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Equinae

Photos

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Source Data

Source	ID	Link
Global Biodiversity Information Facility ID (GBIF)	Not linked to a GBIF record.
PaleoBioDB ID (PBDB)	65578	https://paleobiodb.org/classic/checkTaxonInfo?taxon_no=65578

Rank

subfamily (PBDB)

Taxonomy (PBDB)

Life : Animalia : Chordata : Mammalia : Perissodactyla : Equidae : Equinae

Classification
(PBDB,GBIF)

Rank	Name	Author
-	Eukaryota
-	Opisthokonta	Cavalier-Smith 1987
kingdom	Animalia
-	Triploblastica	Lankester 1877
-	Nephrozoa	Jondelius et al. 2002
-	Deuterostomia	Grobben 1908
phylum	Chordata	Haeckel 1847
subphylum	Vertebrata	Lamarck 1801
superclass	Gnathostomata	Gegenbauer 1874
-	Osteichthyes
-	Sarcopterygii	Romer 1955
subclass	Dipnotetrapodomorpha
subclass	Tetrapodomorpha
-	Tetrapoda
-	Reptiliomorpha	Säve-Söderbergh 1934
-	Anthracosauria	Säve-Söderbergh 1934
-	Batrachosauria
-	Cotylosauria
-	Amniota	Haeckel 1866
-	Synapsida	Osborn 1903
-	Therapsida
infraorder	Cynodontia
-	Epicynodontia	Hopson and Kitching 2001
infraorder	Eucynodontia	Kemp 1982
-	Probainognathia	Hopson 1990
-	Mammaliamorpha	Rowe 1988
-	Mammaliaformes	Rowe 1988
class	Mammalia	Linnaeus 1758
subclass	Tribosphenida
infraclass	Eutheria
-	Placentalia	Owen 1837
order	Perissodactyla
suborder	Lophodontomorpha	Hooker and Dashzeveg 2004
infraorder	Euperissodactyla	Hooker and Dashzeveg 2004
-	Hippomorpha
superfamily	Equoidea	Hay 1902
family	Equidae	Gray 1821
subfamily	Equinae	Steinmann and Döderlein 1890

Opinions (PBDB)

Name	Rank	Opinion	Evidence	Author
Equinae	subfamily	belongs to Equidae	stated without evidence	Hay, 1902
Equinae	subfamily	belongs to Equidae	stated with evidence	Prado and Alberdi, 1996
Equinae	subfamily	belongs to Equidae	stated without evidence	Bravo-Cuevas and Ferrusquía-Villafranca, 2006

Status (PBDB)

extant

Taxon Size (PBDB)

256

Extant Size (PBDB)

29 (11%)

First Recorded Appearance

23.0 - 16.0 Ma
Miocene

Environment

terrestrial (based on Eutheria)

Motility

actively mobile (based on Osteichthyes)

Diet

grazer, browser (based on Equinae)

Ecospace Comments

applies to Miocene genera exclusive of Equus (see)

Taphonomy

phosphatic (based on Vertebrata)

Primary Reference (PBDB)

B. J. MacFadden. 1998. Equidae. In C. M. Janis, K. M. Scott, and L. L. Jacobs (eds.), Evolution of Tertiary Mammals of North America 1:537-559

Subtaxa

Name	Status	Common Name(s)	Fossil Occurrences	Oldest	Youngest
Calippini ✝ tribe	listed (PBDB)
Equini tribe	listed (PBDB)	Horse	2,510	23.0 Ma Miocene	0 Ma Extant
Hipparionini ✝ tribe	listed (PBDB)	Hipparionine Horse	1,616	23.0 Ma Miocene	0.78 Ma Pleistocene
Hippotheriini ✝ tribe	listed (PBDB)
Protohippini ✝ tribe	listed (PBDB)	Protohippines
Acritohippus ✝ genus	accepted (GBIF) listed (PBDB)		110	23.0 Ma Miocene	13.6 Ma Miocene
Merychippus ✝ genus	accepted (GBIF) listed (PBDB)		140	23.0 Ma Miocene	7.25 Ma Miocene
Scaphohippus ✝ genus	accepted (GBIF) listed (PBDB)		43	23.0 Ma Miocene	16.0 Ma Miocene

Synonymy List

Year	Name and Author
1854	Hippodon Leidy p. 90
1856	Hipparion (Hippodon) Leidy p. 311
1878	Stylonus Cope
1890	Equinae Steinmann and Döderlein
1902	Equinae Hay p. 616
1907	Equinae Gidley p. 867
1950	Equinae Lance
1955	Equinae Quinn
1955	Hippodon Quinn p. 13
1975	Equinae Forsten p. 22
1988	Stylonus Kelly and Lander

