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Dugongidae

Description

The Dugongidae are a family in the order of Sirenia. The family has one surviving species, the dugong (Dugong dugon), one recently extinct species, Steller's sea cow (Hydrodamalis gigas), and a number of extinct genera known from fossil records.


Source Data
SourceIDLink
Global Biodiversity Information Facility ID (GBIF)9462https://www.gbif.org/species/9462
PaleoBioDB ID (PBDB)43286https://paleobiodb.org/classic/checkTaxonInfo?taxon_no=43286
Rankfamily
Taxonomy (GBIF)Life : Animalia : Chordata : Mammalia : Sirenia : Dugongidae
Taxonomy (PBDB)Life : Animalia : Chordata : Mammalia : Sirenia : Dugongidae
Taxonomic Status (GBIF)accepted
Classification
(PBDB,GBIF)
RankNameAuthor
-Eukaryota
-OpisthokontaCavalier-Smith 1987
kingdomAnimalia
-TriploblasticaLankester 1877
-NephrozoaJondelius et al. 2002
-DeuterostomiaGrobben 1908
phylumChordataHaeckel 1847
subphylumVertebrataLamarck 1801
superclassGnathostomataGegenbauer 1874
-Osteichthyes
-SarcopterygiiRomer 1955
subclassDipnotetrapodomorpha
subclassTetrapodomorpha
-Tetrapoda
-ReptiliomorphaSäve-Söderbergh 1934
-AnthracosauriaSäve-Söderbergh 1934
-Batrachosauria
-Cotylosauria
-AmniotaHaeckel 1866
-SynapsidaOsborn 1903
-Therapsida
infraorderCynodontia
-EpicynodontiaHopson and Kitching 2001
infraorderEucynodontiaKemp 1982
-ProbainognathiaHopson 1990
-MammaliamorphaRowe 1988
-MammaliaformesRowe 1988
classMammaliaLinnaeus 1758
-PansireniaVelez-Juarbe and Wood 2019
-Sirenia
familyDugongidaeGray 1821
Common Namedugong
Scientific NameDugongidae
Name Published InLondon Med. Repos. vol.15 p.309
Opinions (PBDB)
NameRankOpinionEvidenceAuthor
Dugongidaefamilybelongs to Herbivoraestated without evidenceGray, 1821
Dugongidaefamilybelongs to Sireniastated without evidenceRhoads, 1903
Dugongidaefamilybelongs to Trichechiformesstated without evidenceSimpson, 1932
Dugongidaefamilybelongs to Sireniastated without evidenceSherman, 1952
Dugongidaefamilybelongs to Dugongoideastated without evidenceHeal, 1973
Dugongidaefamilybelongs to Sireniastated without evidenceReinhart, 1976
Dugongidaefamilybelongs to Trichechiformesstated without evidencePilleri et al., 1989
Dugongidaefamilybelongs to Sireniastated without evidenceDomning, 1991
Dugongidaefamilybelongs to TrichechiformesimpliedSach and Heizmann, 2001
Dugongidaefamilybelongs to Sireniastated without evidenceRice, 2002
Dugongidaefamilybelongs to Sireniastated with evidenceVelez-Juarbe and Domning, 2014
Dugongidaefamilybelongs to Sireniastated without evidenceVoss et al., 2016
Dugongidaefamilybelongs to Sireniastated with evidenceVoss and Hampe, 2017
Dugongidaefamilybelongs to Sireniastated without evidenceBerta, 2017
Dugongidaefamilybelongs to Sireniastated with evidenceVelez-Juarbe and Wood, 2019
Dugongidaefamilybelongs to Sireniastated without evidenceSamonds et al., 2019
Status (PBDB)extant
Taxon Size (PBDB)98
Extant Size (PBDB)5 (5.1%)
First Recorded Appearance56.0 - 41.3 Ma
Eocene
Environmentmarine (based on Sirenia)
Motilityactively mobile (based on Osteichthyes)
Dietherbivore
Reproductionviviparous (based on Sirenia)
Taphonomyphosphatic (based on Vertebrata)
Primary Reference (PBDB)J. E. Gray. 1821. On the natural arrangement of vertebrose animals. The London Medical Repository Monthly Journal and Review 15:296-310
Common Name(s) Dugongs, Sea Cows, Dugong, ジュゴン, Dugong And Sea Cow
Wikipediahttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dugongidae

