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Dicynodontia ✝

Photos

Photo Gallery

Source Data

Source	ID	Link
Global Biodiversity Information Facility ID (GBIF)	Not linked to a GBIF record.
PaleoBioDB ID (PBDB)	38996	https://paleobiodb.org/classic/checkTaxonInfo?taxon_no=38996

Rank

unranked clade (PBDB)

Taxonomy (PBDB)

Life : Animalia : Chordata : Osteichthyes : Cotylosauria : Dicynodontia

Classification
(PBDB,GBIF)

Rank	Name	Author
-	Eukaryota
-	Opisthokonta	Cavalier-Smith 1987
kingdom	Animalia
-	Triploblastica	Lankester 1877
-	Nephrozoa	Jondelius et al. 2002
-	Deuterostomia	Grobben 1908
phylum	Chordata	Haeckel 1847
subphylum	Vertebrata	Lamarck 1801
superclass	Gnathostomata	Gegenbauer 1874
-	Osteichthyes
-	Sarcopterygii	Romer 1955
subclass	Dipnotetrapodomorpha
subclass	Tetrapodomorpha
-	Tetrapoda
-	Reptiliomorpha	Säve-Söderbergh 1934
-	Anthracosauria	Säve-Söderbergh 1934
-	Batrachosauria
-	Cotylosauria
-	Amniota	Haeckel 1866
-	Synapsida	Osborn 1903
-	Therapsida
-	Anomodontia	Owen 1859
-	Chainosauria
suborder	Dicynodontia

Common Name

dicynodont

Opinions (PBDB)

Name	Rank	Opinion	Evidence	Author
Dicynodontia	family	belongs to Anomodontia	stated without evidence	Owen, 1861
Dicynodontia	suborder	belongs to Therochelonia	stated without evidence	Seeley, 1895
Dicynodontia	suborder	belongs to Anomodontia	stated without evidence	Woodward, 1898
Dicynodontia	order	belongs to Anomodontia	stated with evidence	Osborn, 1903
Dicynodontia	suborder	belongs to Theromorpha	stated without evidence	Swinton, 1934
Dicynodontia	order	subjective synonym of Anomodontia	stated without evidence	Roxo, 1937
Dicynodontia	suborder	belongs to Theromorpha	stated with evidence	Kuhn, 1946
Dicynodontia	infraorder	belongs to Anomodontia	implied	Barry, 1974
Dicynodontia	infraorder	belongs to Anomodontia	stated without evidence	Kemp, 1982
Dicynodontia	unranked clade	belongs to Testudinata	stated with evidence	Gardiner, 1982
Dicynodontia	infraorder	belongs to Anomodontia	stated without evidence	King, 1988
Dicynodontia	suborder	belongs to Therapsida	implied	Carroll, 1988
Dicynodontia	suborder	belongs to Therapsida	stated without evidence	Gauthier et al., 1989
Dicynodontia	infraorder	belongs to Anomodontia	stated without evidence	Battail and Surkov, 2000
Dicynodontia	unranked clade	belongs to Anomodontia	stated with evidence	Rybczynski, 2000
Dicynodontia	suborder	belongs to Anomodontia	stated without evidence	Rubidge and Sidor, 2001
Dicynodontia	unranked clade	belongs to Therapsida	implied	Modesto et al., 2002
Dicynodontia	suborder	belongs to Anomodontia	stated with evidence	Ivakhnenko, 2003
Dicynodontia	order	belongs to Therapsida	stated without evidence	Maisch and Gebauer, 2005
Dicynodontia	suborder	belongs to Anomodontia	stated without evidence	Ivakhnenko, 2008
Dicynodontia	unranked clade	belongs to Chainosauria	stated with evidence	Kammerer and Angielczyk, 2009
Dicynodontia	unranked clade	belongs to Chainosauria	stated without evidence	Angielczyk and Rubidge, 2010
Dicynodontia	unranked clade	belongs to Anomodontia	stated with evidence	Kammerer et al., 2011
Dicynodontia	unranked clade	belongs to Chainosauria	stated with evidence	Fröbisch and Reisz, 2011
Dicynodontia	unranked clade	belongs to Anomodontia	stated without evidence	Hancox et al., 2013
Dicynodontia	unranked clade	belongs to Chainosauria	stated with evidence	Angielczyk et al., 2016

Status (PBDB)

extinct

Taxon Size (PBDB)

318

First Recorded Appearance

272 - 265 Ma
Permian

Last Recorded Appearance

125 - 101 Ma
Early/Lower Cretaceous

Environment

terrestrial (based on Amniota)

Motility

actively mobile (based on Osteichthyes)

