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Hydrurga

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Description

The leopard seal (Hydrurga leptonyx), also referred to as the sea leopard, is the second largest species of seal in the Antarctic (after the southern elephant seal). Its only natural predator is the killer whale. It feeds on a wide range of prey including cephalopods, other pinnipeds, krill, birds and fish. It is the only species in the genus Hydrurga. Its closest relatives are the Ross seal, the crabeater seal and the Weddell seal, which together are known as the tribe of Lobodontini seals. The name hydrurga means "water worker" and leptonyx is the Greek for "small clawed".

From Wikipedia article at https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hydrurga, which is released under the Creative Commons Attribution-Share-Alike License 3.0.

Source Data

Source	ID	Link
Global Biodiversity Information Facility ID (GBIF)	2434789	https://www.gbif.org/species/2434789
PaleoBioDB ID (PBDB)	72122	https://paleobiodb.org/classic/checkTaxonInfo?taxon_no=72122

Rank

genus

Taxonomy (GBIF,PBDB)

Life : Animalia : Chordata : Mammalia : Carnivora : Phocidae : Hydrurga

Taxonomic Status (GBIF)

accepted

Classification
(PBDB,GBIF)

Rank	Name	Author
-	Eukaryota
-	Opisthokonta	Cavalier-Smith 1987
kingdom	Animalia
-	Triploblastica	Lankester 1877
-	Nephrozoa	Jondelius et al. 2002
-	Deuterostomia	Grobben 1908
phylum	Chordata	Haeckel 1847
subphylum	Vertebrata	Lamarck 1801
superclass	Gnathostomata	Gegenbauer 1874
-	Osteichthyes
-	Sarcopterygii	Romer 1955
subclass	Dipnotetrapodomorpha
subclass	Tetrapodomorpha
-	Tetrapoda
-	Reptiliomorpha	Säve-Söderbergh 1934
-	Anthracosauria	Säve-Söderbergh 1934
-	Batrachosauria
-	Cotylosauria
-	Amniota	Haeckel 1866
-	Synapsida	Osborn 1903
-	Therapsida
infraorder	Cynodontia
-	Epicynodontia	Hopson and Kitching 2001
infraorder	Eucynodontia	Kemp 1982
-	Probainognathia	Hopson 1990
-	Mammaliamorpha	Rowe 1988
-	Mammaliaformes	Rowe 1988
class	Mammalia	Linnaeus 1758
subclass	Tribosphenida
infraclass	Eutheria
-	Placentalia	Owen 1837
-	Laurasiatheria	Waddell et al. 1999
-	Scrotifera	Waddell et al. 1999
-	Ferae	Linnaeus 1758
-	Carnivoramorpha	Wyss and Flynn 1993
-	Carnivoraformes	Flynn et al.
order	Carnivora	Bowditch 1821
superfamily	Arctoidea	Flower 1869
-	Pinnipedimorpha	Berta et al. 1989
-	Pinnipedia
family	Phocidae	Gray 1821
subfamily	Monachinae	Trouessart 1897
genus	Hydrurga	Blainville 1820

Common Name

leopard seal

Scientific Name

Hydrurga (Blainville, 1820)

Name Published In

Naturgesch. des Thierreichs p.xi

Opinions (PBDB)

Name	Rank	Opinion	Evidence	Author
Hydrurga	genus	belongs to Phocidae	stated without evidence	Kellogg, 1922
Hydrurga	genus	belongs to Lobodontini	stated without evidence	Scheffer and Rice, 1963
Hydrurga	genus	belongs to Monachinae	stated without evidence	Burns and Fay, 1970
Hydrurga	genus	belongs to Lobodontini	stated without evidence	Muizon, 1981
Hydrurga	genus	belongs to Monachinae	stated without evidence	Riedman, 1990
Hydrurga	genus	belongs to Lobodontini	stated without evidence	Koretsky, 2001
Hydrurga	genus	belongs to Monachinae	stated without evidence	Berta, 2002
Hydrurga	genus	belongs to Monachinae	stated with evidence	Deméré et al., 2003
Hydrurga	genus	belongs to Lobodontini	stated without evidence	Davis et al., 2004
Hydrurga	genus	belongs to Monachinae	stated with evidence	Berta, 2009
Hydrurga	genus	belongs to Lobodontini	stated without evidence	Fulton and Strobeck, 2010
Hydrurga	genus	belongs to Monachinae	stated with evidence	Berta, 2018
Hydrurga	genus	belongs to Lobodontini	stated without evidence	Kienle and Berta, 2019