External Images

Fossil Distribution

Subtaxa

NameStatusCommon Name(s)Fossil OccurrencesOldestYoungest
Dugonginae
subfamily
listed (PBDB)6833.9 Ma
Oligocene
0 Ma
Extant
Halitheriinae
subfamily
listed (PBDB)2848.6 Ma
Eocene
0 Ma
Extant
Hydrodamalinae
subfamily
listed (PBDB)6916.0 Ma
Miocene
0.01 Ma
Pleistocene
Rytiodinae
subfamily
listed (PBDB)
Anisosiren
genus
accepted (GBIF)
listed (PBDB)
147.8 Ma
Eocene
47.8 Ma
Eocene
Bharatisiren
genus
accepted (GBIF)
listed (PBDB)
228.1 Ma
Oligocene
23.0 Ma
Miocene
Caribosiren
genus
accepted (GBIF)
listed (PBDB)
228.4 Ma
Oligocene
28.4 Ma
Oligocene
Corystosiren
genus
accepted (GBIF)
listed (PBDB)
410.3 Ma
Miocene
5.33 Ma
Miocene
Dioplotherium
genus
accepted (GBIF)
listed (PBDB)
1928.1 Ma
Oligocene
5.33 Ma
Miocene
Domningia
genus
accepted (GBIF)
listed (PBDB)
123.0 Ma
Miocene
23.0 Ma
Miocene
Dugong
genus
accepted (GBIF)
listed (PBDB)
Dugong147.25 Ma
Miocene
0 Ma
Extant
Dusisiren
genus
accepted (GBIF)
listed (PBDB)
2016.0 Ma
Miocene
5.33 Ma
Miocene
Eosiren
genus
accepted (GBIF)
listed (PBDB)
2147.8 Ma
Eocene
33.9 Ma
Oligocene
Eotheroides
genus
accepted (GBIF)
listed (PBDB)
3448.6 Ma
Eocene
37.2 Ma
Eocene
Halitherium
genus
accepted (GBIF)No associated record in PBDB
Hydrodamalis
genus
accepted (GBIF)
listed (PBDB)
Steller's Sea Cow4711.6 Ma
Miocene
0.01 Ma
Pleistocene
Indosiren
genus
accepted (GBIF)
listed (PBDB)
323.0 Ma
Miocene
12.7 Ma
Miocene
Ischyrotherium
genus
accepted (GBIF)No associated record in PBDB
Kaupitherium
genus
accepted (GBIF)
listed (PBDB)
233.9 Ma
Oligocene
33.9 Ma
Oligocene
Kutchisiren
genus
accepted (GBIF)
listed (PBDB)
123.0 Ma
Miocene
23.0 Ma
Miocene
Lentiarenium
genus
doubtful (GBIF)
listed (PBDB)
628.1 Ma
Oligocene
23.0 Ma
Miocene
Metaxytherium
genus
accepted (GBIF)
listed (PBDB)
21333.9 Ma
Oligocene
3.60 Ma
Pliocene
Miodugong
genus
accepted (GBIF)
listed (PBDB)
123.0 Ma
Miocene
23.0 Ma
Miocene
Nanosiren
genus
accepted (GBIF)
listed (PBDB)
1223.0 Ma
Miocene
5.33 Ma
Miocene
Paralitherium
genus
accepted (GBIF)
listed (PBDB)
138.0 Ma
Eocene
38.0 Ma
Eocene
Priscosiren
genus
accepted (GBIF)
listed (PBDB)
233.9 Ma
Oligocene
28.1 Ma
Oligocene
Prohalicore
genus
accepted (GBIF)
listed (PBDB)
220.4 Ma
Miocene
20.4 Ma
Miocene
Prototherium
genus
accepted (GBIF)
listed (PBDB)
2348.6 Ma
Eocene
33.9 Ma
Oligocene
Rytiodus
genus
accepted (GBIF)
listed (PBDB)
1023.0 Ma
Miocene
11.6 Ma
Miocene
Sirenavus
genus
accepted (GBIF)
listed (PBDB)
456.0 Ma
Paleocene
38.0 Ma
Eocene
Xenosiren
genus
accepted (GBIF)
listed (PBDB)
110.3 Ma
Miocene
10.3 Ma
Miocene

