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Tetanurae

Photos

Photo Gallery

Source Data

Source	ID	Link
Global Biodiversity Information Facility ID (GBIF)	Not linked to a GBIF record.
PaleoBioDB ID (PBDB)	53374	https://paleobiodb.org/classic/checkTaxonInfo?taxon_no=53374

Rank

unranked clade (PBDB)

Taxonomy (PBDB)

Life : Animalia : Chordata : Saurischia : Tetanurae

Classification
(PBDB,GBIF)

Rank	Name	Author
-	Eukaryota
-	Opisthokonta	Cavalier-Smith 1987
kingdom	Animalia
-	Triploblastica	Lankester 1877
-	Nephrozoa	Jondelius et al. 2002
-	Deuterostomia	Grobben 1908
phylum	Chordata	Haeckel 1847
subphylum	Vertebrata	Lamarck 1801
superclass	Gnathostomata	Gegenbauer 1874
-	Osteichthyes
-	Sarcopterygii	Romer 1955
subclass	Dipnotetrapodomorpha
subclass	Tetrapodomorpha
-	Tetrapoda
-	Reptiliomorpha	Säve-Söderbergh 1934
-	Anthracosauria	Säve-Söderbergh 1934
-	Batrachosauria
-	Cotylosauria
-	Amniota	Haeckel 1866
-	Sauropsida	Huxley 1864
class	Reptilia	Laurenti 1768
subclass	Eureptilia
-	Romeriida	Gauthier et al. 1988
-	Diapsida
-	Eosuchia
-	Neodiapsida	Benton 1985
-	Sauria	Gauthier 1984
-	Archosauromorpha
-	Crocopoda	Ezcurra 2016
-	Archosauriformes	Gauthier 1986
-	Eucrocopoda	Ezcurra 2016
-	Archosauria
informal	Avemetatarsalia	Benton 1999
-	Ornithodira	Gauthier 1986
-	Dinosauromorpha	Benton 1985
-	Dinosauriformes	Novas 1992
-	Dinosauria
-	Saurischia
-	Theropoda
-	Neotheropoda	Bakker 1986
-	Averostra	Paul 2002
-	Tetanurae	Gauthier 1986

Common Name

tetanuran

Opinions (PBDB)

Name	Rank	Opinion	Evidence	Author
Tetanurae	unranked clade	belongs to Theropoda	stated without evidence	Gauthier, 1986
Tetanurae	unranked clade	belongs to Theropoda	stated with evidence	Benton, 1990
Tetanurae	unranked clade	belongs to Theropoda	stated without evidence	Osmolska, 1990
Tetanurae	unranked clade	belongs to Avipoda	stated without evidence	Novas, 1992
Tetanurae	unranked clade	belongs to Theropoda	stated without evidence	Chatterjee, 1993
Tetanurae	unranked clade	belongs to Avipoda	stated without evidence	Pérez-Moreno et al., 1994
Tetanurae	unranked clade	belongs to Theropoda	stated with evidence	Holtz, 1994
Tetanurae	unranked clade	belongs to Neotheropoda	stated without evidence	Sereno, 1995
Tetanurae	unranked clade	belongs to Theropoda	stated without evidence	Holtz, 1995
Tetanurae	unranked clade	belongs to Theropoda	stated with evidence	Hutt et al., 1996
Tetanurae	unranked clade	belongs to Neotheropoda	stated without evidence	Sereno, 1997
Tetanurae	unranked clade	belongs to Theropoda	stated without evidence	Currie, 1997
Tetanurae	unranked clade	belongs to Neotheropoda	stated with evidence	Sereno, 1998
Tetanurae	unranked clade	belongs to Neotheropoda	stated without evidence	Holtz, 1998
Tetanurae	unranked clade	belongs to Neotheropoda	stated with evidence	Sereno, 1999
Tetanurae	unranked clade	belongs to Neotheropoda	stated without evidence	Rauhut, 2003
Tetanurae	unranked clade	belongs to Averostra	stated without evidence	Ezcurra, 2006
Tetanurae	unranked clade	belongs to Theropoda	stated without evidence	Gay, 2010
Tetanurae	unranked clade	belongs to Averostra	stated with evidence	Carrano et al., 2012
Tetanurae	unranked clade	belongs to Theropoda	stated without evidence	Allain et al., 2012
Tetanurae	unranked clade	belongs to Averostra	stated with evidence	Hendrickx and Mateus, 2014
Tetanurae	unranked clade	belongs to Theropoda	stated without evidence	Apesteguia et al., 2016

