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Panopea

Photos

Photo Gallery

Panopea sp.

Arroios, Lisbon, Lisbon, Portugal

Panopea sp.

Arroios, Lisbon, Lisbon, Portugal

Panopea sp.

Arroios, Lisbon, Lisbon, Portugal

Source Data

Source	ID	Link
Global Biodiversity Information Facility ID (GBIF)	Not linked to a GBIF record.
PaleoBioDB ID (PBDB)	18482	https://paleobiodb.org/classic/checkTaxonInfo?taxon_no=18482

Rank

genus (PBDB)

Taxonomy (PBDB)

Life : Animalia : Mollusca : Bivalvia : Hiatellida : Hiatellidae : Panopea

Classification
(PBDB,GBIF)

Rank	Name	Author
-	Eukaryota
-	Opisthokonta	Cavalier-Smith 1987
kingdom	Animalia
-	Bilateria
-	Eubilateria	Ax 1987
-	Protostomia	Grobben 1908
-	Spiralia
superphylum	Lophotrochozoa
phylum	Mollusca	Linnaeus 1758
class	Bivalvia	Linnaeus 1758
-	Eubivalvia	Carter 2011
subclass	Autobranchia
infraclass	Heteroconchia
-	Cardiomorphi	Ferussac 1822
-	Cardioni	Ferussac 1822
-	Cardiidia	Ferussac 1822
-	Solenata	Dall 1889
order	Hiatellida	Carter 2011
superfamily	Hiatelloidea
family	Hiatellidae	Gray 1824
genus	Panopea	(Menard 1807)

Opinions (PBDB)

Name	Rank	Opinion	Evidence	Author
Panopea	genus	belongs to Saxicavidae	stated without evidence	Glenn, 1904
Panopea	genus	belongs to Saxicavidae	stated with evidence	Russell and Landes, 1937
Panopea	genus	belongs to Saxicavidae	stated without evidence	Durham, 1944
Panopea	genus	belongs to Hiatellidae	stated with evidence	Marwick, 1960
Panopea	genus	belongs to Panopeidae	stated with evidence	Skwarko, 1967
Panopea	genus	belongs to Saxicavidae	stated without evidence	Iqbal, 1973
Panopea	genus	belongs to Hiatellidae	stated without evidence	Moore, 1976
Panopea	genus	belongs to Hiatellidae	stated with evidence	Wozny, 1977
Panopea	genus	belongs to Hiatellidae	stated without evidence	Gazdzicki and Pugaczewska, 1984
Panopea	genus	belongs to Hiatellidae	stated with evidence	Ward and Blackwelder, 1987
Panopea	genus	belongs to Hiatellidae	stated without evidence	Chiesa et al., 1995
Panopea	genus	belongs to Hiatellidae	implied	Lamprell and Healy, 1998
Panopea	genus	belongs to Hiatellidae	stated with evidence	Frassinetti and Covacevich, 1999
Panopea	genus	belongs to Hiatellidae	stated without evidence	Wienrich, 1999
Panopea	genus	belongs to Myoida	second hand	Sepkoski, 2002
Panopea	genus	belongs to Hiatellidae	stated with evidence	Stilwell et al., 2004
Panopea	genus	belongs to Panopeinae	stated without evidence	Bouchet et al., 2010

Status (PBDB)

extant

Taxon Size (PBDB)

Extant Size (PBDB)

9 (14%)

First Recorded Appearance

247 - 242 Ma
Triassic

Motility

stationary (based on Panopea)

Vision

blind (based on Bivalvia)

Diet

suspension feeder (based on Panopea)

Ecospace Comments

ECOSPACE CODE: 651. LIFE HISTORY: IS, SE, UN, SU according to Todd (2001).

Taphonomy

aragonite (based on Bivalvia)

Primary Reference (PBDB)

