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Basilosauridae

Photos

Photo Gallery

Pontogeneus sp.

Alachua County, Florida, USA

Dorudon serratus

Huber Mine No. 34, Twiggs County, Georgia, USA

Pontogeneus sp.

Alachua County, Florida, USA

Dorudon serratus

Huber Mine No. 34, Twiggs County, Georgia, USA

Pontogeneus sp.

Alachua County, Florida, USA

Dorudon serratus

Huber Mine No. 34, Twiggs County, Georgia, USA

Description

Basilosauridae is a paraphyletic family of extinct cetaceans that lived during the late middle to the early late Eocene, known from all continents including Antarctica. They were probably the first fully aquatic cetaceans.

From Wikipedia article at https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Basilosauridae, which is released under the Creative Commons Attribution-Share-Alike License 3.0.

Source Data

Source	ID	Link
Global Biodiversity Information Facility ID (GBIF)	3240255	https://www.gbif.org/species/3240255
PaleoBioDB ID (PBDB)	42936	https://paleobiodb.org/classic/checkTaxonInfo?taxon_no=42936

Rank

family

Taxonomy (GBIF,PBDB)

Life : Animalia : Chordata : Mammalia : Cetacea : Basilosauridae

Taxonomic Status (GBIF)

accepted

Classification
(PBDB,GBIF)

Rank	Name	Author
-	Eukaryota
-	Opisthokonta	Cavalier-Smith 1987
kingdom	Animalia
-	Triploblastica	Lankester 1877
-	Nephrozoa	Jondelius et al. 2002
-	Deuterostomia	Grobben 1908
phylum	Chordata	Haeckel 1847
subphylum	Vertebrata	Lamarck 1801
superclass	Gnathostomata	Gegenbauer 1874
-	Osteichthyes
-	Sarcopterygii	Romer 1955
subclass	Dipnotetrapodomorpha
subclass	Tetrapodomorpha
-	Tetrapoda
-	Reptiliomorpha	Säve-Söderbergh 1934
-	Anthracosauria	Säve-Söderbergh 1934
-	Batrachosauria
-	Cotylosauria
-	Amniota	Haeckel 1866
-	Synapsida	Osborn 1903
-	Therapsida
infraorder	Cynodontia
-	Epicynodontia	Hopson and Kitching 2001
infraorder	Eucynodontia	Kemp 1982
-	Probainognathia	Hopson 1990
-	Mammaliamorpha	Rowe 1988
-	Mammaliaformes	Rowe 1988
class	Mammalia	Linnaeus 1758
order	Cetacea	Brisson 1762
-	Pelagiceti	Uhen 2008
family	Basilosauridae	Cope 1867

Scientific Name

Basilosauridae

Opinions (PBDB)

