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Pitar

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Description

Pitar is a genus of saltwater clams, marine bivalve molluscs in the family Veneridae, the Venus clams. The genus contains over 60 species.

From Wikipedia article at https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pitar, which is released under the Creative Commons Attribution-Share-Alike License 3.0.

Source Data

Source	ID	Link
Global Biodiversity Information Facility ID (GBIF)	2287694	https://www.gbif.org/species/2287694
PaleoBioDB ID (PBDB)	18075	https://paleobiodb.org/classic/checkTaxonInfo?taxon_no=18075

Rank

genus

Taxonomy (GBIF)

Life : Animalia : Mollusca : Bivalvia : Venerida : Veneridae : Pitar

Taxonomy (PBDB)

Life : Animalia : Mollusca : Bivalvia : Veneroidei : Veneridae : Pitar

Taxonomic Status (GBIF)

accepted

Classification
(PBDB,GBIF)

Rank	Name	Author
-	Eukaryota
-	Opisthokonta	Cavalier-Smith 1987
kingdom	Animalia
-	Bilateria
-	Eubilateria	Ax 1987
-	Protostomia	Grobben 1908
-	Spiralia
superphylum	Lophotrochozoa
phylum	Mollusca	Linnaeus 1758
class	Bivalvia	Linnaeus 1758
-	Eubivalvia	Carter 2011
subclass	Autobranchia
infraclass	Heteroconchia
-	Cardiomorphi	Ferussac 1822
-	Cardioni	Ferussac 1822
-	Cardiidia	Ferussac 1822
-	Cardiata	Ferussac 1822
superorder	Cardiiformii	Ferussac 1822
order	Cardiida	Ferussac 1822
suborder	Cardiidina	Ferussac 1822
-	Veneroidei
-	Veneroitei	Gray 1854
superfamily	Veneroidea
family	Veneridae	Rafinesque 1815
subfamily	Callocardiinae
genus	Pitar	Römer 1857

Scientific Name

Pitar Römer, 1857

Name Published In

Römer E. (1857). Kritische Untersuchung der Arten des Mollusken-Geschlechts Venus bei Linné und Gmelin, mit Berücksichtigung der später beschriebenen Arten. Marburg. xiii + 135 p.

Opinions (PBDB)

Name	Rank	Opinion	Evidence	Author
Pitar	subgenus	belongs to Cytherea	stated without evidence	Vredenburg, 1928
Pitar	genus	belongs to Veneridae	stated without evidence	Mukerjee, 1939
Pitar	genus	belongs to Pitarinae	stated with evidence	Stenzel et al., 1957
Pitar	genus	belongs to Veneridae	stated without evidence	Rivera, 1957
Pitar	genus	belongs to Pitarinae	stated without evidence	Natori, 1964
Pitar	genus	belongs to Veneridae	stated without evidence	Marasti, 1973
Pitar	genus	belongs to Pitarinae	stated without evidence	Moore, 1976
Pitar	genus	belongs to Veneridae	stated with evidence	Wozny, 1977
Pitar	genus	belongs to Pitarinae	stated with evidence	Vokes, 1980
Pitar	genus	belongs to Veneridae	stated with evidence	Zinsmeister, 1983
Pitar	genus	belongs to Pitarinae	stated without evidence	Squires, 1984
Pitar	genus	belongs to Veneridae	stated without evidence	Ward and Blackwelder, 1987
Pitar	genus	belongs to Pitarinae	stated with evidence	Perrilliat, 1992
Pitar	genus	belongs to Veneridae	stated without evidence	Lamprell and Whitehead, 1992
Pitar	subgenus	belongs to Meretrix	stated without evidence	Skwarko, 1994
Pitar	genus	belongs to Pitarinae	stated with evidence	Pacaud and Le Renard, 1995
Pitar	genus	belongs to Veneridae	stated without evidence	Todd, 2001
Pitar	genus	belongs to Veneroida	second hand	Sepkoski, 2002
Pitar	genus	belongs to Pitarinae	stated without evidence	Bouchet et al., 2010
Pitar	genus	belongs to Veneridae	stated without evidence	Morales-Ortega et al., 2016

Status (PBDB)

extant

Taxon Size (PBDB)

Extant Size (PBDB)

21 (25%)

First Recorded Appearance

101 - 94 Ma
Late/Upper Cretaceous

Motility

facultatively mobile

Vision

blind (based on Bivalvia)

Diet

suspension feeder

Ecospace Comments

LIFE HISTORY: IS, MA, UN, SU according to Todd (2001).