Status (PBDB)

extant

Taxon Size (PBDB)

6,746

Extant Size (PBDB)

3,029 (45%)

First Recorded Appearance

209 - 201 Ma
Mesozoic

Environment

terrestrial (based on Theropoda)

Motility

actively mobile (based on Theropoda)

Diet

carnivore (based on Theropoda)

Reproduction

oviparous, dispersal=direct/internal,mobile (based on Theropoda)

Ontogeny

accretion,modification of parts (based on Theropoda)

Taphonomy

hydroxylapatite,compact or dense (based on Theropoda)

Primary Reference (PBDB)

J. A. Gauthier. 1986. Saurischian monophyly and the origin of birds. The Origin of Birds and the Evolution of Flight, K. Padian (ed.), Memoirs of the California Academy of Sciences 8:1-55

Subtaxa

Name	Status	Common Name(s)	Fossil Occurrences	Oldest	Youngest
Avetheropoda order	listed (PBDB)	Avetheropod	15,474	209 Ma Late/Upper Triassic	0 Ma Extant
Spinosauroidea ✝ superfamily	listed (PBDB)		1	129 Ma Early/Lower Cretaceous	129 Ma Early/Lower Cretaceous
Torvosauroidea ✝ superfamily	listed (PBDB)
Eustreptospondylidae ✝ family	listed (PBDB)
Becklespinax ✝ genus	listed (PBDB)		1	145 Ma Late Jurassic	145 Ma Late Jurassic
Chilesaurus ✝ genus	accepted (GBIF) listed (PBDB)		1	152 Ma Late Jurassic	152 Ma Late Jurassic
Chuandongocoelurus ✝ genus	listed (PBDB)		1	164 Ma Middle Jurassic	164 Ma Middle Jurassic
Cruxicheiros ✝ genus	listed (PBDB)		1	168 Ma Middle Jurassic	168 Ma Middle Jurassic
Cryolophosaurus ✝ genus	accepted (GBIF) listed (PBDB)		1	199 Ma Early Jurassic	199 Ma Early Jurassic
Gasosaurus ✝ genus	accepted (GBIF) listed (PBDB)		1	164 Ma Middle Jurassic	164 Ma Middle Jurassic
Kaijiangosaurus ✝ genus	accepted (GBIF) listed (PBDB)		1	174 Ma Middle Jurassic	174 Ma Middle Jurassic
Kayentavenator ✝ genus	listed (PBDB)		1	199 Ma Early Jurassic	199 Ma Early Jurassic
Pandoravenator ✝ genus	listed (PBDB)		1	161 Ma Jurassic	161 Ma Jurassic
Neotetanurae unranked clade	listed (PBDB)		1	122 Ma Early/Lower Cretaceous	122 Ma Early/Lower Cretaceous
Orionides unranked clade	listed (PBDB)		286	209 Ma Late/Upper Triassic	0 Ma Extant

