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Sirenia

Photos

Photo Gallery

Metaxytherium floridanum

Central Florida Phosphate Mining District, Polk County, Florida, USA

Metaxytherium floridanum

Central Florida Phosphate Mining District, Polk County, Florida, USA

Metaxytherium floridanum

Central Florida Phosphate Mining District, Polk County, Florida, USA

Metaxytherium floridanum

Central Florida Phosphate Mining District, Polk County, Florida, USA

Metaxytherium floridanum

Central Florida Phosphate Mining District, Polk County, Florida, USA

Metaxytherium floridanum

Central Florida Phosphate Mining District, Polk County, Florida, USA

Source Data

Source	ID	Link
Global Biodiversity Information Facility ID (GBIF)	Not linked to a GBIF record.
PaleoBioDB ID (PBDB)	36873	https://paleobiodb.org/classic/checkTaxonInfo?taxon_no=36873

Rank

unranked clade (PBDB)

Taxonomy (PBDB)

Life : Animalia : Chordata : Mammalia : Sirenia

Classification
(PBDB,GBIF)

Rank	Name	Author
-	Eukaryota
-	Opisthokonta	Cavalier-Smith 1987
kingdom	Animalia
-	Triploblastica	Lankester 1877
-	Nephrozoa	Jondelius et al. 2002
-	Deuterostomia	Grobben 1908
phylum	Chordata	Haeckel 1847
subphylum	Vertebrata	Lamarck 1801
superclass	Gnathostomata	Gegenbauer 1874
-	Osteichthyes
-	Sarcopterygii	Romer 1955
subclass	Dipnotetrapodomorpha
subclass	Tetrapodomorpha
-	Tetrapoda
-	Reptiliomorpha	Säve-Söderbergh 1934
-	Anthracosauria	Säve-Söderbergh 1934
-	Batrachosauria
-	Cotylosauria
-	Amniota	Haeckel 1866
-	Synapsida	Osborn 1903
-	Therapsida
infraorder	Cynodontia
-	Epicynodontia	Hopson and Kitching 2001
infraorder	Eucynodontia	Kemp 1982
-	Probainognathia	Hopson 1990
-	Mammaliamorpha	Rowe 1988
-	Mammaliaformes	Rowe 1988
class	Mammalia	Linnaeus 1758
-	Pansirenia	Velez-Juarbe and Wood 2019
family	Sirenia

Common Name

sirenian

Opinions (PBDB)

Name	Rank	Opinion	Evidence	Author
Sirenia	family	belongs to Natantia	stated without evidence	Illiger, 1811
Sirenia	unranked clade	belongs to Cete	stated without evidence	Fischer, 1829
Sirenia	order	belongs to Cetacea	stated without evidence	Brandt, 1849
Sirenia	family	belongs to Pinnata	stated without evidence	Bonaparte, 1850
Sirenia	suborder	belongs to Cete	stated without evidence	Gray, 1850
Sirenia	suborder	belongs to Cetacea	stated without evidence	Gray, 1863
Sirenia	suborder	belongs to Cetacea	stated with evidence	Gray, 1866
Sirenia	order	belongs to Educabilia	stated without evidence	Gill, 1872
Sirenia	order	belongs to Mammalia	stated with evidence	Leidy, 1873
Sirenia	family	belongs to Eutheria	stated without evidence	Flower, 1883
Sirenia	family	belongs to Halobioidea	stated without evidence	Ameghino, 1889
Sirenia	order	belongs to Mutilata	stated without evidence	Cope, 1889
Sirenia	order	belongs to Eutheria	stated without evidence	Flower and Lydekker, 1891
Sirenia	order	belongs to Eutheria	stated with evidence	Gadow, 1898
Sirenia	order	belongs to Mammalia	stated without evidence	Trouessart, 1898
Sirenia	order	belongs to Monodelphia	stated without evidence	Hay, 1902
Sirenia	order	belongs to Mammalia	stated without evidence	Case, 1904
Sirenia	order	belongs to Holotheria	stated without evidence	Jaekel, 1911
Sirenia	order	belongs to Mammalia	stated without evidence	Abel, 1919
Sirenia	suborder	belongs to Subungulata	stated without evidence	Zittel, 1925
Sirenia	order	belongs to Ungulata	stated without evidence	Hay, 1930
Sirenia	order	belongs to Tethytheria	stated without evidence	McKenna, 1975
Sirenia	order	belongs to Mammalia	stated without evidence	Thurmond and Jones, 1981
Sirenia	order	belongs to Eutheria	implied	Carroll, 1988
Sirenia	order	belongs to Mammalia	stated without evidence	Domning, 1988
Sirenia	order	belongs to Eutheria	implied	Nowak, 1991
Sirenia	order	belongs to Mammalia	stated without evidence	Domning, 1991
Sirenia	order	belongs to Tethytheria	stated with evidence	Domning, 1996
Sirenia	order	belongs to Mammalia	stated without evidence	Domning, 1997
Sirenia	family	belongs to Paenungulata	stated without evidence	Waddell et al., 1999
Sirenia	family	belongs to Tethytheria	stated without evidence	Waddell et al., 2001
Sirenia	order	belongs to Afrotheria	stated without evidence	Madsen et al., 2001
Sirenia	order	belongs to Mammalia	second hand	Sepkoski, 2002
Sirenia	family	belongs to Tethytheria	stated without evidence	Gheerbrandt et al., 2005
Sirenia	order	belongs to Tethytheria	stated with evidence	Seiffert, 2007
Sirenia	infraorder	belongs to Tethytheria	stated without evidence	Canto et al., 2010
Sirenia	order	belongs to Tethytheria	stated with evidence	Domning et al., 2017
Sirenia	unranked clade	belongs to Pansirenia	stated with evidence	Velez-Juarbe and Wood, 2019