Status (PBDB)

extant

Taxon Size (PBDB)

Extant Size (PBDB)

2 (100%)

First Recorded Appearance

0.01 Ma
Pleistocene

Environment

marine (based on Pinnipedia)

Motility

actively mobile (based on Osteichthyes)

Diet

piscivore, carnivore (based on Phocidae)

Reproduction

viviparous (based on Pinnipedimorpha)

Ontogeny

modification of parts (based on Pinnipedimorpha)

Taphonomy

hydroxylapatite (based on Pinnipedimorpha)

Primary Reference (PBDB)

M. C. McKenna and S. K. Bell. 1997. Classification of Mammals Above the Species Level

Common Name(s)

Leopard Seal

Wikipedia

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hydrurga

Fossil Distribution

Subtaxa

Name	Status	Common Name(s)	Fossil Occurrences	Oldest	Youngest
Hydrurga leptonyx species	accepted (GBIF) listed (PBDB)	Leopard Seal	5	0.01 Ma Pleistocene	0 Ma Extant

Obsolete Names

Name	Source	Taxon Rank	Taxonomy
Stenorhinchus Cuvier, 1826	GBIF	genus	Animalia : Chordata : Mammalia : Carnivora : Phocidae : *Stenorhinchus*
Stenorhynchotes Turner, 1888	GBIF	genus	Animalia : Chordata : Mammalia : Carnivora : Phocidae : *Stenorhynchotes*
Stenorhincus McMurtrie, 1834	GBIF	genus	Animalia : Chordata : Mammalia : Carnivora : Phocidae : *Stenorhincus*
Stennorrhynchus Berthold, 1827	GBIF	genus	Animalia : Chordata : Mammalia : Carnivora : Phocidae : *Stennorrhynchus*
Stenorhynchus Gray, 1825	GBIF	genus	Animalia : Chordata : Mammalia : Carnivora : Phocidae : *Stenorhynchus*
Stenorhyncus Brookes, 1828	GBIF	genus	Animalia : Chordata : Mammalia : Carnivora : Phocidae : *Stenorhyncus*
Ogmorhinus Peters, 1875	GBIF	genus	Animalia : Chordata : Mammalia : Carnivora : Phocidae : *Ogmorhinus*

Synonymy List

Year	Name and Author
1848	Hydrurga Gistel p. xi
1875	Ogmorhinus Peters
1898	Ogmorhinus Trouessart p. 380
1904	Ogmorhinus (Ogmorhinus) Trouessart
1922	Hydrurga Kellogg p. 114
1947	Ogmorhinus (Ogmorhinus) Friant p. 6
1963	Hydrurga Scheffer and Rice p. 4
1970	Hydrurga Burns and Fay p. 380
1981	Hydrurga Muizon p. 135
1990	Hydrurga Riedman p. 57 figs. Table 2

Year	Name and Author
2001	Hydrurga Koretsky p. 86
2002	Hydrurga Berta p. 923
2003	Hydrurga Deméré et al. p. 49 figs. Fig. 3.3
2004	Hydrurga Davis et al. p. 365
2009	Hydrurga Berta p. 863
2010	Hydrurga Fulton and Strobeck p. 817 figs. Figure 1
2018	Hydrurga Berta p. 715 figs. Fig. 3C
2018	Hydrurga Berta et al. p. 210 figs. Fig. 2
2019	Hydrurga Kienle and Berta

References

McKenna M. C., Bell S. K. (1997) , Classification of Mammals Above the Species Level, 1-640

Trouessart E. L. , Catalogus mammalium tam viventium quam fossilum 5, 665-1264

Trouessart E. L. (1904) , Catalogus Mammalium Tam Viventium Quam Fossilium, Fourth Edition, 1-929

Kellogg R. (1922) Pinnipeds from Miocene and Pleistocene deposits of California, University of California Publications in Geological Sciences 13 4, 23-132

Friant M. (1947) Recherches sur le femur des phocidae, Bulletin du Musee royal d'Hisoire naturelle de Belgique 23 2, 1-51

Scheffer V. B., Rice D. W. (1963) A list of the marine mammals of the world, United States Fish and Wildlife Service Special Scientific Report - Fisheries 431, 1-12