Synonymy List

Year	Name and Author
1842	Streptospondylus cuvieri Owen p. 88
1861	Streptospondylus cuvieri Owen p. 299 figs. 103, 2
1870	Streptospondylus cuvieri Lennier pp. 38-39
1874	Streptospondylus cuvieri Sauvage p. 17
1875	Streptospondylus cuvieri Owen p. 21
1881	Megalosaurus pannoniensis Seeley pp. 670-671
1882	Megalosaurus pannoniensis Sauvage p. 9
1884	Megalosaurus pannoniensis Dames p. 188
1887	Megalosaurus pannoniensis Koken p. 9
1888	Allosaurus medius Marsh p. 93
1890	Megalosaurus cuvieri Gaudry p. 227
1890	Streptospondylus cuvieri Zittel p. 725
1896	Megalosaurus pannoniensis Depéret p. 190
1898	Megalosaurus pannoniensis Sauvage p. 40
1902	Antrodemus medius Hay p. 489
1906	Streptospondylus cuvieri Nopcsa p. 81
1911	Allosaurus medius Lull p. 173
1911	Creosaurus potens Lull p. 174
1911	Allosaurus medius Lull p. 183 figs. Pl. 14:1-3
1911	Creosaurus potens Lull pp. 186-7 fig. 14
1911	Megalosaurus cuvieri Nopcsa p. 25
1915	Megalosaurus pannoniensis Nopcsa p. 16
1915	Streptospondylus cuvieri Stromer p. 6
1920	Dryptosaurus potens Gilmore pp. 116-8 fig. 66
1920	Dryptosaurus medius Gilmore pp. 119-21
1920	Megalosaurus ingens Janensch
1921	Dryptosaurus medius Gilmore p. 583
1921	Dryptosaurus potens Gilmore p. 584
1922	Dryptosaurus medius Matthew and Brown p. 376
1923	Megalosaurus cuvieri Huene pp. 451-453
1923	Altispinax Huene p. 453
1923	Streptospondylus cuvieri Piveteau p. 9
1924	Prodeinodon Osborn pp. 6-7
1924	Prodeinodon mongoliense Osborn pp. 6-7 figs. 5-7
1925	Streptospondylus cuvieri Depéret and Savornin p. 1110
1925	Allosaurus tendagurensis Janensch pp. 74-76 figs. Pl. 6, fig. 7
1925	Megalosaurus ingens Janensch pp. 90-91
1926	Megalosaurus pannoniensis Huene p. 81
1928	Streptospondylus cuvieri Depéret and Savornin p. 260
1928	Streptospondylus pannoniensis Depéret and Savornin pp. 262-263
1928	Altispinax Nopcsa p. 183
1928	Teinurosaurus Nopcsa pp. 183 ff2
1931	Allosaurus medius Stromer p. 9
1931	Megalosaurus pannoniensis Stromer p. 10
1931	Streptospondylus cuvieri Stromer p. 16
1932	Caudocoelus Huene p. 53
1932	Caudocoelus sauvagei Huene p. 53 fig. 6
1934	Streptospondylus cuvieri Stromer p. 15
1935	Prodeinodon mongoliensis Young
1936	Altispinax Swinton p. 208
1936	Streptospondylus cuvieri Swinton p. 208
1942	Sinocoelurus Young pp. 297-298 figs. Pl. 1:6-8
1942	Sinocoelurus fragilis Young pp. 297-298 figs. Pl. 1:6-8
1942	Chienkosaurus Young pp. 298-300 figs. Pl. I:9-10; Pl. 2:1-2
1942	Chienkosaurus ceratosauroides Young pp. 298-300 figs. Pl. 1:9-10; Pl. 2:1-2
1942	Sinocoelurus Young p. 298
1942	Chienkosaurus Young p. 300
1943	Megalosaurus ingens Lapparent p. 11
1943	Streptospondylus cuvieri Lapparent p. 11
1943	Chienkosaurus ceratosauroides Young et al. p. 18
1943	Sinocoelurus fragilis Young et al. p. 18
1946	Dryptosaurus medius Gilmore p. 17
1946	Dryptosaurus potens Gilmore p. 17
1947	Megalosaurus pannoniensis Lapparent p. 19
1948	Altispinax Huene p. 90
1948	Megalosaurus pannoniensis Lapparent p. 1186
1953	Prodeinodon mongoliensis Bohlin p. 16
1956	Caudocoelus Romer p. 612
1956	Sinocoelurus Romer p. 612
1956	Chienkosaurus Romer p. 615
1956	Prodeinodon Romer p. 616
1957	Megalosaurus pannoniensis Lapparent and Zbyszewski p. 27
1958	Chienkosaurus Huene p. 205
1958	Sinocoelurus Huene p. 205
1959	Sinocoelurus Huene p. 121
1959	Chienkosaurus Huene p. 122
1960	Megalosaurus pannoniensis Jeletzky p. 34
1960	Inosaurus Lapparent p. 26
1960	Inosaurus tedreftensis Lapparent pp. 26-27
1964	Sinocoelurus Tatarinov p. 533
1964	Chienkosaurus Tatarinov p. 537
1964	Inosaurus Tatarinov p. 537
1964	Prodeinodon Tatarinov p. 540
1964	Altispinax Walker p. 128
1966	Altispinax Romer p. 369
1966	Caudocoelus Romer p. 369
1966	Chienkosaurus Romer p. 369
1966	Inosaurus Romer p. 369
1966	Prodeinodon Romer p. 369
1966	Sinocoelurus Romer p. 369
1967	Megalosaurus cuvieri Lapparent p. 10
1967	Megalosaurus pannoniensis Lapparent p. 10
1970	Caudocoelus Steel p. 13
1970	Caudocoelus sauvagei Steel p. 13
1970	Inosaurus Steel p. 16
1970	Inosaurus tedreftensis Steel p. 16
1970	Sinocoelurus Steel p. 17
1970	Sinocoelurus fragilis Steel p. 17
1970	Antrodemus tendagurensis Steel p. 29
1970	Chienkosaurus Steel p. 31
1970	Chienkosaurus ceratosauroides Steel p. 31
1970	Dryptosaurus medius Steel p. 31
1970	Dryptosaurus potens Steel p. 31
1970	Megalosaurus pannoniensis Steel p. 34
1970	Megalosaurus ingens Steel p. 35
1970	Prodeinodon Steel p. 42
1970	Prodeinodon mongoliense Steel p. 42