Name	Rank	Opinion	Evidence	Author
Basilosauridae	family	belongs to Zeuglodontia	stated without evidence	Gill, 1871
Basilosauridae	family	belongs to Zeuglodonta	stated without evidence	Trouessart, 1904
Basilosauridae	family	belongs to Archaeoceti	stated without evidence	Miller, 1923
Basilosauridae	family	belongs to Zeuglodontes	stated without evidence	Hay, 1930
Basilosauridae	family	belongs to Archaeoceti	stated with evidence	Kellogg, 1936
Basilosauridae	family	belongs to Archaeoceti	stated without evidence	Simpson, 1945
Basilosauridae	family	belongs to Cetacea	stated without evidence	Sherman, 1952
Basilosauridae	family	subjective synonym of Zeuglodontidae	stated without evidence	Mchedlidze, 1970
Basilosauridae	family	belongs to Archaeoceti	stated without evidence	Thurmond and Jones, 1981
Basilosauridae	family	belongs to Archaeoceti	stated with evidence	Hooker, 1986
Basilosauridae	family	belongs to Archaeoceti	implied	Carroll, 1988
Basilosauridae	family	belongs to Archaeoceti	stated without evidence	Benton, 1993
Basilosauridae	family	belongs to Archaeoceti	implied	McKenna and Bell, 1997
Basilosauridae	family	belongs to Archaeoceti	stated without evidence	Kohler and Fordyce, 1997
Basilosauridae	family	belongs to Basilosauroidea	stated without evidence	Rice, 1998
Basilosauridae	family	belongs to Archaeoceti	stated without evidence	Bergqvist et al., 1999
Basilosauridae	family	belongs to Archaeoceti	stated with evidence	Uhen and Gingerich, 2001
Basilosauridae	family	belongs to Archaeoceti	stated without evidence	Fordyce and de Muizon, 2001
Basilosauridae	family	belongs to Cetacea	stated without evidence	Thewissen et al., 2001
Basilosauridae	family	belongs to Archaeoceti	stated without evidence	Rice, 2002
Basilosauridae	family	belongs to Archaeoceti	stated with evidence	Fordyce, 2003
Basilosauridae	family	belongs to Archaeoceti	stated without evidence	Geisler and Sanders, 2003
Basilosauridae	family	belongs to Archaeoceti	stated with evidence	Uhen, 2004
Basilosauridae	family	belongs to Cetacea	stated without evidence	van Vliet, 2004
Basilosauridae	family	belongs to Basilosauroidea	stated without evidence	Gingerich, 2005
Basilosauridae	family	belongs to Archaeoceti	stated without evidence	Bouetel and Muizon, 2006
Basilosauridae	family	belongs to Pelagiceti	stated with evidence	Uhen, 2008
Basilosauridae	family	belongs to Archaeoceti	stated without evidence	Fordyce and Roberts, 2009
Basilosauridae	family	belongs to Basilosauroidea	stated without evidence	Rice, 2009
Basilosauridae	family	belongs to Archaeoceti	stated with evidence	Fitzgerald, 2010
Basilosauridae	family	belongs to Pelagiceti	stated with evidence	Uhen, 2010
Basilosauridae	family	belongs to Pelagiceti	stated without evidence	Uhen et al., 2011
Basilosauridae	family	belongs to Archaeoceti	stated without evidence	Gingerich, 2012
Basilosauridae	family	belongs to Basilosauroidea	stated without evidence	El-kheir et al., 2013
Basilosauridae	family	belongs to Pelagiceti	stated with evidence	Uhen, 2013
Basilosauridae	family	belongs to Pelagiceti	stated without evidence	Goldin et al., 2014
Basilosauridae	family	belongs to Archaeoceti	implied	Gao and Ni, 2015
Basilosauridae	family	belongs to Archaeoceti	stated without evidence	Gingerich, 2015
Basilosauridae	family	belongs to Pelagiceti	stated with evidence	Marx et al., 2016
Basilosauridae	family	belongs to Pelagiceti	stated without evidence	Buono et al., 2016
Basilosauridae	family	belongs to Pelagiceti	stated with evidence	Martínez-Cáceres et al., 2017
Basilosauridae	family	belongs to Pelagiceti	stated without evidence	Berta, 2017
Basilosauridae	family	belongs to Basilosauroidea	implied	Mahdy et al., 2019

Status (PBDB)

extant

Taxon Size (PBDB)

Extant Size (PBDB)

1 (2.4%)

First Recorded Appearance

56.0 - 38.0 Ma
Eocene

Environment

marine (based on Cetacea)

Motility

actively mobile (based on Cetacea)

Diet

carnivore (based on Cetacea)

Reproduction

viviparous (based on Cetacea)

Ontogeny

modification of parts (based on Cetacea)

Taphonomy

hydroxylapatite (based on Cetacea)

Primary Reference (PBDB)

E. D. Cope. 1867. An addition to the vertebrate fauna of the Miocene period, with a synopsis of the extinct Cetacea of the United States. Proceedings of the Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia 19(4):138-157