Obsolete Names

NameSourceTaxon RankTaxonomy
Halitherium taulannense Sagne, 2001GBIFspeciesAnimalia : Chordata : Mammalia : Sirenia : Dugongidae : Halitherium taulannense
Manatus guettardi (Blainville, 1844)GBIFspeciesAnimalia : Chordata : Mammalia : Sirenia : Dugongidae : Manatus guettardi
Halitherium alleni (Simpson, 1932)GBIFspeciesAnimalia : Chordata : Mammalia : Sirenia : Dugongidae : Halitherium alleni
Hippopotamus dubius (Cuvier, 1824)GBIFspeciesAnimalia : Chordata : Mammalia : Sirenia : Dugongidae : Hippopotamus dubius
Halicoroidea GBIFfamilyAnimalia : Chordata : Mammalia : Sirenia : Halicoroidea
Trachytherium raulinii (Gervais, 1849)GBIFspeciesAnimalia : Chordata : Mammalia : Sirenia : Dugongidae : Trachytherium raulinii
Halitherium uytterhoeveni Abel, 1925GBIFspeciesAnimalia : Chordata : Mammalia : Sirenia : Dugongidae : Halitherium uytterhoeveni
Halitherium kaupi Krauss, 1858GBIFspeciesAnimalia : Chordata : Mammalia : Sirenia : Dugongidae : Halitherium kaupi
Halitherium antillense Matthew, 1916GBIFspeciesAnimalia : Chordata : Mammalia : Sirenia : Dugongidae : Halitherium antillense
Halianassa collinii Von Meyer, 1846GBIFspeciesAnimalia : Chordata : Mammalia : Sirenia : Dugongidae : Halianassa collinii
Halitherium schinzi lareolensis Pilleri, 1987GBIFsubspeciesAnimalia : Chordata : Mammalia : Sirenia : Dugongidae : Halitherium schinzi lareolensis
Halicoridae GBIFfamilyAnimalia : Chordata : Mammalia : Sirenia : Halicoridae
Halitherium chouqueti Gaudry, 1884GBIFspeciesAnimalia : Chordata : Mammalia : Sirenia : Dugongidae : Halitherium chouqueti
Halicorida GBIFfamilyAnimalia : Chordata : Mammalia : Sirenia : Halicorida
Manatus renggeri Bronn, 1838GBIFspeciesAnimalia : Chordata : Mammalia : Sirenia : Dugongidae : Manatus renggeri
Manatherium delheidi Hartlaub, 1886GBIFspeciesAnimalia : Chordata : Mammalia : Sirenia : Dugongidae : Manatherium delheidi
Manatus dubius (Cuvier, 1824)GBIFspeciesAnimalia : Chordata : Mammalia : Sirenia : Dugongidae : Manatus dubius
Protosiren dubia (Cuvier, 1824)GBIFspeciesAnimalia : Chordata : Mammalia : Sirenia : Dugongidae : Protosiren dubia
Halytherium dubium (Cuvier, 1824)GBIFspeciesAnimalia : Chordata : Mammalia : Sirenia : Dugongidae : Halytherium dubium
Halitherium dubium (Cuvier, 1824)GBIFspeciesAnimalia : Chordata : Mammalia : Sirenia : Dugongidae : Halitherium dubium
Halitherium schinzii lareolense Pilleri, 1987GBIFsubspeciesAnimalia : Chordata : Mammalia : Sirenia : Dugongidae : Halitherium schinzii lareolense
Halitherium guettardi (Blainville, 1844)GBIFspeciesAnimalia : Chordata : Mammalia : Sirenia : Dugongidae : Halitherium guettardi
Metaxytherium guettardi (Blainville, 1844)GBIFspeciesAnimalia : Chordata : Mammalia : Sirenia : Dugongidae : Metaxytherium guettardi
Halitherium raulinii (Gervais, 1849)GBIFspeciesAnimalia : Chordata : Mammalia : Sirenia : Dugongidae : Halitherium raulinii
Felsinotherium alleni (Simpson, 1932)GBIFspeciesAnimalia : Chordata : Mammalia : Sirenia : Dugongidae : Felsinotherium alleni
Metaxytherium alleni (Simpson, 1932)GBIFspeciesAnimalia : Chordata : Mammalia : Sirenia : Dugongidae : Metaxytherium alleni