Diet

herbivore (based on Dicynodontia)

Taphonomy

phosphatic (based on Vertebrata)

Primary Reference (PBDB)

R. L. Carroll. 1988. Vertebrate Paleontology and Evolution

Subtaxa

Name	Status	Fossil Occurrences	Oldest	Youngest
Kannemeyeriiformes ✝ order	listed (PBDB)	42	252 Ma Permian	228 Ma Late/Upper Triassic
Dicynodontida ✝ infraorder	listed (PBDB)
Diictodontia ✝ infraorder	listed (PBDB)
Dromasaurida ✝ infraorder	listed (PBDB)	1	265 Ma Permian	265 Ma Permian
Eodicynodontia ✝ infraorder	listed (PBDB)
Pristerodontia ✝ infraorder	listed (PBDB)
Venjukoviamorpha ✝ infraorder	listed (PBDB)
Diictodontoidea ✝ superfamily	listed (PBDB)	2	260 Ma Permian	260 Ma Permian
Dromasauroidea ✝ superfamily	listed (PBDB)
Emydopoidea ✝ superfamily	listed (PBDB)	120	272 Ma Permian	247 Ma Early/Lower Triassic
Endothiodontoidea ✝ superfamily	listed (PBDB)
Eodicynodontoidea ✝ superfamily	listed (PBDB)
Kannemeyeroidea ✝ superfamily	listed (PBDB)
Kingorioidea ✝ superfamily	listed (PBDB)
Pristerodontoidea ✝ superfamily	listed (PBDB)	4	260 Ma Permian	260 Ma Permian
Dicynodontidae ✝ family	listed (PBDB)	24	269 Ma Permian	242 Ma Middle Triassic
Diictodontidae ✝ family	listed (PBDB)
Endothiodontidae ✝ family	listed (PBDB)	1	269 Ma Permian	269 Ma Permian
Eodicynodontidae ✝ family	accepted (GBIF) listed (PBDB)
Kannemeyeriidae ✝ family	listed (PBDB)	42	252 Ma Permian	228 Ma Late/Upper Triassic
Kingoridae ✝ family	listed (PBDB)
Shansiodontidae ✝ family	listed (PBDB)	12	247 Ma Early/Lower Triassic	237 Ma Middle Triassic
Stahleckeriidae ✝ family	listed (PBDB)	51	247 Ma Early/Lower Triassic	228 Ma Late/Upper Triassic
Brachyprosopus ✝ genus	listed (PBDB)	6	269 Ma Permian	265 Ma Permian
Colobodectes ✝ genus	listed (PBDB)	1	260 Ma Permian	260 Ma Permian
Dolichuranus ✝ genus	listed (PBDB)	4	247 Ma Early/Lower Triassic	247 Ma Early/Lower Triassic
Emydorhinus ✝ genus	listed (PBDB)	2	260 Ma Permian	260 Ma Permian
Eocyclops ✝ genus	listed (PBDB)
Eodicynodon ✝ genus	listed (PBDB)	9	272 Ma Permian	269 Ma Permian
Heuneus ✝ genus	listed (PBDB)
Hyorhynchus ✝ genus	listed (PBDB)
Katumbia ✝ genus	listed (PBDB)	4	260 Ma Permian	260 Ma Permian
Pentasauropus ✝ genus	listed (PBDB)	9	237 Ma Middle Triassic	199 Ma Early Jurassic
Platycyclops ✝ genus	listed (PBDB)	1	260 Ma Permian	260 Ma Permian
Rhinodicynodon ✝ genus	listed (PBDB)	1	247 Ma Early/Lower Triassic	247 Ma Early/Lower Triassic
Therapsipus ✝ genus	listed (PBDB)	3	247 Ma Early/Lower Triassic	247 Ma Early/Lower Triassic
Bidentalia ✝ family	accepted (GBIF) listed (PBDB)	247	269 Ma Permian	242 Ma Middle Triassic
Endothiodontia ✝ unranked clade	listed (PBDB)	74	269 Ma Permian	260 Ma Permian
Eumantelliidae ✝ unranked clade	listed (PBDB)
Pylaecephalidae ✝ unranked clade	listed (PBDB)	110	272 Ma Permian	254 Ma Permian
Therochelonia ✝ unranked clade	listed (PBDB)