Status (PBDB)

extant

Taxon Size (PBDB)

143

Extant Size (PBDB)

18 (13%)

First Recorded Appearance

56.0 - 47.8 Ma
Eocene

Environment

marine (based on Sirenia)

Motility

actively mobile (based on Osteichthyes)

Diet

herbivore (based on Sirenia)

Reproduction

viviparous (based on Sirenia)

Taphonomy

phosphatic (based on Vertebrata)

Primary Reference (PBDB)

C. Illiger. 1811. Prodromus Systematis Mammalium et Avium

Subtaxa

Name	Status	Common Name(s)	Fossil Occurrences	Oldest	Youngest
Dugongoidea ✝ superfamily	listed (PBDB)
Prorastomoidea ✝ superfamily	listed (PBDB)
Dugongidae family	accepted (GBIF) listed (PBDB)	Dugong	584	56.0 Ma Paleocene	0 Ma Extant
Prorastomidae ✝ family	accepted (GBIF) listed (PBDB)		6	56.0 Ma Paleocene	38.0 Ma Eocene
Protosirenidae ✝ family	accepted (GBIF) listed (PBDB)		29	48.6 Ma Eocene	38.0 Ma Eocene
Rhytinidae family	listed (PBDB)				0 Ma Extant
Trichechidae family	accepted (GBIF) listed (PBDB)	Manatee	32	33.9 Ma Oligocene	0 Ma Extant
Sobrarbesiren ✝ genus	accepted (GBIF) listed (PBDB)		1	47.8 Ma Eocene	47.8 Ma Eocene

Synonymy List

Year	Name and Author
1811	Sirenia Illiger p. 140
1821	Herbivorae Gray p. 309
1827	Manatides Billberg p. 32
1829	Sirenia Fischer p. 501
1837	Manatina Bonaparte
1838	Pugmeodon Kaup p. 319
1849	Sirenia Brandt p. 1
1850	Manatina Bonaparte p. 1
1850	Sirenia Bonaparte p. 1
1850	Sirenia Gray p. 138
1853	Herbivora Bronn p. 777
1863	Sirenia Gray p. 198
1864	Sirenia Gray p. 247
1866	Sirenia Gray p. 62
1871	Crassitherium robustum Van Beneden
1871	Crassitherium Van Beneden p. 171
1871	Crassitherium robustum Van Beneden p. 171
1872	Sirenia Gill p. v
1872	Crassitherium Gill p. 92
1872	Pugmeodon Gill p. 92
1873	Manatus inornatus Leidy p. 336
1873	Sirenia Leidy p. 336
1883	Sirenia Flower p. 184
1885	Crassitherium robustum Woodward p. 424
1885	Manatus inornatus Woodward p. 424
1886	Manatherium Hartlaub p. 378
1889	Halobioidea Ameghino p. 652
1889	Sirenia Ameghino p. 652
1889	Sirenia Cope p. 874
1891	Sirenia Flower and Lydekker p. 89
1892	Manatus inornatus Lydekker p. 336
1897	Sirenia Parker and Haswell p. 451
1898	Sirenia Gadow p. 44
1898	Manatherium Trouessart p. 999
1898	Sirenia Trouessart p. 999
1898	Manatus inornatus Trouessart p. 1000
1898	Crassitherium Trouessart p. 1004
1898	Crassitherium robustum Trouessart p. 1004
1902	Sirenia Hay p. 582
1902	Trichechus inornatus Hay p. 583
1904	Sirenia Case p. 55
1904	Manatherium Palmer p. 398
1904	Pugmeodon Palmer p. 598
1904	Manatherium Trouessart p. 748
1904	Trichechus inornatus Trouessart p. 749
1904	Crassitherium Trouessart p. 750
1904	Crassitherium robustum Trouessart p. 750
1906	Sirenia Andrews p. 197
1911	Sirenii Jaekel p. 245