J. J. Sepkoski, Jr. 2002. A compendium of fossil marine animal genera. Bulletins of American Paleontology 363:1-560

Fossil Distribution

Subtaxa

Name	Status	Fossil Occurrences	Oldest	Youngest
Panopea (Myopsis) ✝ subgenus	listed (PBDB)	17	145 Ma Late Jurassic	113 Ma Early/Lower Cretaceous
Panopea (Panopea) subgenus	listed (PBDB)	55	93.5 Ma Late/Upper Cretaceous	0 Ma Extant
Panopaea depressa ✝ species	doubtful (GBIF) listed (PBDB)
Panopaea elongata ✝ species	doubtful (GBIF) listed (PBDB)	1	58.7 Ma Paleocene	58.7 Ma Paleocene
Panopaea mackrothi ✝ species	doubtful (GBIF) listed (PBDB)
Panopaea montignyana ✝ species	doubtful (GBIF) listed (PBDB)
Panopaea orientalis ✝ species	doubtful (GBIF) listed (PBDB)
Panopaea remondii ✝ species	doubtful (GBIF) listed (PBDB)	2	237 Ma Middle Triassic	237 Ma Middle Triassic
Panopaea toulai ✝ species	doubtful (GBIF) listed (PBDB)
Panopaea vaudini ✝ species	doubtful (GBIF) listed (PBDB)
Panope agnewi ✝ species	listed (PBDB)
Panope borealis ✝ species	doubtful (GBIF) listed (PBDB)	1	83.5 Ma Late/Upper Cretaceous	83.5 Ma Late/Upper Cretaceous
Panope californica ✝ species	doubtful (GBIF) listed (PBDB)
Psilomya elongatissima ✝ species	doubtful (GBIF) listed (PBDB)	2	113 Ma Early/Lower Cretaceous	113 Ma Early/Lower Cretaceous
Panope estrellana ✝ species	listed (PBDB)
Panope gurgitis ✝ species	listed (PBDB)
Panope mclearni ✝ species	doubtful (GBIF) listed (PBDB)	3	83.5 Ma Late/Upper Cretaceous	70.6 Ma Late/Upper Cretaceous
Panope murrayensis ✝ species	doubtful (GBIF) listed (PBDB)	2	93.9 Ma Late/Upper Cretaceous	93.5 Ma Late/Upper Cretaceous
Panope taylorensis ✝ species	listed (PBDB)	2	33.9 Ma Oligocene	28.1 Ma Oligocene
Panope tenuis ✝ species	listed (PBDB)	1	16.0 Ma Miocene	16.0 Ma Miocene
Panope webbi ✝ species	doubtful (GBIF) listed (PBDB)	2	93.9 Ma Late/Upper Cretaceous	93.5 Ma Late/Upper Cretaceous
Panopea abbreviata species	accepted (GBIF) listed (PBDB)	12	23.0 Ma Miocene	0 Ma Extant
Panopea abrupta species	accepted (GBIF) listed (PBDB)	62	38.0 Ma Eocene	0 Ma Extant
Panopea akerlundi ✝ species	doubtful (GBIF) listed (PBDB)	1	56.0 Ma Paleocene	56.0 Ma Paleocene
Panopea aldrovandi species	listed (PBDB)			0 Ma Extant
Panopea americana ✝ species	listed (PBDB)	10	20.4 Ma Miocene	13.8 Ma Miocene
Panopea anabarica ✝ species	doubtful (GBIF) listed (PBDB)	4	247 Ma Early/Lower Triassic	242 Ma Middle Triassic
Panopea australis species	accepted (GBIF) listed (PBDB)
Panopea bagualesia ✝ species	listed (PBDB)	2	23.0 Ma Miocene	23.0 Ma Miocene
Panopea bitruncata ✝ species	accepted (GBIF) listed (PBDB)	4	2.59 Ma Pleistocene	0.13 Ma Pleistocene
Panopea brasiliensis ✝ species	listed (PBDB)	2	109 Ma Early/Lower Cretaceous	109 Ma Early/Lower Cretaceous
Panopea chiloensis ✝ species	listed (PBDB)	5	3.60 Ma Pliocene	3.60 Ma Pliocene
Panopea clausa ✝ species	doubtful (GBIF) listed (PBDB)	49	85.8 Ma Late/Upper Cretaceous	55.8 Ma Eocene
Panopea dockensis ✝ species	doubtful (GBIF) listed (PBDB)
Panopea eightsi ✝ species	doubtful (GBIF) listed (PBDB)	6	56.0 Ma Paleocene	37.2 Ma Eocene
Panopea gastaldii ✝ species	listed (PBDB)	3	56.0 Ma Paleocene	38.0 Ma Eocene
Panopea globosa species	accepted (GBIF) listed (PBDB)	2	5.33 Ma Miocene	0 Ma Extant
Panopea glycimeris species	accepted (GBIF) listed (PBDB)	3	23.0 Ma Miocene	0 Ma Extant
Panopea goldfussii species	doubtful (GBIF) listed (PBDB)	21	23.0 Ma Miocene	3.60 Ma Pliocene
Panopea ibari ✝ species	doubtful (GBIF) listed (PBDB)	1	20.4 Ma Miocene	20.4 Ma Miocene
Panopea inaequivalvis ✝ species	doubtful (GBIF) listed (PBDB)	2	113 Ma Early/Lower Cretaceous	105 Ma Early/Lower Cretaceous
Panopea intermedia ✝ species	listed (PBDB)	22	113 Ma Early/Lower Cretaceous	2.59 Ma Pleistocene
Panopea kazakovae ✝ species	doubtful (GBIF) listed (PBDB)	4	20.4 Ma Miocene	11.6 Ma Miocene
Pleuromya kissoumi ✝ species	doubtful (GBIF) listed (PBDB)
Panopea nucleus ✝ species	listed (PBDB)	10	33.9 Ma Oligocene	16.0 Ma Miocene
Panopea parawhitfieldi ✝ species	listed (PBDB)	9	33.9 Ma Oligocene	11.6 Ma Miocene
Panopea porrectoides ✝ species	listed (PBDB)	1	41.3 Ma Eocene	41.3 Ma Eocene
Panopea ramonensis ✝ species	listed (PBDB)	19	38.0 Ma Eocene	16.0 Ma Miocene
Panopea rathbuni ✝ species	listed (PBDB)	2	109 Ma Early/Lower Cretaceous	109 Ma Early/Lower Cretaceous
Panopea snohomishensis ✝ species	listed (PBDB)	2	33.9 Ma Oligocene	28.1 Ma Oligocene
Panopaea thomasi ✝ species	doubtful (GBIF) listed (PBDB)	2	20.4 Ma Miocene	20.4 Ma Miocene
Panopea undatoides ✝ species	listed (PBDB)	6	55.8 Ma Eocene	5.33 Ma Miocene
Panopea whitfieldi species	doubtful (GBIF) listed (PBDB)	4	20.4 Ma Miocene	16.0 Ma Miocene
Panopea worthingtoni ✝ species	accepted (GBIF) listed (PBDB)	15	47.8 Ma Eocene	11.6 Ma Miocene
Panopea zinsmeisteri ✝ species	doubtful (GBIF) listed (PBDB)	1	33.9 Ma Oligocene	33.9 Ma Oligocene

