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Therapsida

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Source Data

Source	ID	Link
Global Biodiversity Information Facility ID (GBIF)	Not linked to a GBIF record.
PaleoBioDB ID (PBDB)	38935	https://paleobiodb.org/classic/checkTaxonInfo?taxon_no=38935

Rank

unranked clade (PBDB)

Taxonomy (PBDB)

Life : Animalia : Chordata : Osteichthyes : Cotylosauria : Therapsida

Classification
(PBDB,GBIF)

Rank	Name	Author
-	Eukaryota
-	Opisthokonta	Cavalier-Smith 1987
kingdom	Animalia
-	Triploblastica	Lankester 1877
-	Nephrozoa	Jondelius et al. 2002
-	Deuterostomia	Grobben 1908
phylum	Chordata	Haeckel 1847
subphylum	Vertebrata	Lamarck 1801
superclass	Gnathostomata	Gegenbauer 1874
-	Osteichthyes
-	Sarcopterygii	Romer 1955
subclass	Dipnotetrapodomorpha
subclass	Tetrapodomorpha
-	Tetrapoda
-	Reptiliomorpha	Säve-Söderbergh 1934
-	Anthracosauria	Säve-Söderbergh 1934
-	Batrachosauria
-	Cotylosauria
-	Amniota	Haeckel 1866
-	Synapsida	Osborn 1903
superorder	Therapsida

Common Name

therapsid

Opinions (PBDB)

Name	Rank	Opinion	Evidence	Author
Therapsida	order	belongs to Reptilia	stated without evidence	Gregory, 1910
Therapsida	order	belongs to Paratheria	stated without evidence	Jaekel, 1911
Therapsida	superorder	belongs to Reptilia	stated with evidence	Broom, 1913
Therapsida	superorder	belongs to Synapsida	stated without evidence	Roxo, 1937
Therapsida	order	belongs to Synapsida	implied	Olson and Beerbower, 1953
Therapsida	order	belongs to Synapsida	stated without evidence	Haughton and Brink, 1954
Therapsida	order	belongs to Theromorphoidea	stated without evidence	Huene, 1954
Therapsida	order	belongs to Synapsida	stated without evidence	Olson, 1962
Therapsida	order	belongs to Reptilia	implied	Barry, 1974
Therapsida	order	belongs to Synapsida	stated without evidence	Olson, 1974
Therapsida	order	belongs to Synapsida	implied	Carroll, 1988
Therapsida	order	belongs to Synapsida	stated without evidence	Rubidge, 1991
Therapsida	order	belongs to Synapsida	stated with evidence	Long and Murry, 1995
Therapsida	unranked clade	belongs to Eupelycosauria	stated with evidence	Laurin and Reisz, 1996
Therapsida	order	belongs to Synapsida	stated without evidence	King and Jenkins, 1997
Therapsida	unranked clade	belongs to Synapsida	implied	Rubidge and Sidor, 2001
Therapsida	unranked clade	belongs to Synapsida	stated with evidence	Fröbisch and Reisz, 2011

Status (PBDB)

extant

Taxon Size (PBDB)

25,007

Extant Size (PBDB)

4,380 (18%)

First Recorded Appearance

280 - 272 Ma
Permian

Environment

terrestrial (based on Amniota)

Motility

actively mobile (based on Osteichthyes)

Taphonomy

phosphatic (based on Vertebrata)

Primary Reference (PBDB)

R. Broom. 1905. On the use of the term Anomodontia. Records of the Albany Museum 1(4):266-269

Subtaxa

Name	Status	Fossil Occurrences	Oldest	Youngest
Eotheriodontia ✝ suborder	listed (PBDB)
Rubidginia ✝ suborder	listed (PBDB)
Tritylodontia ✝ suborder	listed (PBDB)	2	209 Ma Late/Upper Triassic	209 Ma Late/Upper Triassic
Biarmosuchia ✝ infraorder	listed (PBDB)	37	280 Ma Permian	260 Ma Permian
Cynodontia family	accepted (GBIF) listed (PBDB)	115,460	265 Ma Permian	0 Ma Extant
Brontopus ✝ genus	listed (PBDB)	3	260 Ma Permian	254 Ma Permian
Dicynodontipus ✝ genus	listed (PBDB)	17	260 Ma Permian
Eoraetia ✝ genus	listed (PBDB)	1	209 Ma Late/Upper Triassic	209 Ma Late/Upper Triassic
Raranimus ✝ genus	listed (PBDB)	1	272 Ma Permian	272 Ma Permian
Stathmodon ✝ genus	listed (PBDB)
Tetraceratops ✝ genus	listed (PBDB)	1	279 Ma Permian	279 Ma Permian
Tricuspes ✝ genus	listed (PBDB)	9	216 Ma Late/Upper Triassic	209 Ma Late/Upper Triassic
Anomodontia ✝ unranked clade	listed (PBDB)	1,084	279 Ma Permian	125 Ma Early/Lower Cretaceous
Eutherapsida unranked clade	listed (PBDB)	352	272 Ma Permian	0 Ma Extant