Taphonomy

aragonite (based on Veneridae)

Primary Reference (PBDB)

J. J. Sepkoski, Jr. 2002. A compendium of fossil marine animal genera. Bulletins of American Paleontology 363:1-560

Wikipedia

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pitar

Fossil Distribution

Subtaxa

Name	Status	Common Name(s)	Fossil Occurrences	Oldest	Youngest
Pitar (Calpitaria) ✝ subgenus	listed (PBDB)		55	59.2 Ma Paleocene	37.2 Ma Eocene
Pitar (Chionella) ✝ subgenus	listed (PBDB)		20	66.0 Ma Late/Upper Cretaceous	20.4 Ma Miocene
Pitar (Cordiopsis) ✝ subgenus	listed (PBDB)		70	47.8 Ma Eocene	20.4 Ma Miocene
Pitar (Costellipitar) subgenus	listed (PBDB)				0 Ma Extant
Pitar (Hyphantosoma) subgenus	listed (PBDB)		23	23.0 Ma Miocene	0 Ma Extant
Pitar (Lamelliconcha) subgenus	listed (PBDB)		66	101 Ma Late/Upper Cretaceous	0 Ma Extant
Pitar (Nanopitar) subgenus	listed (PBDB)		1	5.33 Ma Miocene	0 Ma Extant
Pitar (Paradione) subgenus	listed (PBDB)		12	28.1 Ma Oligocene	0 Ma Extant
Pitar (Pitar) subgenus	listed (PBDB)		168	61.6 Ma Paleocene	0 Ma Extant
Pitar (Pitarenus) subgenus	listed (PBDB)				0 Ma Extant
Pitar (Pitarina) subgenus	listed (PBDB)		5	16.0 Ma Miocene	0 Ma Extant
Agriopoma mancorensis species	accepted (GBIF) listed (PBDB)		6	37.2 Ma Eocene	23.0 Ma Miocene
Callocardia euglypta species	accepted (GBIF)	No associated record in PBDB
Circe newcombinana species	accepted (GBIF)	No associated record in PBDB
Cypricardia carteri species	accepted (GBIF)	No associated record in PBDB
Cytherea (Caryatis) pratti ✝ species	listed (PBDB)
Cytherea calvimontana species	accepted (GBIF)	No associated record in PBDB
Cytherea corbulina species	accepted (GBIF)	No associated record in PBDB
Cytherea distincta species	accepted (GBIF)	No associated record in PBDB
Cytherea obliqua species	accepted (GBIF)	No associated record in PBDB
Cytherea ovata species	accepted (GBIF)	No associated record in PBDB
Cytherea parisiensis species	accepted (GBIF)	No associated record in PBDB
Cytherea porrecta species	accepted (GBIF)	No associated record in PBDB
Cytherea sainceyensis species	accepted (GBIF)	No associated record in PBDB
Cytherea sulcataria species	accepted (GBIF)	No associated record in PBDB
Cytherea transversa species	accepted (GBIF)	No associated record in PBDB
Cytherea tumens species	accepted (GBIF)	No associated record in PBDB
Mactra colchaguana species	accepted (GBIF)	No associated record in PBDB
Meretrix (Pitar) dalikiensis ✝ species	listed (PBDB)		1	11.6 Ma Miocene	11.6 Ma Miocene
Meretrix (Pitar) elliptica ✝ species	listed (PBDB)		1	66.0 Ma Late/Upper Cretaceous	66.0 Ma Late/Upper Cretaceous
Meretrix angelinae species	accepted (GBIF)	No associated record in PBDB
Meretrix dalikiensis species	accepted (GBIF)	No associated record in PBDB
Meretrix texacola species	accepted (GBIF)	No associated record in PBDB
Pitar (Pitar) nuttali species	listed (PBDB)		15	47.8 Ma Eocene	41.3 Ma Eocene
Pitar acutecostata species	accepted (GBIF)	No associated record in PBDB
Pitar addicotti ✝ species	listed (PBDB)		1	59.2 Ma Paleocene	59.2 Ma Paleocene
Pitar affine species	accepted (GBIF)	No associated record in PBDB
Pitar affinis species	accepted (GBIF)	No associated record in PBDB
Pitar alabastrum species	accepted (GBIF)	No associated record in PBDB
Pitar albidus species	accepted (GBIF) listed (PBDB)		3	3.60 Ma Pliocene	0 Ma Extant
Pitar albinus species	accepted (GBIF)	No associated record in PBDB
Pitar aldrichi species	accepted (GBIF)	No associated record in PBDB
Pitar arnoldi species	accepted (GBIF)	No associated record in PBDB
Pitar avenalensis species	accepted (GBIF)	No associated record in PBDB
Pitar barbarensis species	accepted (GBIF)	No associated record in PBDB
Pitar baylii ✝ species	listed (PBDB)
Pitar behri species	accepted (GBIF)	No associated record in PBDB
Pitar bermudezi species	accepted (GBIF)	No associated record in PBDB
Pitar berryi species	accepted (GBIF)	No associated record in PBDB
