Hopeite
A valid IMA mineral species - grandfathered
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About Hopeite
Thomas C. Hope
Formula:
ZnZn2(PO4)2 · 4H2O
The above mindat formula corresponds to new findings and, as such, new structural refinements within the hopeite group
Colour:
Yellow, white, colourless, grey or brown; colourless in transmitted light.
Lustre:
Vitreous, Pearly
Hardness:
3½
Specific Gravity:
3 - 3.1
Crystal System:
Orthorhombic
Member of:
Name:
Named by David Brewster in 1823 in honor of Thomas Charles Hope (21 July 1766, Edinburgh, Scotland – 13 June 1844, Edinburgh, Scotland) Professor of Chemistry, University of Edinburgh. Also a physician. He discovered the element strontium and determined that water's maximum density occurs at 4°C.
Type Locality:
Dimorph of:
Isostructural with:
Two varieties are known, α-Hopeite and β-Hopeite (Spencer, 1908), which are distinguished by slightly different optical properties and thermal behaviour.
These two varieties differ by the orientation of one water molecule in the crystal structure (Herschke et al., 2004).
The phosphate analogue of arsenohopeite. The ZnZn2-analogue of nizamoffite (Mn-bearing) and sergeysmirnovite (Mg-bearing).
May be metastable in respect to parahopeite; the two phases may be separated via a structural-topological reconstruction (Krivovichev et al., 2022).
These two varieties differ by the orientation of one water molecule in the crystal structure (Herschke et al., 2004).
The phosphate analogue of arsenohopeite. The ZnZn2-analogue of nizamoffite (Mn-bearing) and sergeysmirnovite (Mg-bearing).
May be metastable in respect to parahopeite; the two phases may be separated via a structural-topological reconstruction (Krivovichev et al., 2022).
Unique Identifiers
Mindat ID:
1999
Long-form identifier:
mindat:1:1:1999:2
GUID
(UUID V4):
(UUID V4):
eee439a8-f7c1-495e-ab96-06af6b646424
IMA Classification of Hopeite
Approved, 'Grandfathered' (first described prior to 1959)
IMA Formula:
Zn3(PO4)2 · 4H2O
First published:
1822
Classification of Hopeite
8.CA.30
8 : PHOSPHATES, ARSENATES, VANADATES
C : Phosphates without additional anions, with H2O
A : With small and large/medium cations
8 : PHOSPHATES, ARSENATES, VANADATES
C : Phosphates without additional anions, with H2O
A : With small and large/medium cations
40.3.4.1
40 : HYDRATED NORMAL PHOSPHATES,ARSENATES AND VANADATES
3 : A3(XO4)2·xH2O
40 : HYDRATED NORMAL PHOSPHATES,ARSENATES AND VANADATES
3 : A3(XO4)2·xH2O
19.6.3
19 : Phosphates
6 : Phosphates of Zn
19 : Phosphates
6 : Phosphates of Zn
Mineral Symbols
As of 2021 there are now IMA–CNMNC approved mineral symbols (abbreviations) for each mineral species, useful for tables and diagrams.
| Symbol | Source | Reference |
|---|---|---|
| Hop | IMA–CNMNC | Warr, L.N. (2021). IMA–CNMNC approved mineral symbols. Mineralogical Magazine, 85(3), 291-320. doi:10.1180/mgm.2021.43 |
Physical Properties of Hopeite
Vitreous, Pearly
Transparency:
Transparent, Translucent
Comment:
Lustre pearly on the {010} cleavage.
Colour:
Yellow, white, colourless, grey or brown; colourless in transmitted light.
Streak:
White
Hardness:
3½ on Mohs scale
Tenacity:
Brittle
Cleavage:
Perfect
On {010}, perfect; on {100}, good; on {001}, poor.
On {010}, perfect; on {100}, good; on {001}, poor.
Fracture:
Irregular/Uneven
Density:
3 - 3.1 g/cm3 (Measured) 3.08 g/cm3 (Calculated)
Optical Data of Hopeite
Type:
Biaxial (-)
RI values:
nα = 1.572 - 1.574 nβ = 1.582 - 1.591 nγ = 1.590 - 1.592
2V:
Calculated: 26° to 82°
Max Birefringence:
δ = 0.018
Image shows birefringence interference colour range (at 30µm thickness)
and does not take into account mineral colouration.
and does not take into account mineral colouration.