Synonymy List

Year	Name and Author
1845	Dicynodon strigiceps Owen
1859	Dicynodontia Owen
1861	Dicynodontia Owen p. 256
1876	Cistecephalus leptorhinus Owen
1876	Oudenodon strigiceps Owen
1889	Dicynodon oweni Lydekker
1889	Eurycarpus oweni Seeley
1895	Dicynodontia Seeley
1898	Dicynodontia Woodward p. 141
1900	Dicranozygoma Seeley
1900	Dicranozygoma leptoscelus Seeley
1903	Dicynodontia Osborn p. 276
1904	Chelyoposaurus Broom
1904	Chelyoposaurus williamsi Broom
1904	Dicynodontia Osborn p. 103
1911	Taognathus megalodon Broom
1911	Taognathus Broom p. 1076
1913	Chelyoposaurus Broom
1913	Chelyoposaurus williamsi Broom
1913	Taognathus Broom
1913	Taognathus megalodon Broom
1932	Dicynodon leptorhinus Broom
1932	Dicynodon leptoscelus Broom
1934	Dicynodontia Swinton p. 51
1934	Oudenodon leptoscelus Van Hoepen
1938	Haughtoniana Boonstra
1938	Haughtoniana magna Boonstra
1946	Dicynodontia Kuhn p. 58
1948	Koupia Boonstra
1948	Koupia koupensis Boonstra

Year	Name and Author
1969	Koupia Boonstra
1974	Dicynodontia Barry p. 121
1978	Fukangolepis barbaros Yang p. 60
1982	Dicynodontia Gardiner p. 228
1982	Dicynodontia Kemp p. 348
1988	Dicynodontia Carroll
1988	Haughtoniana Carroll
1988	Koupia Carroll
1988	Taognathus Carroll
1988	Chelyoposaurus King
1988	Dicynodon leptoscelus King
1988	Dicynodontia King
1989	Dicynodontia Gauthier et al. p. 341
1997	Dicynodontia King and Jenkins p. 150
2000	Dicynodontia Battail and Surkov
2000	Dicynodontia Rybczynski p. 199
2001	Dicynodontia Rubidge and Sidor
2002	Dicynodontia Modesto et al. p. 1756
2003	Dicynodontia Ivakhnenko
2005	Dicynodontia Maisch and Gebauer
2008	Dicynodontia Ivakhnenko
2009	Dicynodontia Kammerer and Angielczyk
2010	Dicynodontia Angielczyk and Rubidge
2011	Dicynodontia Fröbisch and Reisz
2011	Dicynodontia Kammerer et al.
2013	Dicynodontia Hancox et al. p. 656
2013	Dicynodontia Kammerer et al. p. 3
2016	Dicynodontia Angielczyk et al.
2017	Dicynodontia Olroyd et al.
2019	Dicynodontia Sulej and Nied?wiedzki p. S4

References

Carroll R. L. (1988) , Vertebrate Paleontology and Evolution, 1-698

Owen R. Report on the Reptilian Fossils of South Africa: PART I.—Description of certain Fossil Crania, discovered by AG Bain, Esq., in Sandstone Rocks at the South-eastern extremity of Africa, referable to different species of an Extinct genus of Reptilia (Dicynodon), and indicative of a new Tribe or Sub-order of Sauria, Transactions of the Geological Society of London 7, 59-84

Owen R. , Palaeontology, or a Systematic Summary of Extinct Animals and their Geological Relations. Second Edition. Adam and Charles Black, Edinburgh, 1-463

Owen R. Descriptive and Illustrated catalogue of the Fossil Reptilia of South Africa in the Collection of the British Museum of Natural History

Lydekker R. Part III - Palaeozoology. Vertebrata, Manual of palaeontology for the use of students with a general introduction on the principles of palaeontology. Volume II. 3rd edn. William Blackwood and Sons, Edinburgh and London, 600 p.

Seeley H. G. Researches on the Structure, Organisation, and Classification of the Fossil Reptilia. - VI. On the Anomodont Reptilia and Their Allies, Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London, Series B 180, 215-296

Osborn H. F. (1903) On the primary division of the Reptilia into two sub-classes, Synapsida and Diapsida, Science 17 424, 275-276

Broom R. (1911) On some New South African Permian Reptiles, Proceedings of the Zoological Society of London 81 4, 1073-1082

Broom R. (1913) A revision of the reptiles of the Karroo, Annals of the South African Museum 7 6, 361-366

Broom R. (1932) , The mammal-like reptiles of South Africa and the Origin of Mammals

Swinton W. E. (1934) , A Guide to the Fossil Birds, Reptiles, and Amphibians in the Department of Geology and Paleontology in the British Museum (Natural History), Cromwell Road, London, S.W. 7, xii-87

Van Hoepen M. I. (1934) Oor die ideling van die Dicynodontidae na aanleiding van nuwe vorme, Paleontologiese Navorsing van die Nasionale Museum 2, 67-101