Year	Name and Author
1970	Megalosaurus pannoniensis Swinton p. 142
1970	Altispinax Swinton p. 143
1971	Megalosaurus pannoniensis Dinca et al. p. 89
1973	Phaedrolosaurus Dong pp. 46-47 figs. Pl. 2, Fig. 1
1973	Phaedrolosaurus ilikensis Dong p. 46
1975	Prodeinodon Hou et al. p. 29
1975	Prodeinodon kwangshiensis Hou et al. p. 29
1976	Prodeinodon Kurzanov p. 93
1978	Chienkosaurus Dong et al.
1978	Teinurosaurus sauvagei Olshevsky p. 13
1978	Streptospondylus cuvieri Rioult p. 28
1980	Prodeinodon kwangshiensis Chao
1980	Phaedrolosaurus ilikensis Chao p. 68
1980	Altispinax Molnar p. 137
1980	Phaedrolosaurus ilikensis Molnar and Pledge p. 286
1981	Allosaurus tendagurensis Molnar et al. p. 145
1982	Megalosaurus pannoniensis Jurcsák p. 182
1982	Megalosaurus ingens Santafé et al. p. 84
1982	Dandakosaurus indicus Yadagiri
1982	Dandakosaurus Yadagiri p. 3
1982	Dandakosaurus indicus Yadagiri p. 3
1983	Sinocoelurus Dong et al.
1983	Sinocoelurus fragilis Dong et al.
1983	Prodeinodon Zhao p. 304
1983	Sinocoelurus Zhao p. 304
1984	Megalosaurus pannoniensis Brinkmann p. 297
1984	Megalosaurus ingens Buscalioni and Sanz p. 12
1984	Sinocoelurus He p. 40
1984	Sinocoelurus fragilis He p. 40 figs. 6-12
1984	Altispinax Taquet p. 217
1985	Megalosaurus pannoniensis Penner p. 668
1985	Sinocoelurus fragilis Zhao p. 289
1986	Megalosaurus ingens Chabli p. 70
1986	Tetanurae Gauthier p. 23
1986	Megalosaurus pannoniensis Ginsburg p. 144
1986	Phaedrolosaurus ilikensis Li et al. p. 27
1986	Phaedrolosaurus ilikensis Qi et al. p. 192
1986	Prodeinodon tibetensis Ye et al. p. 203
1986	Phaedrolosaurus ilikensis Zhao p. 68
1988	Altispinax Carroll
1988	Chienkosaurus Carroll
1988	Inosaurus Carroll
1988	Phaedrolosaurus Carroll
1988	Sinocoelurus Carroll
1988	Teinurosaurus Carroll
1988	Ceratosaurus ingens Paul p. 278
1989	Altispinax Kurzanov p. 4
1990	Tetanurae Benton p. 19
1990	Prodeinodon kwangshiensis Mihiko p. 37
1990	Prodeinodon mongoliense Mihiko p. 37
1990	Allosaurus tendagurensis Molnar et al. p. 189
1990	Megalosaurus pannoniensis Molnar et al. p. 192
1990	Tetanurae Osmolska p. 149
1992	Megalosaurus pannoniensis Buffetaut pp. 130-131
1992	Phaedrolosaurus Dong p. 164
1992	Sinocoelurus Dong p. 164
1992	Prodeinodon Dong p. 165
1992	Inosaurus Molnar p. 266
1992	Inosaurus tedreftensis Molnar p. 266
1992	Tetanurae Novas p. 144
1992	Phaedrolosaurus ilikensis Shen and Mateer p. 75
1993	Tetanurae Chatterjee p. 283
1994	Phaedrolosaurus ilikensis Dong p. 2097
1994	Prodeinodon kwangshiensis Dong p. 2098
1994	Prodeinodon Eberth et al. p. 2103
1994	Tetanurae Holtz
1994	Dryptosaurus medius Molnar and Wiffen p. 693
1994	Tetanurae Pérez-Moreno et al. p. 184 fig. 1
1995	Tetanurae Holtz, Jr. p. 35A
1995	Tetanurae Holtz, Jr. and Padian p. 35A
1995	Tetanurae Sereno p. 52A
1996	Tetanurae Hutt et al. p. 638
1997	Tetanurae Currie p. 732
1997	Tetanurae Hutchinson and Padian p. 129
1997	Tetanurae Sereno p. 444
1997	Prodeinodon tibetensis Zhang and Li
1998	Tetanurae Holtz, Jr. p. 39
1998	Tetanurae Sampson et al. p. 1050 fig. 3
1998	Tetanurae Sereno p. 64
1999	Tetanurae Sereno p. 2138 fig. 2
2000	Prodeinodon Currie p. 450
2000	Prodeinodon mongoliensis Currie p. 450
2000	Tetanurae Holtz, Jr. p. 17
2001	Streptospondylus cuvieri Allain p. 352
2003	Tetanurae Rauhut p. 135
2003	Prodeinodon Ruiz-Omeñaca and Canudo p. 111
2003	Prodeinodon mongoliense Ruiz-Omeñaca and Canudo p. 113
2003	Altispinax Ruiz-Omeñaca and Canudo p. 297
2003	Phaedrolosaurus Ruiz-Omeñaca and Canudo p. 297
2004	Allosaurus tendagurensis Holtz, Jr. et al. p. 75
2005	Tetanurae Yates p. 118 fig. 9
2006	Tetanurae Ezcurra p. 657 fig. 3
2006	Allosaurus tendagurensis Mateus p. 231
2007	Tetanurae Ezcurra and Cuny p. 78 fig. 6
2007	Tetanurae Ezcurra and Novas p. 46 fig. 12
2009	Prodeinodon kwangshiensis Wu et al. p. 23
2010	Tetanurae Gay p. 28
2012	Tetanurae Allain et al. p. 370
2012	Tetanurae Carrano et al. p. 248 fig. 7
2014	Tetanurae Hendrickx and Mateus
2016	Tetanurae Apesteguia et al.
2017	Tetanurae Rauhut and Pol
2017	Tetanurae Xu and Qin
2018	Tetanurae Porfiri et al.
2019	Tetanurae Chokchaloemwong et al.
2020	Tetanurae Chure and Loewen p. 8