Wikipedia

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Basilosauridae

Fossil Distribution

Subtaxa

Name	Status	Fossil Occurrences	Oldest	Youngest
Basilosaurinae ✝ subfamily	listed (PBDB)	1	43.0 Ma Eocene	43.0 Ma Eocene
Stromeriinae ✝ subfamily	listed (PBDB)
Ancalecetus ✝ genus	accepted (GBIF) listed (PBDB)	1	38.0 Ma Eocene	38.0 Ma Eocene
Basilosaurus ✝ genus	accepted (GBIF) listed (PBDB)	80	56.0 Ma Paleocene	37.2 Ma Eocene
Basiloterus ✝ genus	accepted (GBIF) listed (PBDB)	2	41.3 Ma Eocene	41.3 Ma Eocene
Basilotritus ✝ genus	accepted (GBIF) listed (PBDB)	12	47.8 Ma Eocene	41.3 Ma Eocene
Chrysocetus ✝ genus	accepted (GBIF) listed (PBDB)	3	41.3 Ma Eocene	38.0 Ma Eocene
Cynthiacetus ✝ genus	accepted (GBIF) listed (PBDB)	11	41.3 Ma Eocene	38.0 Ma Eocene
Dorudon ✝ genus	accepted (GBIF) listed (PBDB)	61	41.3 Ma Eocene	37.2 Ma Eocene
Kekenodon ✝ genus	accepted (GBIF) listed (PBDB)	2	28.4 Ma Oligocene	27.3 Ma Oligocene
Masracetus ✝ genus	accepted (GBIF) listed (PBDB)	5	38.0 Ma Eocene	38.0 Ma Eocene
Ocucajea ✝ genus	accepted (GBIF) listed (PBDB)	1	41.3 Ma Eocene	41.3 Ma Eocene
Platyosphys ✝ genus	accepted (GBIF) listed (PBDB)	7	56.0 Ma Paleocene	38.0 Ma Eocene
Saghacetus ✝ genus	accepted (GBIF) listed (PBDB)	9	38.0 Ma Eocene	37.2 Ma Eocene
Stromerius ✝ genus	accepted (GBIF) listed (PBDB)	4	38.0 Ma Eocene	38.0 Ma Eocene
Sulaimanitherium ✝ genus	listed (PBDB)	1	41.3 Ma Eocene	41.3 Ma Eocene
Supayacetus ✝ genus	accepted (GBIF) listed (PBDB)	1	41.3 Ma Eocene	41.3 Ma Eocene
Zygorhiza ✝ genus	accepted (GBIF) listed (PBDB)	15	43.0 Ma Eocene	37.2 Ma Eocene