Boonstra L. D. (1938) A report on some Karroo reptiles from the Luangwa Valley, Northern Rhodesia, Quarterly Journal of the Geological Society 94 1-4, 371-384

Kuhn O. (1946) Das System der fossilen und rezenten Amphibien und Reptilien [The system of fossil and recent amphibians and reptiles], Bericht der Naturforschenden Gesellschaft in Bamberg 29, 49-67

Boonstra L. D. (1969) The fauna of the Tapinocephalus Zone (Beaufort Beds of the Karoo), Annals of the South African Museum 56 1, 1-73

Barry T. H. (1974) A New Dicynodont Ancestor from the Upper Ecca (Lower Middle Permian) of South Africa, Annals of the South African Museum 64, 117-136

Yang C. (1978) [A Late Triassic vertebrate fauna from Fukang, Sinkiang], Memoirs of the Institute of Vertebrate Paleontology and Paleoanthropology, Academia Sinica 13, 60-67

Kemp T. S. (1982) , Mammal-like Reptiles and the Origin of Mammals, 1-363

King G. M. (1988) Anomodontia, Encyclopedia of Paleoherpetology, 1-174

Gauthier J. A., Cannatella D., et al (1989) Tetrapod phylogeny, In B. Fernholm, K. Bremer, & H. Jörnvall (eds.), The Hierarchy of Life. Elsevier Science Publishers B. V., Amsterdam, 337-353

King G. M., Jenkins I. (1997) The Dicynodont Lystrosaurus from the Upper Permian of Zambia: Evolutionary and Stratigraphical Implications, Palaeontology 40 1, 149-156

Battail B., Surkov M. V. (2000) Mammal-like reptiles from Russia, The Age of Dinosaurs in Russia and Mongolia. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, 86-119

Rubidge B. S., Sidor C. A. (2001) Evolutionary patterns among Permo-Triassic therapsids, Annual Review of Ecology and Systematics 32, 449-480

Modesto S. P., Rubidge B. S., et al (2002) A new dicynodont therapsid from the lowermost Beaufort Group, Upper Permian of South Africa, Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences 39 12, 1555-1765 doi:10.1139/e02-091

Ivakhnenko M. F. (2003) Eotherapsids from the East European Placket (Late Permian), Paleontological Journal 37 Suppl. 4, S339-S465

Ivakhnenko M. F. (2008) Podklass Theromorpha, Iskopaemye pozvonotchnye Rossii i sopredel'nykh stran: Iskopaemye reptilii i ptitsy, Tchast' 1 [Fossil vertebrates of Russia and adjacent countries: Fossil reptiles and birds, Part 1], GEOS, Moscow, 101-183

Kammerer C. F., Angielczyk K. D. (2009) A proposed higher taxonomy of anomodont therapsids, Zootaxa 2018, 1-24

Angielczyk K. D., Rubidge B. S. (2010) A new pylaecephalid dicynodont (Therapsida, Anomodontia) from the Tapinocephalus Assemblage Zone, Karoo Basin, Middle Permian of South Africa, Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology 30 5

Fröbisch J., Reisz R. R. (2011) The postcranial anatomy of Suminia getmanovi (Synapsida: Anomodontia), the earliest known arboreal tetrapod, Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 162, 661-698

Kammerer C. F., Angielczyk K. D., et al (2011) A comprehensive taxonomic revision of Dicynodon (Therapsida, Anomodontia) and its implications for dicynodont phylogeny, biogeography, and biostratigraphy, Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology 31 Sup. to 6, 1-158 doi:10.1080/02724634.2011.627074

Hancox P. J., Angielczyk K. D., et al (2013) Angonisaurus and Shansiodon, dicynodonts (Therapsida, Anomodontia) from Subzone C of the Cynognathus Assemblage Zone (Middle Triassic) of South Africa, Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology 33 3, 655-676

Kammerer C. F., Fröbisch J., et al (2013) On the validity and phylogenetic position of Eubrachiosaurus browni, a kannemeyeriiform dicynodont (Anomodontia) from Triassic North America, PLoS ONE 8 5, e64203 doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0064203

Angielczyk K. D., Rubidge B. S., et al (2016) A reevaluation of Brachyprosopus broomi and Chelydontops altidentalis, dicynodonts (Therapsida, Anomodontia) from the middle Permian Tapinocephalus Assemblage Zone of the Karoo Basin, South Africa, Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology, e1078342 doi:10.1080/02724634.2016.1078342

Data courtesy of: PBDB: The Paleobiology Database, Creative Commons CC-BY licenced. , GBIF: the Global Biodiversity Information Facility, various licences, iDigBio, various licences, and EOL: The Encyclopedia of Life (Open Data Public Domain). Because fossils are made of minerals too!

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