Pitar bucculentus species	accepted (GBIF)	No associated record in PBDB
Pitar californiana species	accepted (GBIF)	No associated record in PBDB
Pitar campi species	accepted (GBIF)	No associated record in PBDB
Pitar carmenensis species	accepted (GBIF)	No associated record in PBDB
Pitar cedroensis ✝ species	accepted (GBIF) listed (PBDB)		1	37.2 Ma Eocene	37.2 Ma Eocene
Pitar centagulata species	accepted (GBIF)	No associated record in PBDB
Pitar citrinus species	accepted (GBIF)	No associated record in PBDB
Pitar colchaguana ✝ species	listed (PBDB)
Pitar consanguineus species	accepted (GBIF)	No associated record in PBDB
Pitar cordatus species	listed (PBDB)		1	0.78 Ma Pleistocene	0 Ma Extant
Pitar coxeni species	accepted (GBIF)	No associated record in PBDB
Pitar crooki species	accepted (GBIF)	No associated record in PBDB
Pitar curnowae species	accepted (GBIF)	No associated record in PBDB
Pitar cypta species	accepted (GBIF)	No associated record in PBDB
Pitar dinotus species	accepted (GBIF)	No associated record in PBDB
Pitar dohrni species	accepted (GBIF)	No associated record in PBDB
Pitar elatus species	accepted (GBIF)	No associated record in PBDB
Pitar eocenica species	accepted (GBIF)	No associated record in PBDB
Pitar erubescens species	accepted (GBIF)	No associated record in PBDB
Pitar ewekoroensis species	accepted (GBIF)	No associated record in PBDB
Pitar fluctuatus species	accepted (GBIF)	No associated record in PBDB
Pitar fulminatus species	accepted (GBIF)	No associated record in PBDB
Pitar gabrielensis species	accepted (GBIF)	No associated record in PBDB
Pitar hataii ✝ species	listed (PBDB)		1	33.9 Ma Oligocene	33.9 Ma Oligocene
Pitar hebraeus species	accepted (GBIF)	No associated record in PBDB
Pitar helenae species	accepted (GBIF)	No associated record in PBDB
Pitar hera species	accepted (GBIF)	No associated record in PBDB
Pitar ida species	accepted (GBIF)	No associated record in PBDB
Pitar inconspicuus species	accepted (GBIF)	No associated record in PBDB
Pitar indecorus species	accepted (GBIF)	No associated record in PBDB
Pitar inflatus species	accepted (GBIF)	No associated record in PBDB
Pitar intica species	accepted (GBIF)	No associated record in PBDB
Pitar joaquinensis species	accepted (GBIF)	No associated record in PBDB
Pitar juliae species	accepted (GBIF)	No associated record in PBDB
Pitar kathiewayae species	accepted (GBIF)	No associated record in PBDB
Pitar kotoi ✝ species	listed (PBDB)		1	33.9 Ma Oligocene	33.9 Ma Oligocene
Pitar laetus species	accepted (GBIF)	No associated record in PBDB
Pitar lineolatus species	accepted (GBIF)	No associated record in PBDB
Pitar longior species	accepted (GBIF)	No associated record in PBDB
Pitar lorenzana species	accepted (GBIF)	No associated record in PBDB
Pitar medipictus species	accepted (GBIF)	No associated record in PBDB
Pitar mediterraneus species	accepted (GBIF)	No associated record in PBDB
Pitar megacostata species	accepted (GBIF)	No associated record in PBDB
Pitar mendezensis species	accepted (GBIF)	No associated record in PBDB
Pitar morrhuanus species	accepted (GBIF) listed (PBDB)		48	23.0 Ma Miocene	0 Ma Extant
Pitar mundus species	accepted (GBIF)	No associated record in PBDB
Pitar murphyi ✝ species	listed (PBDB)		2	66.0 Ma Late/Upper Cretaceous	59.2 Ma Paleocene
Pitar newcombianus species	accepted (GBIF)	No associated record in PBDB
Pitar ngocthieni species	accepted (GBIF)	No associated record in PBDB
Pitar nicklesi species	accepted (GBIF)	No associated record in PBDB
Pitar nomlandi species	accepted (GBIF)	No associated record in PBDB
Pitar nuttali species	accepted (GBIF)	No associated record in PBDB
Pitar obliquatus species	accepted (GBIF)	No associated record in PBDB
Pitar omissa species	accepted (GBIF)	No associated record in PBDB
Pitar oregonensis ✝ species	listed (PBDB)
Pitar osmunda species	accepted (GBIF)	No associated record in PBDB
Pitar ozakii ✝ species	listed (PBDB)		7	47.8 Ma Eocene	47.8 Ma Eocene
Pitar pallescens species	accepted (GBIF)	No associated record in PBDB