Obsolete Names

Name	Source	Taxon Rank	Taxonomy
Stegorhinidae	GBIF	family	Animalia : Chordata : Mammalia : Cetacea : Stegorhinidae
Hydrarchidae	GBIF	family	Animalia : Chordata : Mammalia : Cetacea : Hydrarchidae
Prozeuglodontidae	GBIF	family	Animalia : Chordata : Mammalia : Cetacea : Prozeuglodontidae
Zeuglodon brachyspondylum Abel, 1914	GBIF	species	Animalia : Chordata : Mammalia : Cetacea : Basilosauridae : *Zeuglodon brachyspondylum*
Balaenoptera juddi (Seeley, 1881)	GBIF	species	Animalia : Chordata : Mammalia : Cetacea : Basilosauridae : *Balaenoptera juddi*
Hydrarchina	GBIF	family	Animalia : Chordata : Mammalia : Cetacea : Hydrarchina
Zeuglodontae	GBIF	family	Animalia : Chordata : Mammalia : Cetacea : Zeuglodontae
Zeuglodon wanklyni (Seeley, 1876)	GBIF	species	Animalia : Chordata : Mammalia : Cetacea : Basilosauridae : *Zeuglodon wanklyni*
Berardiopsis miocaenus Koch, 1899	GBIF	species	Animalia : Chordata : Mammalia : Cetacea : Basilosauridae : *Berardiopsis miocaenus*
Zeuglodontidae	GBIF	family	Animalia : Chordata : Mammalia : Cetacea : Zeuglodontidae
Pontogeneus priscus Leidy, 1852	GBIF	species	Animalia : Chordata : Mammalia : Cetacea : Basilosauridae : *Pontogeneus priscus*
Dorudontidae	GBIF	family	Animalia : Chordata : Mammalia : Cetacea : Dorudontidae
Zygorhiza juddi (Seeley, 1881)	GBIF	species	Animalia : Chordata : Mammalia : Cetacea : Basilosauridae : *Zygorhiza juddi*
Basilosaurus wanklyni (Seeley, 1876)	GBIF	species	Animalia : Chordata : Mammalia : Cetacea : Basilosauridae : *Basilosaurus wanklyni*
Zygorhiza wanklyni (Seeley, 1876)	GBIF	species	Animalia : Chordata : Mammalia : Cetacea : Basilosauridae : *Zygorhiza wanklyni*
Pontogeneus brachyspondylus (Müller, 1849)	GBIF	species	Animalia : Chordata : Mammalia : Cetacea : Basilosauridae : *Pontogeneus brachyspondylus*
Basilosaurus brachyspondylus (Müller, 1849)	GBIF	species	Animalia : Chordata : Mammalia : Cetacea : Basilosauridae : *Basilosaurus brachyspondylus*
Zeuglodon trachyspondylus (Müller, 1849)	GBIF	species	Animalia : Chordata : Mammalia : Cetacea : Basilosauridae : *Zeuglodon trachyspondylus*