Synonymy List

Year	Name and Author
1807	Panope Menard p. 292
1904	Panopea Glenn p. 276
1922	Panope Packard p. 427
1923	Panope Clark and Arnold p. 156
1937	Panope Russell and Landes p. 162
1944	Panope Durham p. 152
1960	Panopea Marwick p. 17
1967	Panopea Skwarko p. 22
1973	Panope Iqbal p. 20
1976	Panopea Moore p. 52
1977	Panopea Wozny p. 107
1980	Panopaea Vokes p. 186
1980	Panopea Vokes p. 187
1982	Panopea Woodring p. 717
1984	Panopea Gazdzicki and Pugaczewska p. 105
1984	Panopea Pugaczewska p. 56

Year	Name and Author
1987	Panopea Ward and Blackwelder p. 131
1988	Panopea Freneix et al.
1992	Panopea Ward p. 113
1994	Panopea Perrilliat p. 240
1995	Panopea Chiesa et al. p. 46
1998	Panopaea Lamprell and Healy p. 198
1999	Panopea Frassinetti and Covacevich p. 40
1999	Panopea Wienrich p. 256
2000	Panopea Camacho et al. p. 69
2002	Panopea Kosnik
2002	Panopaea Sepkoski, Jr.
2004	Panopea Stilwell et al. p. 24
2006	Panopea Anelli et al. p. 128
2006	Panopea Beu p. 292
2010	Panopea Bouchet et al.

References

Sepkoski, Jr. J. J. (2002) A compendium of fossil marine animal genera, Bulletins of American Paleontology 363, 1-560

Glenn L. C. (1904) Pelecypoda, Maryland Geological Survey Miocene Text, 274-401

Packard E. L. (1922) New species from the Cretaceous of the Santa Ana Mountains, California, University of California Publications, Bulletin of the Department of Geological Sciences 13 10, 413-462

Clark B. L., Arnold R. (1923) Fauna of the Sooke Formation Vancouver Island, University of California Publications, Bulletin of the Department of Geological Sciences 14 5, 123-234

Russell L. S., Landes R. W. (1937) Geology of the Southern Alberta Plains. Part II. Paleontology of the marine formations of the Montana Group, Geological Survey of Canada Memoir 221

Durham J. W. (1944) Megafaunal zones of the Oligocene of northwestern Washington, University of California Publications in Geological Sciences 27, 101 -212

Marwick J. (1960) Early Tertiary Mollusca from Otaio Gorge, South Canterbury, New Zealand Geological Survey Paleontological Bulletin 33

Skwarko S. K. (1967) Lower Cretaceous Mollusca of the Great Artesian Basin Type in the Gibson Desert, Central Western Australia, Bureau of Mineral Resources, Geology, and Geophysics Bulletin 75, 1-38