Pitar palmeri species	accepted (GBIF)	No associated record in PBDB
Pitar palmeri species	doubtful (GBIF) listed (PBDB)		1	0.13 Ma Pleistocene	0 Ma Extant
Pitar parisiensis ✝ species	listed (PBDB)		6	47.8 Ma Eocene	41.3 Ma Eocene
Pitar patagonicus species	accepted (GBIF)	No associated record in PBDB
Pitar pellucidus species	accepted (GBIF)	No associated record in PBDB
Pitar perfragilis species	accepted (GBIF)	No associated record in PBDB
Pitar petropolitanus species	accepted (GBIF) listed (PBDB)		5	47.8 Ma Eocene	47.8 Ma Eocene
Pitar phoenicopterus species	accepted (GBIF)	No associated record in PBDB
Pitar pilula species	accepted (GBIF)	No associated record in PBDB
Pitar porrecta ✝ species	listed (PBDB)		4	33.9 Ma Oligocene	23.0 Ma Miocene
Pitar potteri species	accepted (GBIF)	No associated record in PBDB
Pitar prora species	accepted (GBIF)	No associated record in PBDB
Pitar protena species	accepted (GBIF)	No associated record in PBDB
Pitar pudica species	accepted (GBIF)	No associated record in PBDB
Pitar pura species	accepted (GBIF)	No associated record in PBDB
Pitar queenslandicus species	accepted (GBIF)	No associated record in PBDB
Pitar quirosana species	accepted (GBIF)	No associated record in PBDB
Pitar rectodorsalis species	accepted (GBIF)	No associated record in PBDB
Pitar rostratus species	accepted (GBIF) listed (PBDB)		12	0.78 Ma Pleistocene	0 Ma Extant
Pitar rudis species	accepted (GBIF)	No associated record in PBDB
Pitar rufescens species	accepted (GBIF)	No associated record in PBDB
Pitar salanga ✝ species	listed (PBDB)		1	5.33 Ma Miocene	5.33 Ma Miocene
Pitar sciaena ✝ species	listed (PBDB)
Pitar sculpturata species	accepted (GBIF)	No associated record in PBDB
Pitar securiformis species	accepted (GBIF) listed (PBDB)		40	47.8 Ma Eocene	38.0 Ma Eocene
Pitar simpsoni species	accepted (GBIF) listed (PBDB)		6	2.59 Ma Pleistocene	0 Ma Extant
Pitar soledadensis species	accepted (GBIF)	No associated record in PBDB
Pitar soligena species	accepted (GBIF)	No associated record in PBDB
Pitar sophiae species	accepted (GBIF)	No associated record in PBDB
Pitar sorachiensis ✝ species	accepted (GBIF) listed (PBDB)		2	47.8 Ma Eocene	47.8 Ma Eocene
Pitar sorrentoensis species	accepted (GBIF)	No associated record in PBDB
Pitar stalderi species	accepted (GBIF)	No associated record in PBDB
Pitar striatus species	accepted (GBIF)	No associated record in PBDB
Pitar subarestus species	accepted (GBIF) listed (PBDB)		1	2.59 Ma Pleistocene	0 Ma Extant
Pitar subpellucidus species	accepted (GBIF)	No associated record in PBDB
Pitar sulfureus species	accepted (GBIF)	No associated record in PBDB
Pitar tahitensis species	accepted (GBIF)	No associated record in PBDB
Pitar tellinoides species	accepted (GBIF)	No associated record in PBDB
Pitar texibrazus species	accepted (GBIF)	No associated record in PBDB
Pitar thornleyae species	accepted (GBIF)	No associated record in PBDB
Pitar transversus ✝ species	listed (PBDB)		1	47.8 Ma Eocene	47.8 Ma Eocene
Pitar trevori species	accepted (GBIF)	No associated record in PBDB
Pitar tumens species	accepted (GBIF)	No associated record in PBDB
Pitar uvasana species	accepted (GBIF)	No associated record in PBDB
Pitar verticala species	accepted (GBIF)	No associated record in PBDB
Pitar virgo species	accepted (GBIF)	No associated record in PBDB
Pitaria cercadica species	accepted (GBIF)	No associated record in PBDB
Pitaria dalli species	accepted (GBIF)	No associated record in PBDB
Pitaria rostrata species	accepted (GBIF)	No associated record in PBDB
Pitaria sapotana species	accepted (GBIF)	No associated record in PBDB
Pitaria sciaena species	accepted (GBIF)	No associated record in PBDB
Pitaria vaginacarum species	accepted (GBIF)	No associated record in PBDB
Pitaria vertumni species	accepted (GBIF)	No associated record in PBDB
Venus baylii species	accepted (GBIF)	No associated record in PBDB
Venus pratti species	accepted (GBIF)	No associated record in PBDB