Burns J. J., Fay F. H. (1970) Comparative morphology of the skull of the Ribbon seal, Histriophoca fasciata, with remarks on the systematics of Phocidae, Journal of Zoology 161, 363-394

Muizon C. (1981) Les vertebres fossiles de la Formation Pisco (Perou). Premiere parti: Deux nouveaux Monachina (Phocidae, Mammalia) du Pliocene de Sud-Sacaco, Recherche sur les grandes civilisations Memoire 6, 1-150

Riedman M. (1990) The Pinnipeds: Seals, Sea Lions, and Walruses, 1-439

Koretsky I. (2001) Morphology and systematics of Miocene Phocinae (Mammalia: Carnivora) from Paratethys and the North Atlantic region, Geologica Hungarica Series Palaeontologica 54, 1-109

Deméré T. A., Berta A., et al (2003) Pinnipedimorph evolutionary biogeography, Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History 279, 32-76

Davis C. S., Delisle I., et al (2004) A phylogeny of the extant Phocidae inferred from complete mitochondrial DNA coding regions, Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution 33, 363-377

Berta A. (2009) Pinniped Evolution, Encyclopedia of Marine Mammal Evolution, 861-868

Fulton T. L., Strobeck C. (2010) Multiple fossil calibrations, nuclear loci and mitochondrial genomes provide new insight into biogeography and divergence timing for true seals (Phocidae, Pinnipedia), Journal of Biogeography 37, 814-829

Berta A. (2018) Pinniped evolution, Encyclopedia of Marine Mammals, 712-722

Berta A., Churchill M., et al (2018) The Origin and Evolutionary Biology of Pinnipeds: Seals, Sea Lions, and Walruses, Annual Review of Earth and Planetary Sciences 46, 203-228 doi:10.1146/annurev-earth-082517-010009

Kienle S. S., Berta A. (2019) The evolution of feeding strategies in phocid seals (Pinnipedia, Phocidae), Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology, e1559172

Shirihai, H. (2002). A complete guide to Antarctic Wildlife: the Birds and Marine Mammals of the Antarctic Continent and the Southern Ocean. Alula Press FI 510 pp. - via World Register of Marine Species

Aphia2006 - via The Interim Register of Marine and Nonmarine Genera

Nat. Thierr. xi. - via The Interim Register of Marine and Nonmarine Genera

Nomenclator Zoologicus. A list of the names of genera and subgenera in zoology from the tenth edition of Linnaeus, 1758 to the end of 2004. Digitised by uBio from vols. 1-9 of Neave (ed.), 1939-1996 plus supplementary digital-only volume. http://ubio.org/NomenclatorZoologicus (as at 2006). - via The Interim Register of Marine and Nonmarine Genera

SN2000/McKenna & Bell, 1997 - via The Interim Register of Marine and Nonmarine Genera

Wilson, D.E.; Reeder, D.M. (editors). (2005). Mammal Species of the World. A Taxonomic and Geographic Reference (3rd Ed.). Johns Hopkins University Press, Baltimore. 2,142 pp. - via The Interim Register of Marine and Nonmarine Genera

WoRMS (Mar 2013) - via The Interim Register of Marine and Nonmarine Genera

SN2000/McKenna & Bell, 1997, PaleoDB - via The Interim Register of Marine and Nonmarine Genera

Wilson, Don E., and DeeAnn M. Reeder, eds., 2005: null. Mammal Species of the World: A Taxonomic and Geographic Reference, 3rd ed., vols. 1 & 2. 2142. - via Integrated Taxonomic Information System (ITIS)

Wilson, Don E., and DeeAnn M. Reeder, eds., 1992: null. Mammal Species of the World: A Taxonomic and Geographic Reference, 2nd ed., 3rd printing. xviii + 1207. - via Integrated Taxonomic Information System (ITIS)

Rice, Dale W., 1998: Marine Mammals of the World: Systematics and Distribution. Special Publications of the Society for Marine Mammals, no. 4. ix + 231. - via Integrated Taxonomic Information System (ITIS)

Data courtesy of: PBDB: The Paleobiology Database, Creative Commons CC-BY licenced. , GBIF: the Global Biodiversity Information Facility, various licences, iDigBio, various licences, and EOL: The Encyclopedia of Life (Open Data Public Domain). Because fossils are made of minerals too!

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