Synonymy List

Year	Name and Author
1905	Therapsida Broom p. 269
1910	Therapsida Gregory p. 464
1911	Therapsidi Jaekel p. 182
1913	Therapsida Broom
1937	Therapsida Roxo p. 43
1953	Therapsida Olson and Beerbower p. 414
1954	Therapsida Haughton and Brink p. 5
1954	Therapsida Huene p. 29
1962	Therapsida Olson pp. 47, 95
1972	Therapsida Ellenberger p. 152
1972	Therapsida Waldman and Savage
1974	Therapsida Barry p. 121

Year	Name and Author
1974	Therapsida Olson p. 28
1988	Therapsida Carroll
1991	Therapsida Rubidge
1995	Therapsida Long and Murry p. 199
1996	Therapsida Laurin and Reisz p. 95
1997	Therapsida King and Jenkins p. 150
2001	Therapsida Rubidge and Sidor
2011	Therapsida Fröbisch and Reisz p. 341 fig. 6
2011	Therapsida Kammerer et al.
2012	Novocynodon kutorgai Ivakhnenko
2017	Therapsida Olroyd et al.

References

Broom R. (1905) On the use of the term Anomodontia, Records of the Albany Museum 1 4, 266-269

Gregory W. K. (1910) The orders of mammals, Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History 27, 1-524

Jaekel O. (1911) , Die Wirbeltiere. Eine Übersicht über die Fossilen und Lebenden Formen [The Vertebrates. An Overview of the Fossil and Living Forms], viii-252

Broom R. (1913) A revision of the reptiles of the Karroo, Annals of the South African Museum 7 6, 361-366

Olson E. C., Beerbower J. R. (1953) The San Angelo Formation, Permian of Texas, and its Vertebrates, Journal of Geology 61 5, 389-423

Haughton S. H., Brink A. S. (1954) A bibliographical list of Reptilia from the Karroo Beds of South Africa, Palaeontologia Africana 2, 1-187

Huene F. v. (1954) , Die Saurierwelt und ihre Geschichtlichen Zusammenhänge [The World of Reptiles and the History of Their Interrelationships]. 2nd, revised edition, 1-66

Olson E. C. (1962) Late Permian terrestrial vertebrates, U.S.A. and U.S.S.R, Transactions of the American Philosophical Society, New Series 52 2, 1-224

Ellenberger P. (1972) Contribution à la classification des Pistes de Vertébrés du Trias: Les types du Stormberg d’Afrique du Sud (I) [Contribution to the classification of Triassic vertebrate footprints: the types from the Stormberg of South Africa (I)], Palaeovertebrata Mem. Ext. 1972, 1-152

Waldman M., Savage R. J. G. (1972) The first Jurassic mammal from Scotland, Journal of the Geological Society 128, 119-125

Barry T. H. (1974) A New Dicynodont Ancestor from the Upper Ecca (Lower Middle Permian) of South Africa, Annals of the South African Museum 64, 117-136

Olson E. C. (1974) On the Source of Therapsids, Annals of the South African Museum 64, 27-46

Carroll R. L. (1988) , Vertebrate Paleontology and Evolution, 1-698

Rubidge B. S. (1991) A new primitive dinocephalian mammal-like reptile from the Permian of southern Africa, Palaeontology 34, 547-559

Long R. A., Murry P. A. (1995) Late Triassic (Carnian and Norian) tetrapods from the southwestern United States, New Mexico Museum of Natural History and Science Bulletin 4, 1-254

Laurin M., Reisz R. R. (1996) The Osteology and Relationships of Tetraceratops insignis, the oldest known Therapsid, Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology 16 1, 95-102

King G. M., Jenkins I. (1997) The Dicynodont Lystrosaurus from the Upper Permian of Zambia: Evolutionary and Stratigraphical Implications, Palaeontology 40 1, 149-156

Rubidge B. S., Sidor C. A. (2001) Evolutionary patterns among Permo-Triassic therapsids, Annual Review of Ecology and Systematics 32, 449-480

Fröbisch J., Reisz R. R. (2011) The postcranial anatomy of Suminia getmanovi (Synapsida: Anomodontia), the earliest known arboreal tetrapod, Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 162, 661-698

Kammerer C. F., Angielczyk K. D., et al (2011) A comprehensive taxonomic revision of Dicynodon (Therapsida, Anomodontia) and its implications for dicynodont phylogeny, biogeography, and biostratigraphy, Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology 31 Sup. to 6, 1-158 doi:10.1080/02724634.2011.627074

Ivakhnenko M. F. (2012) Permian Cynodontia (Theromorpha) of Eastern Europe, Paleontological Journal 46 2, 199-207

Data courtesy of: PBDB: The Paleobiology Database, Creative Commons CC-BY licenced. , GBIF: the Global Biodiversity Information Facility, various licences, iDigBio, various licences, and EOL: The Encyclopedia of Life (Open Data Public Domain). Because fossils are made of minerals too!

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