Synonymy List

Year	Name and Author
1849	Zeuglodontidae Bonaparte p. 618
1849	Zeuglodon brachyspondylus Müller pp. pp. 20-33
1850	Hydrarchidae Bonaparte p. 1
1850	Hydrarchina Bonaparte p. 1
1851	Zeuglodon trachyspondylus Koch p. 57
1852	Pontogeneus Leidy
1852	Pontogeneus priscus Leidy p. 52
1853	Zeuglodontae Bronn p. 763
1853	Zeuglodon brachyspondylus Bronn p. 770
1854	Pontogeneus priscus Leidy p. 8
1867	Basilosauridae Cope p. 144
1871	Basilosauridae Gill p. 122
1872	Basilosauridae Gill p. 93
1873	Stegorhinidae Brandt p. 334
1873	Basilosauridae Gill p. 27
1876	Zeuglodon wanklyni Seeley
1881	Balaenoptera juddi Seeley p. 278
1887	Balaenoptera juddi Lydekker p. 41
1887	Zeuglodontidae Lydekker p. 49
1889	Zeuglodontidae Cope p. 876
1890	Zeuglodontidae Cope p. 601
1890	Zeuglodon brachyspondylus Cope p. 602
1890	Zeuglodontidae Thompson p. 1
1891	Zeuglodontidae Flower and Lydekker p. 89
1894	Zeuglodontidae Zittel p. 167
1894	Zeuglodon wanklyni Zittel p. 168
1898	Zeuglodontidae Trouessart p. 1009
1898	Zeuglodon brachyspondylus Trouessart p. 1010
1898	Zeuglodon wanklyni Trouessart p. 1010
1898	Balaenoptera juddi Trouessart p. 1077
1899	Berardiopsis miocaenus Koch p. 209 figs. Fig. 1-2
1902	Basilosauridae Hay p. 586
1902	Basilosaurus brachyspondylus Hay p. 586
1903	Zeuglodon wanklyni Stromer p. 87
1904	Zeuglodontidae Case p. 4
1904	Pontogeneus Palmer p. 558
1904	Basilosauridae Trouessart p. 753
1904	Basilosaurus brachyspondylus Trouessart p. 753
1904	Basilosaurus wanklyni Trouessart p. 753
1904	Balaenoptera juddi Trouessart p. 782
1906	Zeuglodontidae Andrews p. 234
1908	Zeuglodon brachyspondylus Stromer p. 31
1908	Zeuglodontidae Stromer p. 148
1914	Zeuglodon wanklyni Abel p. 220
1914	Zeuglodontidae Abel p. 220
1919	Zeuglodontidae Abel p. 751
1923	Dorudontidae Miller
1923	Basilosauridae Miller p. 40
1923	Dorudontidae Miller p. 40
1925	Zeuglodontidae Zittel p. 84
1925	Zeuglodon brachyspondylus Zittel p. 85
1925	Zeuglodon wanklyni Zittel p. 85
1928	Basilosauridae Kellogg p. 32 figs. Table 1
1928	Dorudontidae Kellogg p. 32 figs. Table 1
1930	Basilosauridae Hay p. 569
1930	Basilosaurus brachyspondylus Hay p. 570
1930	Dorudontidae Hay p. 657
1931	Zeuglodontidae Van Deinse p. 33
1936	Zygorhiza juddi Kellogg
1936	Basilosauridae Kellogg p. 13
1936	Dorudontidae Kellogg p. 100
1936	Pontogeneus brachyspondylus Kellogg p. 101
1936	Zygorhiza wanklyni Kellogg p. 176
1936	Pontogeneus Kellogg p. 248
1936	Dorudontinae Slijper p. 540
1936	Zeuglodontidae Slijper p. 540
1937	Zeuglodontidae Benham p. 1
1945	Basilosauridae Simpson p. 100
1945	Dorudontidae Simpson p. 100
1952	Basilosauridae Sherman p. 99
1952	Basilosaurus brachyspondylus Sherman p. 99
1954	Prozeuglodontidae Moustafa p. 87
1970	Zeuglodontidae Mchedlidze p. 50
1973	Dorudontidae Keyes p. 389
1977	Dorudontidae Whitmore and Sanders p. 305
1981	Dorudontidae Thurmond and Jones p. 192
1981	Basilosauridae Thurmond and Jones p. 193
1981	Pontogeneus Thurmond and Jones p. 196
1981	Pontogeneus brachyspondylus Thurmond and Jones p. 196
1982	Dorudontinae Fordyce p. 422
1985	Basilosauridae Barnes et al. p. 25
1985	Dorudontinae Barnes et al. p. 25
1986	Basilosauridae Hooker p. 214
1986	Dorudontidae Hooker p. 214
1986	Zygorhiza wanklyni Hooker p. 342
1988	Basilosauridae Carroll

