) , Bibliography and Catalogue of the Fossil Vertebrata of North America. Bulletin of the United States Geological Survey 179, 1-868
Matthew W. D. (1908) Osteology of Blastomeryx and phylogeny of the American Cervidae, Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History 24 27, 535-562
Scott W. B. (1940) The mammalian fauna of the White River Oligocene; Part 4, Artiodactyla; Part 5, Perissodactyla, Transactions of the American Philosophical Society 28 4, 363-746
Webb S. D. (1981) Kyptoceras amatorum, New Genus and Species from the Pliocene of Florida, the Last Protoceratid Artiodactyl, Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology 1 3-4, 357-365
Carroll R. L. (1988) , Vertebrate Paleontology and Evolution, 1-698
Prothero D. R. (1998) Protoceratidae, Evolution of Tertiary mammals of North America, 431-438
Webb S. D., Beatty B. L., et al (2003) New evidence of Miocene Protoceratidae including a new species from Chiapas, Mexico, Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History 279, 348-367
Prothero D. R., Ludtke J. A. (2007) Family Protoceratidae, in D. R. Prothero and S. Foss (eds.), The Evolution of Artiodactyls, 169-176
Nomenclator Zoologicus. A list of the names of genera and subgenera in zoology from the tenth edition of Linnaeus, 1758 to the end of 2004. Digitised by uBio from vols. 1-9 of Neave (ed.), 1939-1996 plus supplementary digital-only volume. http://ubio.org/NomenclatorZoologicus (as at 2006). - via The Interim Register of Marine and Nonmarine Genera
SN2000/McKenna & Bell, 1997 - via The Interim Register of Marine and Nonmarine Genera
SN2000: Brands, S. J. (compiler) 1989-2005. Systema Naturae 2000. Amsterdam, The Netherlands (2006 version). Available online at http://sn2000.taxonomy.nl/. - via The Interim Register of Marine and Nonmarine Genera
as per family - via The Interim Register of Marine and Nonmarine Genera
Sepkoski, J. J., Jr. (2002). A compendium of fossil marine animal genera. Bulletins of American Paleontology. 363, 1-560. - via The Interim Register of Marine and Nonmarine Genera
Amer. J. Sci., (3) 41 - via The Interim Register of Marine and Nonmarine Genera
Data courtesy of: PBDB: The Paleobiology Database, Creative Commons CC-BY licenced. , GBIF: the Global Biodiversity Information Facility, various licences, iDigBio, various licences, and EOL: The Encyclopedia of Life (Open Data Public Domain). Because fossils are made of minerals too!
 
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