Obsolete Names

Name	Source	Taxon Rank	Taxonomy
Pitaria Dall, 1902	GBIF	genus	Animalia : Mollusca : Bivalvia : Venerida : Veneridae : *Pitaria*
Nanopitar Rehder, 1943	GBIF	genus	Animalia : Mollusca : Bivalvia : Venerida : Veneridae : *Nanopitar*
Pitara Weaver, 1916	GBIF	genus	Animalia : Mollusca : Bivalvia : Venerida : Veneridae : *Pitara*
Pitarina Jukes-Browne, 1913	GBIF	genus	Animalia : Mollusca : Bivalvia : Venerida : Veneridae : *Pitarina*
Caryatis Römer, 1862	GBIF	genus	Animalia : Mollusca : Bivalvia : Venerida : Veneridae : *Caryatis*
Pilar Pallary, 1912	GBIF	genus	Animalia : Mollusca : Bivalvia : Venerida : Veneridae : *Pilar*
Prorapitar Huber, 2010	GBIF	genus	Animalia : Mollusca : Bivalvia : Venerida : Veneridae : *Prorapitar*

Synonymy List

Year	Name and Author
1857	Pitar Römer p. 15
1862	Caryatis Roemer
1928	Cytherea (Caryatis) Vredenburg p. 449
1928	Cytherea (Pitar) Vredenburg p. 451
1939	Pitar Mukerjee p. 21
1944	Pitar Durham p. 147
1955	Pitar Uozumi p. 78
1957	Pitar Rivera p. 196
1957	Pitar Stenzel et al. p. 140
1964	Pitar Natori p. 250
1969	Pitar da Silva Forti p. 83
1973	Pitar Marasti p. 110
1976	Pitar Moore p. 47
1977	Pitar Wozny p. 106
1980	Pitar Vokes p. 172
1982	Pitar Woodring p. 684