Surface Relief:
Moderate
Dispersion:
r < v, perceptible.
Chemistry of Hopeite
Mindat Formula:
ZnZn2(PO4)2 · 4H2O
The above mindat formula corresponds to new findings and, as such, new structural refinements within the hopeite group
The above mindat formula corresponds to new findings and, as such, new structural refinements within the hopeite group
Elements listed:
Crystallography of Hopeite
Crystal System:
Orthorhombic
Class (H-M):
mmm (2/m 2/m 2/m) - Dipyramidal
Space Group:
Pnma
Cell Parameters:
a = 10.597(3) Å, b = 18.318(8) Å, c = 5.031(1) Å
Ratio:
a:b:c = 0.579 : 1 : 0.275
Unit Cell V:
976.6 ų
Z:
4
Morphology:
Crystals tabular {010} to prismatic [001] and occurring individually or as tufted or divergent aggregates and crusts. Face development is frequently irregular. The crystals may simulate disphenoidal or hemimorphic symmetry. Reniform masses; compact.
Twinning:
None observed.
Crystal Structure
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2x2x2 | 3x3x3 | 4x4x4
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Data courtesy of the American Mineralogist Crystal Structure Database. Click on an AMCSD ID to view structure
| ID | Species | Reference | Link | Year | Locality | Pressure (GPa) | Temp (K) |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 0000533 | Hopeite | Hill R J, Jones J B (1976) The crystal structure of hopeite American Mineralogist 61 987-995 |  | 1976 | 0 | 293 | |
| 0009537 | Hopeite | Whitaker A (1975) The crystal structure of hopeite, Zn3(PO4)2*4H2O Acta Crystallographica B31 2026-2035 |  | 1975 | synthetic | 0 | 293 |
| 0019555 | Hopeite | Herschke L, Enkelmann V, Lieberwirth I, Wenger G (2004) The role of hydrogen bonding in the crystal structures of zinc phosphate hydrates Chemistry - A European Journal 10 2795-2803 | 2004 | synthetic | 0 | 293 | |
| 0019556 | Hopeite | Herschke L, Enkelmann V, Lieberwirth I, Wenger G (2004) The role of hydrogen bonding in the crystal structures of zinc phosphate hydrates Chemistry - A European Journal 10 2795-2803 | 2004 | synthetic | 0 | 293 | |
| 0013717 | Hopeite | Haussuhl S, Middendorf B, Dorffel M (1991) Structure and properties of hopeites (MgxZn1-x)3(PO4)2*4H2O Journal of Solid State Chemistry 93 9-16 | 1991 | synthetic | 0 | 293 | |
| 0014414 | Hopeite | Kawahara A, Takano Y, Takahashi M (1973) The structure of hopeite Mineralogical Journal 7 289-297 | | 1973 | synthetic | 0 | 293 |
CIF Raw Data - click here to close
X-Ray Powder Diffraction
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Radiation - Copper Kα
Data courtesy of RRUFF project at University of Arizona, used with permission.
Powder Diffraction Data:
| d-spacing | Intensity |
|---|---|
| 4.568 Å | (100) |
| 2.853 Å | (65) |
| 9.12 Å | (60) |
| 3.460 Å | (25) |
| 3.388 Å | (25) |
| 4.410 Å | (20) |
| 1.939 Å | (19) |
Comments:
Kabwe, Zambia. (ICDD 37-465).
Geological Environment
Paragenetic Mode(s):
| Paragenetic Mode | Earliest Age (Ga) |
|---|---|
| Stage 4b: Highly evolved igneous rocks | >3.0 |
| 34 : Complex granite pegmatites | |
| Stage 7: Great Oxidation Event | <2.4 |
| 47a : [Near-surface hydration of prior minerals] | |
| 47c : [Carbonates, phosphates, borates, nitrates] | |
| Stage 10a: Neoproterozoic oxygenation/terrestrial biosphere | <0.6 |
| 53 : Other minerals with taphonomic origins | <0.4 |
Type Occurrence of Hopeite
Place of Conservation of Type Material:
Muséum Nationale d’Histoire Naturelle, Paris, France, number 104.452.