Year	Name and Author
1988	Pontogeneus Carroll
1993	Basilosauridae Benton p. 761
1994	Basilosauridae Fordyce and Barnes p. 428 figs. Table 1
1994	Dorudontinae Fordyce and Barnes p. 428
1995	Basilosauridae Fordyce et al. p. 379
1995	Dorudontinae Fordyce et al. p. 379
1996	Basilosauridae Uhen p. 39
1996	Dorudontinae Uhen p. 41
1997	Basilosauridae Kohler and Fordyce p. 575
1997	Dorudontinae Kohler and Fordyce p. 575
1997	Basilosauridae McKenna and Bell p. 369
1997	Dorudontidae McKenna and Bell p. 369
1997	Pontogeneus McKenna and Bell p. 369
1998	Basilosauridae Rice
1998	Dorudontidae Rice
1998	Dorudontinae Uhen p. 34
1998	Pontogeneus Uhen p. 37
1998	Pontogeneus brachyspondylus Uhen p. 37
1999	Basilosauridae Bergqvist et al. p. 31
2001	Dorudontidae Fordyce and de Muizon p. 104
2001	Basilosauridae Fordyce and de Muizon p. 176
2001	Basilosauridae Thewissen et al. p. 351 figs. Table 1
2001	Basilosauridae Uhen and Gingerich p. 2
2001	Dorudontinae Uhen and Gingerich p. 2
2002	Basilosauridae Rice p. 231 figs. Table 1
2002	Dorudontidae Rice p. 231 figs. Table 1
2002	Pontogeneus Sepkoski, Jr.
2002	Dorudontinae Uhen p. 79
2002	Pontogeneus Uhen p. 79
2002	Pontogeneus brachyspondylus Uhen p. 79
2003	Basilosauridae Fordyce p. 156 figs. Figure 9.1
2003	Basilosauridae Geisler and Sanders p. 27
2004	Basilosauridae Uhen pp. 11-12
2004	Dorudontinae Uhen p. 12
2004	Pontogeneus Uhen p. 12
2004	Pontogeneus brachyspondylus Uhen p. 12
2004	Basilosauridae van Vliet p. 143
2004	Dorudontinae van Vliet p. 143
2004	Zygorhiza juddi van Vliet p. 143
2005	Basilosauridae Gingerich p. 237 figs. Table 15.1
2006	Basilosauridae Bouetel and Muizon p. 383
2006	Dorudontinae Bouetel and Muizon p. 383
2007	Basilosauridae Bianucci and Landini p. 45 figs. Table 2.1
2007	Dorudontinae Bianucci and Landini p. 45 figs. Table 2.1
2007	Basilosauridae Gingerich p. 366
2008	Basilosauridae McLeod and Barnes p. 93
2008	Dorudontinae McLeod and Barnes p. 93
2008	Zygorhiza juddi McLeod and Barnes p. 93
2008	Zygorhiza wanklyni McLeod and Barnes p. 93
2008	Pontogeneus McLeod and Barnes p. 94
2008	Pontogeneus brachyspondylus McLeod and Barnes p. 94
2008	Basilosauridae Uhen p. 561
2008	Dorudontinae Uhen p. 561
2008	Basilosauridae Uhen p. 592 figs. Figure 4
2009	Basilosauridae Fordyce and Roberts p. 553
2009	Dorudontinae Fordyce and Roberts p. 553
2009	Basilosauridae Rice p. 235 figs. Table 1
2009	Dorudontinae Uhen p. 93
2010	Basilosauridae Fitzgerald p. 370 figs. Table 1
2010	Basilosauridae Uhen p. 206
2011	Basilosauridae Martinez-Cáceres and Muizon
2011	Pontogeneus Schouten p. 18
2011	Pontogeneus brachyspondylus Schouten p. 18
2011	Dorudontinae Uhen et al. p. 960
2011	Basilosauridae Uhen et al. p. 966 figs. Figure 10
2012	Basilosauridae Gingerich p. 313 figs. Figure 4
2012	Basilosaurus wanklyni Kalmykov p. 179
2013	Basilosauridae El-kheir et al. p. 462
2013	Basilosauridae Uhen
2014	Pontogeneus Cooper et al. p. 91
2014	Basilosauridae Goldin et al.
2015	Basilosauridae Gao and Ni p. 156 figs. Table 1
2015	Dorudontinae Gao and Ni p. 156 figs. Table 1
2015	Basilosauridae Gingerich p. 164
2015	Pontogeneus Gingerich p. 184
2015	Pontogeneus brachyspondylus Gingerich p. 184
2015	Pontogeneus priscus Gingerich p. 184
2015	Basilosauridae Gingerich and Zouhri p. 278
2016	Basilosauridae Buono et al. p. 299
2016	Basilosauridae Marx et al. p. 101
2017	Basilosauridae Berta p. 159
2017	Pontogeneus Berta p. 159
2017	Basilosauridae Martínez-Cáceres et al. p. 11
2019	Basilosauridae Mahdy et al.
2019	Dorudontinae Mahdy et al.