Year	Name and Author
1983	Pitar Zinsmeister p. 1288
1984	Pitar Squires p. 51
1987	Pitar Squires p. 68
1987	Pitar Ward and Blackwelder p. 130
1988	Pitar Squires p. 19
1992	Pitar Lamprell and Whitehead p. 136
1992	Pitar Perrilliat p. 15
1992	Pitar Squires and Demetrion p. 42
1994	Meretrix (Pitar) Skwarko p. g20
1995	Pitar Pacaud and Le Renard p. 183
1999	Pitar Squires p. 27
2001	Pitar Todd
2002	Pitar Sepkoski, Jr.
2010	Pitar Bouchet et al.
2010	Pitar Matsubara et al. p. 135
2016	Pitar Morales-Ortega et al. p. 15

References

Sepkoski, Jr. J. J. (2002) A compendium of fossil marine animal genera, Bulletins of American Paleontology 363, 1-560

Vredenburg E. (1928) Description of Mollusca from the post-Eocene Tertiary formation of north-western India: Gastropoda (in part) and Lamellibranchiata, Memoirs of the Geological Survey of India 50 2, 351-506

Mukerjee P. N. (1939) Fossil fauna from the Tertiary of Garo Hills, Assam, Palaeontologia Indica 28 1, 1-101

Durham J. W. (1944) Megafaunal zones of the Oligocene of northwestern Washington, University of California Publications in Geological Sciences 27, 101 -212

Uozumi S. (1955) On some molluscan fossils from the Palaeogene Wakkanabe Formation in Hokkaido, Transactions and Proceedings of the Palaeontological Society of Japan 19, 73-80

Rivera R. (1957) Moluscos fosiles de la Formacion Paracas, Dpto. de Ica, Sociedad Geologica del Peru Primer Congreso Nacional de Geologia Anales - Parte II 32, 165-219

Stenzel H. B., Krause E. K., et al (1957) Pelecypoda from the type locality of the Stone City beds (Middle Eocene) of Texas, University of Texas Publication 5704

Natori H. (1964) Some molluscan fossils from the Tertiary Muro Group in the Kii Peninsula, Japan, Transactions and Proceedings of the Palaeontological Society of Japan 55 472, 247-255

da Silva Forti I. R. (1969) Cenozoic Mollusks from the drillholes Cassino and Palmares do Sul of the Coastal Plain of Rio Grande do Sul, Iheringia Geologia 2, 55-155

Marasti R. (1973) La fauna tortoniana del T. Stirone (limite Parmense-Piacentino), Bollettino della Societa Paleontologica Italiana 12 1, 76-120

Moore E. J. (1976) Oligocene marine mollusks from the Pittsburg Bluff Formation in Oregon, United States Geological Survey Professional Paper 922, 1-66

Wozny E. (1977) Pelecypods from the Upper Eocene of East Poland, Acta Palaeontologica Polonica 22 1, 93-112

Vokes H. E. (1980) Genera of the Bivalvia: a systematic and bibliographic Catalogue, Genera of the Bivalvia: a systematic and bibliographic Catalogue

Woodring W. P. (1982) Geology and paleontology of canal zone and adjoing parts of Panama: Description of Tertiary mollusks (Pelecypods: Propeamussiidae to Cuspidariidae)., United States Geological Survey Professional Paper 306 F

Zinsmeister W. J. (1983) New Late Paleocene molluscs from the Simi Hills, Ventura County, Califonia, Journal of Paleontology 57 6, 1282-1303

Squires R. L. (1984) Megapaleontology of the Eocene Llajas Formation, Simi Valley, California, Contributions in Science, Natural History Museum of Los Angeles County 350, 1-76

Squires R. L. (1987) Eocene molluscan paleontology of the Whitaker Peak area, Los Angeles and Ventura counties, California, Contributions in Science, Natural History Museum of Los Angeles County 388, 1-93

Ward L. W., Blackwelder B.W. (1987) Late Pliocene and Early Pleistocene Mollusca from the James City and Chowan River Formations at Lee Creek Mine, Smithsonian Contributions to Paleobiology 61, 113-283

Squires R. L. (1988) Eocene Macropaleontology of Northern Lockwood Valley, Ventura County, California, Contributions in Science (Natural History Museum of Los Angeles County) 398, 1-23

Lamprell K., Whitehead T. (1992) , Bivalves of Australia 1

Perrilliat M. C. (1992) Bivalvos y gasterópodos de la formacion Ferrotepec (Mioceno Medio) de Michoacan, Paleontologia Mexicana 60, 1-48