References

Gauthier J. A. (1986) Saurischian monophyly and the origin of birds, The Origin of Birds and the Evolution of Flight, K. Padian (ed.), Memoirs of the California Academy of Sciences 8, 1-55

Owen R. Report on British fossil reptiles, part II, Report of the British Association for the Advancement of Science 11, 60-204

Owen R. , Palaeontology, or a Systematic Summary of Extinct Animals and their Geological Relations. Second Edition. Adam and Charles Black, Edinburgh, 1-463

Lennier G. , Études Géologiques et Paléontologiques sur l'Embouchure de la Seine et les Falaises de la Haute-Normandie [Geological and Paleontological Studies on the Mouth of the Seine and the Cliffs of Haute-Normandie], Imprimerie Eugène Costey, Havre, 1-245

Sauvage H.-E. Mémoire sur les dinosauriens et les crocodiliens des terrains jurassiques de Boulogne-sur-Mer [Memoir on the dinosaurs and crocodilians of the Jurassic deposits of Boulogne-sur-mer], Mémoires de la Société Géologique de France, série 2 10 2, 1-57

Owen R. Monographs on the fossil Reptilia of the Mesozoic formations. Part II. (Genera Bothriospondylus, Cetiosaurus, Omosaurus) 29, 15-93

Seeley H. G. The reptile fauna of the Gosau Formation preserved in the Geological Museum of the University of Vienna, Quarterly Journal of the Geological Society of London 37 148, 620-707

Sauvage H.-E. Recherches sur les reptiles trouvés dans le Gault de l'est du bassin de Paris [Research on the reptiles found in the Gault of the eastern Paris Basin], Mémoires de la Société Géologique de France, série 3 2 4, 1-42

Dames W. Einen Zahn von Megalosaurus aus dem Wealden des Deisters [A tooth of Megalosaurus from the Wealden of Deister], Sitzungsberichte der Gesellschaft Naturforschender Freunde zu Berlin 1884, 186-188

Koken E. Die Dinosaurier, Crocodiliden und Sauropterygier des Norddeutschen Wealden [The dinosaurs, crocodilians, and sauropterygians of the north German Wealden], Palaeontologische Abhandlungen 3 5, 1-111

Marsh O. C. Notice of a new genus of Sauropoda and other new dinosaurs from the Potomac Formation, American Journal of Science 35, 89-94