Iqbal M. W. A. (1973) Biostratigraphy of the Tiyon Formation (Middle Eocene) of Sind, Pakistan, Records of the Geological Survey of Pakistan 22, 1-40

Moore E. J. (1976) Oligocene marine mollusks from the Pittsburg Bluff Formation in Oregon, United States Geological Survey Professional Paper 922, 1-66

Wozny E. (1977) Pelecypods from the Upper Eocene of East Poland, Acta Palaeontologica Polonica 22 1, 93-112

Vokes H. E. (1980) Genera of the Bivalvia: a systematic and bibliographic Catalogue, Genera of the Bivalvia: a systematic and bibliographic Catalogue

Woodring W. P. (1982) Geology and paleontology of canal zone and adjoing parts of Panama: Description of Tertiary mollusks (Pelecypods: Propeamussiidae to Cuspidariidae)., United States Geological Survey Professional Paper 306 F

Gazdzicki A, Pugaczewska H (1984) Biota of the "Pecten Conglomerate" (Polenez Cove Formation, Pliocene) of King George Island (South Shetland Islands, Antarctica), Studia Geologica Polonica 79, 59-120

Pugaczewska H. (1984) Tertiary Bivalvia and Scaphopoda from glaciomarine deposits at Magda Nunatak, King George Island (South Shetland Islands, Antarctica), Studia Geologica Polonica 29, 53-58

Ward L. W., Blackwelder B.W. (1987) Late Pliocene and Early Pleistocene Mollusca from the James City and Chowan River Formations at Lee Creek Mine, Smithsonian Contributions to Paleobiology 61, 113-283

Freneix S., Saint Martin J.-P., et al (1988) Bivalves Hétérodontes du Messinien d'Oranie (Algérie occidentale), Museum National d'Histoire Naturelle Section C: Sciences de la Terre 9 4, 415-453

Ward L. W. (1992) Molluscan biostratigraphy of the Miocene Middle Atlantic Coastal Plain of North America, Virginia Museum of Natural History 2

Perrilliat M. C. (1994) Bivalvos de la Formación Tuxpan (Mioceno Medio), Estado de Veracruz, México, Revista Mexicana de Ciencias Geológicas 11 2, 232-242

Chiesa J.O., Parma S.G., et al (1995) Observaciones estratigraficas en el Paleogeno del noroeste de la Provincia de Santa Cruz (Republica Argentina). Parte II: Invertebrados marinos de la Formacion El Chacy (Eoceno), Provincia de Santa Cruz, Argentina. Systematica y bioestratigrafia, Monografias de la Acadamia Nacional de Ciencias Exactas, Fisicas Y Naturales 11, 17-68

Lamprell K., Healy J. (1998) , Bivalves of Australia 2

Frassinetti D., Covacevich V. (1999) Invertibrados fósiles marinos de la Formación Guadal (Oligoceno superio-Mioceno inferior) en Pampa, Castillo region, región de Aisén, Chile, Servico Nacional de Geologia y Mineria Chile Boletin 51, 1-96

Wienrich G. (1999) Die Fauna des marinen Miozäns von Kevelaer (Niederrhein). Band 2 Bivalvia, Scaphopoda, Cephalopoda, Bryozoa, Annelida, Brachiopoda, Backhuys Publishers, Leiden 2, 188-384

Camacho H. H., Chiesa J. O., et al (2000) Invertebrado marinos eocenos de los cerros Palique y Castillo, subdoeste de la provincia de Santa Cruz, Argentina, Ameghiniana 37 1, 59-72

Kosnik M. A. (2002) personal opinion.

Stilwell J. D., Zinsmeister W. J., et al (2004) Early Paleocene Mollusks of Antarctica: Systematics, Paleoecology and Paleobiogeographic Significance, Bulletins of American Paleontology 367

Anelli L. E., Rocha-Campos A. C., et al (2006) Early Miocene bivalves from the Cape Melville Formation, King George Island, West Antarctic, Alcheringa 30 1, 111-132

Beu A. G. (2006) Marine Mollusca of oxygen isotope stages of the last 2 million years in New Zealand. Part 2. Biostratigraphically useful and new Pliocene to Recent bivalves, Journal of the Royal Society of New Zealand 36 4, 151-338

Bouchet P., Rocroi J.-P., et al (2010) Nomenclator of Bivalve Families with a Classification of Bivalve Families, Malacologia 52 2, 1-184 doi:10.4002/040.052.0201

Data courtesy of: PBDB: The Paleobiology Database, Creative Commons CC-BY licenced. , GBIF: the Global Biodiversity Information Facility, various licences, iDigBio, various licences, and EOL: The Encyclopedia of Life (Open Data Public Domain). Because fossils are made of minerals too!

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