Squires R. L., Demetrion R. A. (1992) Paleontology of the Eocene Bateque Formation, Baja California Sur, Mexico, Contributions in Science (Natural History Museum of Los Angeles County) 434, 1-55

Skwarko S. K. (1994) , Mollusca in Indonesian Cenozoic biostratigraphy (a computerised compilation)

Pacaud J.-M., Le Renard J. (1995) Révision des Mollusques Paléogénes du Bassin de Paris. IV - Liste systématique actualisée, Cossmanniana 3 4, 155-187

Todd J. A. (2001) Systematic list of bivalves in the Panama Paleontology Project collections, [http://eusmilia.geology.uiowa.edu/database/bivalves/systemat/bivaltax.htm#list]

Bouchet P., Rocroi J.-P., et al (2010) Nomenclator of Bivalve Families with a Classification of Bivalve Families, Malacologia 52 2, 1-184 doi:10.4002/040.052.0201

Matsubara T., Kurita H., et al (2010) Eocene Mollusca from the Tainohata Formation in Kobe City, southwest Japan, Paleontological Research 14 2, 119-144 doi:10.2517/1342-8144-14.2.119

Morales-Ortega P., González-Barba G., et al (2016) New Eocene bivalves from Bateque Formation, Baja California Sur, Mexico, Paleontología Mexicana 5 1, 1-19

Aphia2006 - via The Interim Register of Marine and Nonmarine Genera

CoL2006 - via The Interim Register of Marine and Nonmarine Genera

Nomenclator Zoologicus. A list of the names of genera and subgenera in zoology from the tenth edition of Linnaeus, 1758 to the end of 2004. Digitised by uBio from vols. 1-9 of Neave (ed.), 1939-1996 plus supplementary digital-only volume. http://ubio.org/NomenclatorZoologicus (as at 2006). - via The Interim Register of Marine and Nonmarine Genera

Sepkoski, J. J., Jr. (2002). A compendium of fossil marine animal genera. Bulletins of American Paleontology. 363, 1-560. - via The Interim Register of Marine and Nonmarine Genera

WoRMS (Mar 2013) - via The Interim Register of Marine and Nonmarine Genera

Krit. Untersuch. Venus - via The Interim Register of Marine and Nonmarine Genera

SN2000/Boss, 1982 - via The Interim Register of Marine and Nonmarine Genera

Turgeon, D. D., J. F. Quinn, Jr., A. E. Bogan, E. V. Coan, F. G. Hochberg, W. G. Lyons, et al., 1998: Common and scientific names of aquatic invertebrates from the United States and Canada: Mollusks, 2nd ed.. American Fisheries Society Special Publication 26. 526. - via Integrated Taxonomic Information System (ITIS)

Coan, Eugene V., Paul Valentich Scott, and Frank R. Bernard, 2000: Bivalve Seashells of Western North America: Marine Bivalve Mollusks from Arctic Alaska to Baja California. Santa Barbara Museum of Natural History Monographs, Number 2; Studies in Biodiversity, Number 2. viii + 764. - via Integrated Taxonomic Information System (ITIS)

Millard, V., 1997: null. Classification of Mollusca: A classification of world wide Mollusca. 1-544. - via Integrated Taxonomic Information System (ITIS)

Vaught, K. C. / Abbott, Robert T. and Kenneth J. Boss, 1989: null. A classification of the living Mollusca. xii+195. - via Integrated Taxonomic Information System (ITIS)

Coan, E. V.; Valentich-Scott, P. (2012). Bivalve seashells of tropical West America. Marine bivalve mollusks from Baja California to northern Peru. 2 vols, 1258 pp. - via World Register of Marine Species

Römer E. (1857). Kritische Untersuchung der Arten des Mollusken-Geschlechts Venus bei Linné und Gmelin, mit Berücksichtigung der später beschriebenen Arten. Marburg. xiii + 135 p. - via World Register of Marine Species

Data courtesy of: PBDB: The Paleobiology Database, Creative Commons CC-BY licenced. , GBIF: the Global Biodiversity Information Facility, various licences, iDigBio, various licences, and EOL: The Encyclopedia of Life (Open Data Public Domain). Because fossils are made of minerals too!

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