Associated Minerals at Type Locality:
Synonyms of Hopeite
Other Language Names for Hopeite
Relationship of Hopeite to other Species
Member of:
Other Members of this group:
| Arsenohopeite | Zn3(AsO4)2 · 4H2O | Orth. mmm (2/m 2/m 2/m) : Pnma |
| Davidlloydite | Zn3(AsO4)2 · 4H2O | Tric. 1 : P1 |
| Nizamoffite | Mn2+Zn2(PO4)2(H2O)4 | Orth. mmm (2/m 2/m 2/m) : Pbcm |
| Parahopeite | Zn3(PO4)2 · 4H2O | Tric. 1 : P1 |
| Sergeysmirnovite | MgZn2(PO4)2 · 4H2O | Orth. mmm (2/m 2/m 2/m) : Pnma |
| Unnamed (Mg-analogue of Hopeite) | Mg3(PO4)2 · 4H2O |
Common Associates
Associated Minerals Based on Photo Data:
| 21 photos of Hopeite associated with Parahopeite | Zn3(PO4)2 · 4H2O |
| 7 photos of Hopeite associated with Smithsonite | ZnCO3 |
| 7 photos of Hopeite associated with Phosphophyllite | Zn2Fe(PO4)2 · 4H2O |
| 4 photos of Hopeite associated with Tarbuttite | Zn2(PO4)(OH) |
| 2 photos of Hopeite associated with Copper | Cu |
| 1 photo of Hopeite associated with Hemimorphite | Zn4Si2O7(OH)2 · H2O |
| 1 photo of Hopeite associated with Parascholzite | CaZn2(PO4)2 · 2H2O |
| 1 photo of Hopeite associated with Scholzite | CaZn2(PO4)2 · 2H2O |
| 1 photo of Hopeite associated with Limonite | |
| 1 photo of Hopeite associated with Rockbridgeite | Fe2+Fe3+4(PO4)3(OH)5 |
Related Minerals - Strunz-mindat Grouping
| 8.CA. | Davidlloydite | Zn3(AsO4)2 · 4H2O |
| 8.CA. | Apexite | NaMg(PO4) · 9H2O |
| 8.CA. | Brandãoite | BeAl2(PO4)2(OH)2(H2O)5 |
| 8.CA.05 | Fransoletite | Ca3Be2(PO4)2(PO3OH)2 · 4H2O |
| 8.CA.05 | Parafransoletite | Ca3Be2(PO4)2(PO3OH)2 · 4H2O |
| 8.CA.10 | Ehrleite | Ca4Be3Zn2(PO4)6 · 9H2O |
| 8.CA.15 | Faheyite | Be2Mn2+Fe3+2(PO4)4 · 6H2O |
| 8.CA.20 | Gainesite | Na(Na,K)(Be,Li)Zr2(PO4)4 · 1.5-2H2O |
| 8.CA.20 | Mccrillisite | NaCs(Be,Li)Zr2(PO4)4 · 1-2H2O |
| 8.CA.20 | Selwynite | NaK(Be,Al)Zr2(PO4)4 · 2H2O |
| 8.CA.25 | Pahasapaite | Li8(Ca,Li,K)10.5Be24(PO4)24 · 38H2O |
| 8.CA.30 | Arsenohopeite | Zn3(AsO4)2 · 4H2O |
| 8.CA.30 | Nizamoffite | Mn2+Zn2(PO4)2(H2O)4 |
| 8.CA.30 | Unnamed (Mg-analogue of Hopeite) | Mg3(PO4)2 · 4H2O |
| 8.CA.35 | Warikahnite | Zn3(AsO4)2 · 2H2O |
| 8.CA.40 | Phosphophyllite | Zn2Fe(PO4)2 · 4H2O |
| 8.CA.42 | Steinmetzite | Zn2Fe3+(PO4)2(OH) · 3H2O |
| 8.CA.45 | Parascholzite | CaZn2(PO4)2 · 2H2O |
| 8.CA.45 | Scholzite | CaZn2(PO4)2 · 2H2O |
| 8.CA.50 | Keyite | Cu2+3Zn4Cd2(AsO4)6 · 2H2O |
| 8.CA.55 | Pushcharovskite | K0.6Cu18[AsO2(OH)2]4[AsO3OH]10(AsO4)(OH)9.6 · 18.6H2O |
| 8.CA.60 | Prosperite | Ca2Zn4(AsO4)4 · H2O |
| 8.CA.65 | Gengenbachite | KFe3+3(PO3OH)4[PO2(OH)2]2 · 6H2O |
| 8.CA.70 | Parahopeite | Zn3(PO4)2 · 4H2O |
| 8.CA.70 | Reaphookhillite | MgZn2(PO4)2 · 4H2O |
| 8.CA.75 | Stergiouite | CaZn2(AsO4)2 · 4H2O |
| 8.CA.80 | Limousinite | BaCa[Be4P4O16] · 6H2O |
| 8.CA.85 | Minjiangite | BaBe2(PO4)2 |
| 8.CA.85 | Wilancookite | (Ba5Li2◻)Ba6Be24P24O96 · 26H2O |
Other Information
Thermal Behaviour:
Before the blowpipe it gives off water and fuses with difficulty to a clear colorless globule, tinging the flame green.