References

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Bonaparte C.-L. , Conspectus Systematis Mastozoologiae. Editio Altera Reformata [Survey of the system of mammals. Second revised edition]. E. J. Brill, Leyden, 1

Leidy J [Description of Pontogeneus priscus], Proceedings of the Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia 6, 52

Leidy J. The Ancient Fauna Nebraska: or, a Description of Remains of Extinct Mammalia and Chelonia, From the Mauvaises Terres of Nebraska, Smithsonian Contributions to Knowledge 6 6, 1-126

Gill T. Synopsis of the primary subdivisions of the cetaceans, Communications of the Essex Institute 6, 121-126

Gill T. Arrangement of the Families of Mammals, Smithsonian Miscellaneous Collections 11 230, 1-98

Brandt J. F. Untersuchungen über die fossilen und subfossilen cetaceen Europa's, Mémoires de L'Académie Impériale des Sciences de Saint-Petersbourg, Series 7 20 1, 1-372

Seeley H. G. Notice of the Occurrence of Remains of a British fossil zeuglodon (Z. wanklyni, Seeley) in the Barton Clay of the Hampshire Coast, The Quarterly Journal of the Geological Society of London 32, 428-432

Lydekker R. , Catalogue of the Fossil Mammalia in the British Museum (Natural History) 5, 1-345

Cope E. D. Synopsis of the families of Vertebrata, The American Naturalist 23, 1-29

Trouessart E. L. , Catalogus mammalium tam viventium quam fossilum 5, 665-1264

Koch A. Schwanzwirbelreste eines ausgestorbenen Cetaceen von Kolzsvar, Foldtani Kozlony 19, 204-209

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Stromer E. (1903) Zeuglodon-Reste aus dem Oberen Mitteleocän des Fajum, Beiträge Paläontologie und Geologie Österreich-Ungarns und des Orients 15, 65-100

Case E. C. (1904) Systematic Paleontology: Mammalia, Maryland Geological Survey Miocene: Text, 1-58

Palmer T. S. (1904) Index generum mammalium: a list of the genera and families of mammals, North American Fauna 23, 1-984

Trouessart E. L. (1904) , Catalogus Mammalium Tam Viventium Quam Fossilium, Fourth Edition, 1-929

Andrews C. W. (1906) , A Descriptive Catalogue of the Tertiary Vertebrata of Fayum, Egypt, 1-324

Stromer E. (1908) Die Archaeoceti des Agyptischen Eozans, Beitrage zur Paleotologie un Geologie Osterreich-Ungarns un des Orients 21, 108-177

Abel O. (1914) Die vorfahren der bartenwale, Denkschriften der Kaiserlichen Akademie der Wissenschaften Mathematisch-Naturwissenschaftliche Klasse 90, 155-224

Abel O. (1919) Die Stämme der Wirbeltiere, Walter de Gruyter, Berlin, Leipzig, 914 p.

Miller G. S. (1923) The telescoping of the cetacean skull, Smithsonian Miscellaneous Collections 76 5, 1-70

Hay O. P. (1930) Second Bibliography and Catalogue of the Fossil Vertebrata of North America, Carnegie Institution of Washington 390 II, 1-1074

Van Deinse A. B. (1931) , De fossilele en recente Cetacea van Nederland, 1-304

Kellogg R. (1936) A Review of the Archaeoceti, Carnegie Institution of Washington 482, 1-366

Slijper E. J. (1936) Die Cetaceen, Capita Zoologica 7, 1-590

Benham W. B. (1937) On Lophocephalus, a new genus of zeuglodont Cetacea, Transactions and Proceedings of the Royal Society of New Zealand 67 1, 1-7

Simpson G. G. (1945) The principles of classification and a classification of mammals, Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History 85, 1-350

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Data courtesy of: PBDB: The Paleobiology Database, Creative Commons CC-BY licenced. , GBIF: the Global Biodiversity Information Facility, various licences, iDigBio, various licences, and EOL: The Encyclopedia of Life (Open Data Public Domain). Because fossils are made of minerals too!

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