Gaudry A. , Les Enchainements du Monde Animal dans les Temps Geologiques. Fossiles Secondaires, 1-322

Zittel K. A. v. , Handbuch der Palaeontologie. I. Abteilung Paleozoologie. III. Band. Vertebrata (Pisces, Amphibia, Reptilia, Aves) [Handbook of Paleontology. Division I. Paleozoology. Volume III. Vertebrata (Pisces, Amphibia, Reptilia, Aves)], xii-900

Depéret C. Note sur les dinosauriens sauropodes & théropodes du Crétacé supérieur de Madagascar [Note on the sauropod and theropod dinosaurs from the Upper Cretaceous of Madagascar], Bulletin de la Société Géologique de France, 3e série 24, 176-194

Sauvage H.-E. , Vertébrés Fossiles du Portugal. Contributions à l’Étude des Poissons et des Reptiles du Jurassique et du Crétacique [Fossil Vertebrates of Portugal. Contributions to the Study of the Fishes and Reptiles of the Jurassic and Cretaceous], 1-46

Hay O. P. (1902) , Bibliography and Catalogue of the Fossil Vertebrata of North America. Bulletin of the United States Geological Survey 179, 1-868

Lull R. S. (1911) Systematic paleontology of the Lower Cretaceous deposits of Maryland: Vertebrata, Maryland Geological Survey: Lower Cretaceous, 183-211

Nopcsa B. F. (1911) Omosaurus lennieri, un nouveau dinosaurien du Cap de la Hève [Omosaurus lennieri, a new dinosaur from Cap de la Hève], Bulletin de la Société Géologique de Normandie 30, 23-42

Nopcsa B. F. (1915) Die dinosaurier der Siebenbürgischen landesteile Ungarns [Dinosaurs of the Transylvanian regions of Hungary], Mitteilungen aus den Jahrbuch der Königlich Ungarnischen Geologischen Reichsanstalt 23, 1-24

Stromer E. (1915) Ergebnisse der Forschungsreisen Prof. E. Stromers in den Wüsten Ägyptens. II. Wirbeltier-Reste der Baharîje-Stufe (unterstes Cenoman). 3. Das Original des Theropoden Spinosaurus aegyptiacus nov. gen., nov. spec, Abhandlungen der Königlich Bayerischen Akademie der Wissenschaften Mathematisch-physikalische Klasse Abhandlung 28 3, 1-31

Gilmore C. W. (1920) Osteology of the carnivorous Dinosauria in the United States National Museum, with special reference to the genera Antrodemus (Allosaurus) and Ceratosaurus, Bulletin of the United States National Museum 110, 1-154

Janensch W. (1920) Ueber Elaphrosaurus bambergi und die Megalosaurier aus den Tendaguru-Schichten Deutsch-Ostafrikas [On Elaphrosaurus bambergi and the megalosaurs of the Tendaguru Formation of German East Africa], Sitzungsberichte der Gesellschaft Naturforschender Freunde zu Berlin 1920, 225-235

Matthew W. D., Brown B. (1922) The family Deinodontidae, with notice of a new genus from the Cretaceous of Alberta, Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History 46 6, 367-385

Huene F. v. (1923) Carnivorous Saurischia in Europe since the Triassic, Bulletin of the Geological Society of America 34, 449-458

Piveteau J. (1923) L'arrière-crâne d'un dinosaurien carnivore de l'Oxfordien de Dives [The braincase of a carnivorous dinosaur from the Oxfordian of Dives], Annales de Paléontologie 12, 115-123

Osborn H. F. (1924) Sauropoda and Theropoda from the Lower Cretaceous of Mongolia, American Museum Novitates 128, 1-7

Depéret C., Savornin J. (1925) Sur la découverte d'une faune de Vertébrés albiens à Timimoun (Sahara occidental) [On the discovery of a fauna of Albian vertebrates at Timimoun (western Sahara)], Comptes Rendus des Hebdomadaires des Seances de l'Academie des Sciences à Paris 181, 1108-1111

Janensch W. (1925) Die Coelurosaurier und Theropoden der Tendaguru-Schichten Deutsch-Ostafrikas [The coelurosaurs and theropods of the Tendaguru Formation of German East Africa], Palaeontographica, Supplement VII (1) 1 1, 1-100

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Data courtesy of: PBDB: The Paleobiology Database, Creative Commons CC-BY licenced. , GBIF: the Global Biodiversity Information Facility, various licences, iDigBio, various licences, and EOL: The Encyclopedia of Life (Open Data Public Domain). Because fossils are made of minerals too!

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