Notes:
Dissolves without effervescence in HCl or HNO3.
Health Risks:
No information on health risks for this material has been entered into the database. You should always treat mineral specimens with care.
Internet Links for Hopeite
mindat.org URL:
https://www.mindat.org/min-1999.html
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References for Hopeite
Reference List:
Spencer, L. J. (1908) On Hopeite and other zinc phosphates and associated minerals from the Broken Hill mines, North-Western Rhodesia. Mineralogical Magazine and Journal of the Mineralogical Society, 15 (68) 1-38 doi:10.1180/minmag.1908.015.68.02
Larsen, Esper S. (1921) The microscopic determination of the nonopaque minerals. Bulletin Vol. 679. US Geological Survey doi:10.3133/b679 p.87
Wolfe, C. W. (1940) Classification of minerals of the type A3(XO4)2·nH2O (concluded) American Mineralogist, 25 (12) 787-809 p.795
Whitaker, A. (1975) The crystal structure of hopeite, Zn3(PO4)2·4H2O. Acta Crystallographica Section B Structural Crystallography and Crystal Chemistry, 31 (8) 2026-2035 doi:10.1107/s0567740875006784
Hill, Roderick J., Jones, J. B. (1976) The crystal structure of hopeite. American Mineralogist, 61 (9-10) 987-995
Whitaker, A. (1978) The crystal structure of hopeite, Zn3(PO4)2·4H2O: errata. Acta Crystallographica Section B Structural Crystallography and Crystal Chemistry, 34 (7) 2385-2386 doi:10.1107/s0567740878008286
Frost, Ray L. (2004) An infrared and Raman spectroscopic study of natural zinc phosphates. Spectrochimica Acta Part A: Molecular and Biomolecular Spectroscopy, 60 (7) 1439-1445 doi:10.1016/j.saa.2003.08.009
Localities for Hopeite
symbol to view information about a locality.
The Locality List
- This locality has map coordinates listed.
- This locality has estimated coordinates.
ⓘ - Click for references and further information on this occurrence.
? - Indicates mineral may be doubtful at this locality.
- Good crystals or important locality for species.
- World class for species or very significant.
(TL) - Type Locality for a valid mineral species.
(FRL) - First Recorded Locality for everything else (eg varieties).
All localities listed without proper references should be considered as questionable.
Australia | |
| Birch et al. (1997) |
| SA Geodata Database - Mineral Deposit ... |
Bahamas | |
| Onac B.P. et al. (2009) |
Belgium (TL) | |
| Brewster (1822) +6 other references |
| Cesàro (1897) +4 other references |
| Hatert et al. (2002) |
Bolivia | |
| Anthony Kampf analysis |
Canada | |
| Palache et al. (1951) +1 other reference |
| Peatfield (n.d.) +1 other reference |
| Richard Gunter Collection |
China | |
| Runsheng Han et al. (2007) |
| Runsheng Han et al. (2007) |
| Runsheng Han et al. (2007) | |
Germany | |
| Dill et al. (2009) |
| Weiß (1990) |
| www.berthold-weber.de (2001) | |
| Lapis (1) |
| Blaß et al. (1995) |
| Weiß (1990) |
| Weiß (1990) |
Nigeria | |
| Oyeladun (2015) |
Portugal | |
| |
South Africa | |
| Cairncross et al. (1995) |
Spain | |
| Joan Abella i Creus (2008) |
USA | |
| - (2008) |
| Grant et al. (2005) |
| Mineralogical Record (2002) |
| Kampf et al. (2013) |
| Smith et al. (2000) |
| Campbell et al. (1985) |
Zambia | |
| Palache et al. (1951) |
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Kabwe Mine, Kabwe, Kabwe District, Central Province, Zambia