Year	Name and Author
1919	Sirenia Abel p. 832
1919	Manatherium Abel p. 835
1923	Trichechiformes Hay p. 109
1925	Sirenia Zittel p. 246
1925	Manatherium Zittel p. 264
1930	Sirenia Hay p. 653
1930	Trichechiformes Hay p. 655
1930	Halitherium inornatum Hay p. 657
1932	Trichechiformes Simpson p. 423
1932	Manatherium Simpson p. 424
1941	Manatherium Kretzoi p. 154
1941	Crassitherium Kretzoi p. 155
1941	Trichechiformes Kretzoi p. 385
1953	Trichechiformes Pascual p. 167
1956	Trichechiformes Paula Couto p. 106
1967	Trichechiformes Paula Couto p. 346
1967	Sirenotherium Paula Couto p. 347
1967	Sirenotherium pirabensis Paula Couto p. 347 figs. Fig. 1-3
1975	Sirenia McKenna p. 43
1981	Sirenia Thurmond and Jones p. 182
1982	Sirenotherium Domning p. 600
1982	Sirenotherium pirabensis Domning p. 600
1986	Sirenia Takahashi et al. p. 300
1988	Sirenia Carroll
1988	Sirenia Domning p. 399
1989	Trichechiformes Pilleri et al. p. 17
1989	Sirenotherium Toledo p. 5
1991	Sirenia Domning p. 398
1991	Sirenia Nowak
1991	Trichechiformes Vidal p. 6
1996	Sirenia Domning p. 378
1997	Sirenia Domning p. 398
1999	Sirenia Waddell et al. p. cover
2001	Sirenia Madsen et al. p. 610
2001	Trichechiformes Sach and Heizmann p. 42
2001	Sirenia Waddell et al. p. 148
2002	Sirenia Sepkoski, Jr.
2005	Sirenia Gheerbrandt et al. p. 297
2007	Sirenia Seiffert
2010	Sirenia Asher and Helgen p. 3 figs. Figure 15
2010	Sirenia Bajpai et al. p. 42
2010	Halobioidea Bouchet et al.
2010	Sirenia Canto et al. p. 20
2016	Sirenia Voss et al. p. 6
2017	Sirenia Domning et al. pp. e1299158-2
2017	Sirenia Voss and Hampe p. 340
2017	Sirenia Voss et al. p. 165
2018	Sirenia Di?az-Berenguer et al. p. 3
2019	Sirenia Velez-Juarbe and Wood

References

Illiger C. , Prodromus Systematis Mammalium et Avium

Gray J. E. On the natural arrangement of vertebrose animals, The London Medical Repository Monthly Journal and Review 15, 296-310

Fischer J. B. , Synopsis Mammalium, 1-752

Kaup J. J. [Über Zähne von Halytherium und Pugmeodon aus dem Maynzer Becken], Neues Jahrbuch fur Mineralogie, Geognosie, Geologie und Petrefaktenkunde 1838, 319

Bonaparte C.-L. , Conspectus Systematis Mastozoologiae. Editio Altera Reformata [Survey of the system of mammals. Second revised edition]. E. J. Brill, Leyden, 1

Gray J. E. , Catalogue of the Mammalia in the collection of the British Museum, with descriptions of all the species and figures of the genera. Part I. Cetacea, 1-153

Gray J. E. On the Cetacea which have been observed in the seas surrounding the British Islands, Proceedings of the Scientific Meetings of the Zoological Society of London 1864, 195-248

Gray J. E. , Catalogue of Seals and Whales in the British Museum, 1-402

Gill T. Arrangement of the Families of Mammals, Smithsonian Miscellaneous Collections 11 230, 1-98

Leidy J. Part I. Contributions to the extinct vertebrate fauna of the western territories, Report of the United States Geological Survey of the Territories 1, 1-358