Year	Name and Author
1989	Equinae Manning and MacFadden p. 37
1989	Equinae Prothero and Schoch p. 531
1991	Equinae Baskin p. 999
1995	Equinae Kelly p. 3
1996	Equinae Prado and Alberdi p. 676
1998	Equinae MacFadden p. 547
2006	Equinae Bravo-Cuevas and Ferrusquía-Villafranca p. 776
2008	Equinae Bravo-Cuevas and Ferrusquia-Villafranca
2014	Equinae Ferrusquía-Villafranca et al. p. 204
2015	Equinae Dos Santos Avilla et al. pp. 925909-3

References

MacFadden B. J. (1998) Equidae, Evolution of Tertiary Mammals of North America 1, 537-559

Leidy J. [Abstract of remarks made before a meeting of the Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia, June 6th, 1854], Proceedings of the Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia 7, 89-90

Leidy J. Notices of Extinct Vertebrata Discovered by Dr. F. V. Hayden, during the Expedition to the Sioux Country under the Command of Lieut. G. K. Warren, Proceedings of the Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia 8, 311-312

Cope E. D. On some of the characters of the Miocene fauna of Oregon, Proceedings of the American Philosophical Society 18 102, 63-78

Hay O. P. (1902) , Bibliography and Catalogue of the Fossil Vertebrata of North America. Bulletin of the United States Geological Survey 179, 1-868

Gidley J. W. (1907) Revision of the Miocene and Pliocene Equidae of North America, Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History 23 35, 865-934

Lance J. F. (1950) Paleontologia Y Estratigrafia Del Plioceno De Yepomera, Estado De Chihuahua. 1A Parte: Equidos, Excepto Neohipparion, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Instituto de Geología, Boletín 54, 1-81

Quinn J. H. (1955) Miocene Equidae of the Texas Gulf Coastal Plain, Bureau of Economic Geology, The University of Texas Report of Investigations 5516, 1-102

Forsten A. -M. (1975) The Fossil Horses of the Texas Gulf Coastal Plain: A Revision , Pearce-Sellards Series 22, 1-86

Kelly T. S., Lander E. B. (1988) Biostratigraphy and Correlation of Hemingfordian and Barstovian Land Mammal Assemblages, Caliente Formation, Cuyama Valley Area, California, Tertiary Tectonics and Sedimentation in the Cuyama Basin, San Luis Obispo, Santa Barbara, and Ventura Counties, California, 1-19

Manning E. M., MacFadden B. J. (1989) Pliocene three-toed horses from Louisiana, with comments on the Citronelle Formation, Tulane Studies in Geology and Paleontology 22 2, 35-46

Prothero D. R., Schoch R. M. (1989) Classification of the Perissodactyla, The Evolution of Perissodactyla, 530-537

Kelly T. S. (1995) New Miocene horses from the Caliente Formation, Cuyama Valley Badlands, California, Contributions in Science, Natural History Museum of Los Angeles County 455, 1-33

Prado J. L., Alberdi M. T. (1996) A cladistic analysis of the horses of the tribe Equini, Palaeontology 39 3, 663-680 doi:10.1111/j.1475-4983.2008.00824.x

Bravo-Cuevas V. M., Ferrusquía-Villafranca I. (2006) Merychippus (Mammalia, Perissodactyla, Equidae) from the Middle Miocene of state of Oaxaca, southeastern Mexico, Géobios 39, 771-784

Bravo-Cuevas V. M., Ferrusquia-Villafranca I. (2008) Cormohipparion (Mammalia, Perissodactyla, Equidae) from the middle Miocene of Oaxaca, southeastern Mexico, Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology 28 1, 243-250 doi:10.1671/0272-4634(2008)28[243:CMPEFT]2.0.CO;2

Ferrusquía-Villafranca I., Ruiz-González J. E., et al (2014) A new Miocene local fauna from the Sierra Madre Oriental at San Luis Potosí, Central-East Mexico, and its paleontologic significance, Geobios 47 4, 199-220 doi:10.1016/j.geobios.2014.06.004

Dos Santos Avilla L., Bernardes C., et al (2015) A new genus for Onohippidium galushai Macfadden and Skinner, 1979 (Mammalia, Equidae), from the late Hemphillian of North America, Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology 35 3, e925909 doi:10.1080/02724634.2014.925909

Data courtesy of: PBDB: The Paleobiology Database, Creative Commons CC-BY licenced. , GBIF: the Global Biodiversity Information Facility, various licences, iDigBio, various licences, and EOL: The Encyclopedia of Life (Open Data Public Domain). Because fossils are made of minerals too!

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