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Rafinesquininae ✝

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Source Data

Source	ID	Link
Global Biodiversity Information Facility ID (GBIF)	Not linked to a GBIF record.
PaleoBioDB ID (PBDB)	84997	https://paleobiodb.org/classic/checkTaxonInfo?taxon_no=84997

Rank

subfamily (PBDB)

Taxonomy (PBDB)

Life : Animalia : Brachiopoda : Strophomenata : Strophomenida : Rafinesquinidae : Rafinesquininae

Classification
(PBDB,GBIF)

Rank	Name	Author
-	Eukaryota
-	Opisthokonta	Cavalier-Smith 1987
kingdom	Animalia
-	Bilateria
-	Eubilateria	Ax 1987
-	Protostomia	Grobben 1908
-	Spiralia
superphylum	Lophotrochozoa
-	Lophophorata
phylum	Brachiopoda	Cuvier 1805
subphylum	Rhynchonelliformea	Williams et al. 1996
class	Strophomenata	Williams et al 1996
order	Strophomenida	Opik 1934
superfamily	Strophomenoidea	King 1846
family	Rafinesquinidae	Schuchert 1893
subfamily	Rafinesquininae	Schuchert 1893

Opinions (PBDB)

Name	Rank	Opinion	Evidence	Author
Rafinesquininae	subfamily	belongs to Strophomenidae	stated with evidence	Oraspold, 1956
Rafinesquininae	subfamily	belongs to Strophomenidae	stated without evidence	Howe, 1988
Rafinesquininae	subfamily	belongs to Rafinesquinidae	stated with evidence	Williams et al., 2000

Status (PBDB)

extinct

Taxon Size (PBDB)

First Recorded Appearance

485 - 478 Ma
Paleozoic

Last Recorded Appearance

433 - 423 Ma
Silurian

Motility

stationary (based on Rafinesquinidae)

Vision

blind (based on Strophomenata)

Diet

suspension feeder (based on Rafinesquinidae)

Taphonomy

low Mg calcite (based on Brachiopoda)

Primary Reference (PBDB)

R.-B. Zhan and J. Jin. 2005. Brachiopods from the Dashaba Formation (Middle Ordovician) of Sichuan Province, south-west China. Special Papers in Palaeontology 74:1-63

Subtaxa

Name	Status	Fossil Occurrences	Oldest	Youngest
Colaptomena ✝ genus	accepted (GBIF) listed (PBDB)	148	472 Ma Early/Lower Ordovician	446 Ma Late/Upper Ordovician
Dirafinesquina ✝ genus	accepted (GBIF) listed (PBDB)	6	470 Ma Middle Ordovician	461 Ma Middle Ordovician
Hedstroemina ✝ genus	accepted (GBIF) listed (PBDB)	37	461 Ma Middle Ordovician	443 Ma Silurian
Heteromena ✝ genus	accepted (GBIF) listed (PBDB)	4	467 Ma Middle Ordovician	467 Ma Middle Ordovician
Hibernodonta ✝ genus	accepted (GBIF) listed (PBDB)	3	458 Ma Late/Upper Ordovician	453 Ma Late/Upper Ordovician
Odoratus ✝ genus	doubtful (GBIF) listed (PBDB)
Pentagomena ✝ genus	accepted (GBIF) listed (PBDB)	9	467 Ma Middle Ordovician	467 Ma Middle Ordovician
Pirgumena ✝ genus	accepted (GBIF) listed (PBDB)	26	452 Ma Late/Upper Ordovician	446 Ma Late/Upper Ordovician
Rafinesquina ✝ genus	accepted (GBIF) listed (PBDB)	1,517	485 Ma Cambrian	433 Ma Silurian
Rakverina ✝ genus	accepted (GBIF) listed (PBDB)	16	461 Ma Middle Ordovician	456 Ma Late/Upper Ordovician
Shuangheella ✝ genus	accepted (GBIF) listed (PBDB)	1	470 Ma Middle Ordovician	470 Ma Middle Ordovician
Testaprica ✝ genus	accepted (GBIF) listed (PBDB)	2	456 Ma Late/Upper Ordovician	456 Ma Late/Upper Ordovician
Virunites ✝ genus	accepted (GBIF) listed (PBDB)	5	458 Ma Middle Ordovician	458 Ma Late/Upper Ordovician

Synonymy List

Year	Name and Author
1893	Rafinesquininae Schuchert
1956	Rafinesquininae Oraspold
1977	Rafinesquininae Mitchell
1982	Rafinesquininae Owen and Harper
1988	Rafinesquininae Howe p. 215
2000	Rafinesquininae Williams et al. p. 237
2004	Rafinesquininae Rõõmusoks
2005	Rafinesquininae Zhan and Jin p. 40
2010	Rafinesquininae Cocks
2017	Rafinesquininae Liljeroth et al.

References

Zhan R.-B., Jin J. (2005) Brachiopods from the Dashaba Formation (Middle Ordovician) of Sichuan Province, south-west China, Special Papers in Palaeontology 74, 1-63

Oraspold A. L. (1956) New brachiopods from the Jõhvi, Keila and Vasalemma stages, Trudy Instituta geologii AN ESSR 1, 41-67

Mitchell W. I. (1977) The Ordovician Brachiopoda from Pomeroy, Co. Tyrone, The Palaeontographical Society Monographs 130 545, 1-138

Owen A. W., Harper D. A. T. (1982) The Middle Ordovician of the Oslo Region, Norway, 31. The upper Caradoc trilobites and brachiopods from Vestbraten, Ringerike, Norsk Geologisk Tidsskrift 62, 95-120

Howe H. J. (1988) Articulate brachiopods from the Richmondian of Tennessee, Journal of Paleontology 62 2, 204-218

Williams A., Carlson S. J., et al (2000) Part H Brachiopoda (revised): Volumes 2 & 3, Linguliformea, Craniiformea, Rhynchonelliformea (part)., Treatise on Invertebrate Paleontology, 1-919

Roomusoks A. (2004) Ordovician strophomenoid brachiopods of northern Estonia, Fossilia Baltica 3, 1-150

Cocks L. R. (2010) Caradoc Strophomenoid and Plectambonitoid Brachiopods from Wales and the Welsh Borderland, Palaeontology 53 5, 1155-1200

Liljeroth M., Harper D. A. T., et al (2017) Ordovician rhynchonelliformean brachiopods from Co. Waterford, SE Ireland: Palaeobiogeography of the Leinster Terrane, Fossils and Strata 62, 1-164 doi:10.111/let.12205

Data courtesy of: PBDB: The Paleobiology Database, Creative Commons CC-BY licenced. , GBIF: the Global Biodiversity Information Facility, various licences, iDigBio, various licences, and EOL: The Encyclopedia of Life (Open Data Public Domain). Because fossils are made of minerals too!

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