Flower W. H. On the arrangement of the Orders and Families of existing Mammalia, Proceedings of the Zoological Society of London 1883, 178-186

Hartlaub C. Ueber Manatherium delheidi, eine Sirene aus dem Oligocan Belgiens, Zoologische Jahrbücher 1, 369-378

Ameghino F. Contribución al conocimiento de los mamíferos fósiles de la República Argentina [Contribution to the knowledge of the fossil mammals of the Argentine Republic], Actas de la Academia Nacional de Ciencias de la República Argentina en Córdoba 6, xxxii-1027

Cope E. D. Synopsis of the families of Vertebrata, The American Naturalist 23, 1-29

Lydekker R. On a remarkable Sirenian jaw from the Oligocene of Italy and its bearing on the evolution of the Sirenia, Proceedings of the Zoological Society of London 1892, 77-83

Parker T. J., Haswell W. A. , A Text-Book of Zoology II, xx-680

Gadow H. , A Classification of Vertebrata Recent and Extinct, xvii-82

Trouessart E. L. , Catalogus mammalium tam viventium quam fossilum 5, 665-1264

Hay O. P. (1902) , Bibliography and Catalogue of the Fossil Vertebrata of North America. Bulletin of the United States Geological Survey 179, 1-868

Case E. C. (1904) Systematic Paleontology: Mammalia, Maryland Geological Survey Miocene: Text, 1-58

Palmer T. S. (1904) Index generum mammalium: a list of the genera and families of mammals, North American Fauna 23, 1-984

Trouessart E. L. (1904) , Catalogus Mammalium Tam Viventium Quam Fossilium, Fourth Edition, 1-929

Andrews C. W. (1906) , A Descriptive Catalogue of the Tertiary Vertebrata of Fayum, Egypt, 1-324

Jaekel O. (1911) , Die Wirbeltiere. Eine Übersicht über die Fossilen und Lebenden Formen [The Vertebrates. An Overview of the Fossil and Living Forms], viii-252

Abel O. (1919) Die Stämme der Wirbeltiere, Walter de Gruyter, Berlin, Leipzig, 914 p.

Hay O. P. (1923) Characteristics of Sundry Fossil Vertebrates, Pan-American Geologist 39, 101-120

Hay O. P. (1930) Second Bibliography and Catalogue of the Fossil Vertebrata of North America, Carnegie Institution of Washington 390 II, 1-1074

Simpson G. G. (1932) Fossil Sirenia of Florida and the evolution of the Sirenia, Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History 59 8, 419-503

Kretzoi M. (1941) Sirenavus hungaricus N. G. N. Sp., ein Neuer Prorastomide aus dem Mitteleozan (Lutetium) von Felsogallia in Ungarn, Annales Musei Nationalis Hungaricic Pars Mineralogica, Geologica et Palaeontologica 34, 146-156

Paula Couto C. (1956) Mamiferos fosseis do Cenozoico da Amazonia, Conselho Nacional de Pesquisas Boletim 3, 1-121

Paula Couto C. (1967) Contribuicao a paleontologia do Estado do Para. Um Sirenio na Formacao Pirabas, Atas so Simposio Sobre a Biota Amazonica 1, 345-357

McKenna M. C. (1975) Toward a phylogenetic classification of the Mammalia, Phylogeny of the Primates, Plenum Publishing, New York, 21-46

Thurmond J. T., Jones D. E. (1981) , Fossil Vertebrates of Alabama, 1-244

Domning D. P. (1982) Evolution of manatees: A speculative history, Journal of Paleontology 56 3, 599-619

Takahashi S., Domning D. P., et al (1986) Dusisiren dewana, n. sp. (Mammalia: Sirenia), a new ancestor of Stellers sea cow from the upper Miocene of Yamagata prefecture, northeastern Japan, Transactions and Proceedings of the Palaeontological Society of Japan N. S. 141, 296-321

Carroll R. L. (1988) , Vertebrate Paleontology and Evolution, 1-698

Domning D. P. (1988) Fossil Sirenia of the West Atlantic and Caribbean region. I. Metaxytherium floridanum Hay, 1922, Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology 8 4, 395-426

Pilleri G., Biosca J., et al (1989) , The Tertiary Sirenia of Catalonia, 1-98

Toledo P. M. (1989) Sobre novos achados de sirenios (Sirenotherium pirabense Paula Couto, 1976) na Formacao Pirabas (Para, Brasil), Boletim do Museu Paraense Emilio Goeldi Serie Ciencias da Terra 1 1, 5-10

Domning D. P. (1991) A new genus for Halitherium olseni Reinhart, 1976, Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology 11 3, 398-398

Nowak R. M. (1991) Walker's Mammals of the World, Maryland, Johns Hopkins University Press (edited volume) II

Vidal O. (1991) Catalog of osteological collections of aquatic mammals from Mexico, NOAA Technical Reports NMFS 97, 1-36

Domning D. P. (1996) Bibliography and Index of the Sirenia and Desmostylia, Smithsonian Contributions to Paleobiology 80, 1-611

Domning D. P. (1997) Fossil Sirenia of the West Atlantic and Caribbean Region. VI. Crenatosiren olseni (Reinhart, 1976), Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology 17 2, 397-412

Waddell P. J., Okada N., et al (1999) Towards resolving the interordinal relationships of placental mammals, Systematic Biology 48 1, 1-5

Sach V. J., Heizmann E. P. J. (2001) Stratigraphy and mammal faunas of the Brackwassermolasse in the surroundings of Ulm (Southwest Germany), Stuttgarter Beiträge zur Naturkunde Serie B (Geologie und Paläontologie) 310, 1-95

Sepkoski, Jr. J. J. (2002) A compendium of fossil marine animal genera, Bulletins of American Paleontology 363, 1-560

Gheerbrandt E., Sudre J., et al (2005) Nouvelles données sur Phosphatherium escuilliei (Mammalia, Proboscidea) de l’Éocène inférieur du Maroc, apports à la phylogénie des Proboscidea et des ongulés lophodontes, Geodiversitas 27 2, 239-333

Seiffert E. R. (2007) A new estimate of afrotherian phylogeny based on simultaneous analysis of genomic, morphological, and fossil evidence, BMC Evolutionary Biology 7, 224 doi:oi:10.1186/1471-2148-7-224

Asher R. J., Helgen K. M. (2010) Nomenclature and placental mammal phylogeny, BMC Evolutionary BIology 10 102, 1-9

Bajpai S., Domning D. P., et al (2010) A new fossil sirenian (Mammalia, Dugonginae) from the Miocene of India, Neus Jahrbuch fur Geologie und Palaeontologie, Abhandlungen 258 1, 39-50 doi:10.1127/0077-7749/2010/0082

Bouchet P., Rocroi J.-P., et al (2010) Nomenclator of Bivalve Families with a Classification of Bivalve Families, Malacologia 52 2, 1-184 doi:10.4002/040.052.0201

Canto J., Yanez J., et al (2010) Estado actual del conocimiento de los mamíferos fósiles de Chile, Estudios Geologicos 66 2, 255-284 doi:10.3989/egeol.39778.05

Voss M., Berning B., et al (2016) A taxonomic and morphological re-evaluation of “Halitherium” cristolii Fitzinger, 1842 (Mammalia, Sirenia) from the late Oligocene of Austria, with the description of a new genus, European Journal of Taxonomy 256, 1-32 doi:10.5852/ejt.2016.256

Domning D. P., Heal G. J., et al (2017) Libysiren sickenbergi, gen. et sp. nov.: a new sirenian (Mammalia, Protosirenidae) from the middle Eocene of Libya, Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology 37 2, e1299158 doi:10.1080/02724634.2017.1299158

Voss M., Hampe O. (2017) Evidence for two sympatric sirenian species (Mammalia, Tethytheria) in the early Oligocene of Central Europe, Journal of Paleontology 91 2, 337-367 doi:10.1017/jpa.2016.147

Voss M., Sorbi S., et al (2017) Morphological and systematic re-assessment of the late Oligocene “Halitherium” bellunense reveals a new crown group genus of Sirenia, Acta Palaeontologica Polonica 62 1, 163-172 doi:10.4202/app.00287.2016

Díaz-Berenguer E., Badiola A., et al (2018) First adequately-known quadrupedal sirenian from Eurasia (Eocene, Bay of Biscay, Huesca, northeastern Spain), Nature Scientific Reports 8 5127, 1-13 doi:10.1038/s41598-018-23355-w

Velez-Juarbe J., Wood A. (2019) An early Miocene dugongine (Sirenia: Dugongidae) from Panama, Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology doi:10.1080/02724634.2018.1511799

Data courtesy of: PBDB: The Paleobiology Database, Creative Commons CC-BY licenced. , GBIF: the Global Biodiversity Information Facility, various licences, iDigBio, various licences, and EOL: The Encyclopedia of Life (Open Data Public Domain). Because fossils are made of minerals too!

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