Synonymy List

YearName and Author
1821Dugongidae Gray p. 309
1824Hippopotamus dubius Cuvier
1825Halicoridae Gray p. 340
1838Manatus renggeri Bronn p. 840
1838Halytherium Kaup p. 319
1838Halytherium dubium Kaup p. 319 figs. Plate II
1838Pugmeodon schinzii Kaup p. 319
1838Halitherium Kaup p. 536
1844Manatus dubius Blainville
1844Manatus schinzii Blainville
1844Manatus guettardi Blainville pp. 122-124
1846Metaxytherium guettardi Laurillard p. 172
1846Halianassa collinii Von Meyer p. 328
1847Halitherium guettardi Gervais p. 221
1847Pygmaeodon schinzii Giebel p. 230
1849Trachytherium Gervais p. 644
1849Trachytherium raulinii Gervais p. 644
1849Trachytherium Gervais p. 645
1852Halitherium dubium Kaup p. 145
1853Halitherium Bronn p. 777
1853Halitherium schinzi Bronn p. 780
1853Trachytherium Bronn p. 789
1853Trachytherium raulini Bronn p. 789
1853Halitherium Pictet p. 373
1853Trachytherium Pictet p. 374
1858Halitherium kaupi Krauss p. 528
1868Halicorida Brandt p. 344
1872Halicoroidea Gill p. 91
1872Halicoridae Gill p. 92
1872Halicoroidea Gill p. 92
1872Halitherium Gill p. 92
1872Trachytherium Gill p. 92
1883Halicoridae Flower p. 184
1884Halitherium chouqueti Gaudry p. 373 figs. Plate XVII
1885Halitherium dubium Woodward p. 425
1885Halitherium schinzi Woodward p. 425
1885Trachytherium Woodward p. 425
1885Trachytherium raulini Woodward p. 425
1886Manatherium delheidi Hartlaub p. 378
1887Halitherium Deperet p. 273
1887Halitherium Lydekker p. 5
1887Halitherium schinzi Lydekker p. 7
1889Halicoridae Cope p. 876
1890Halicoridae Cope p. 698
1890Halitherium Cope p. 698
1891Halicoridae Flower and Lydekker p. 89
1891Halitherium Newton p. 48
1895Halitherium raulinii Deperet p. 410
1895Halicoridae Flores p. 15
1898Manatherium delheidi Trouessart p. 999
1898Halicoridae Trouessart p. 1003
1898Halitherium Trouessart p. 1004
1898Halitherium schinzi Trouessart p. 1004
1903Dugongidae Rhoads p. 246
1904Halitherium schinzi Abel p. 215
1904Manatherium delheidi Trouessart p. 748
1904Halicoridae Trouessart p. 749
1904Halitherium Trouessart p. 749
1904Halitherium schinzi Trouessart p. 749
1904Halitherium chouqueti Trouessart p. 750
1906Halicoridae Andrews p. 197
1911Halicoridae Jaekel p. 245
1912Halicoridae Turner p. 145
1916Halitherium antillense Matthew p. 25
1919Halicoridae Abel p. 833
1925Halitherium uytterhoeveni Abel p. 39
1925Halitherium Zittel p. 265
1925Halitherium schinzi Zittel p. 265
1928Halicoridae Weber p. 495
1930Halitherium Hay p. 656
1932Dugongidae Simpson p. 423
1932Halitherium Simpson p. 424
1932Halitherium alleni Simpson p. 445 figs. Plate II, Fig. 1
1934Protosiren dubia Sickenberg p. 190
1934Halitherium schinzi Sickenberg p. 271
1941Dugongidae Kretzoi p. 154
1941Halitherium Kretzoi p. 154
1952Dugongidae Sherman p. 98
1959Dugongidae Reinhart p. 63
1963Dugongidae Scheffer and Rice p. 4
1966Felsinotherium alleni Kellogg p. 91
1973Dugongidae Heal p. 89
YearName and Author
1973Halitherium Heal p. 199
1974Metaxytherium alleni Fondi and Pacini p. 45
1976Dugongidae Reinhart p. 199
1976Halitherium Reinhart p. 236
1978Halitherium Domning
1978Dugongidae Husar p. 1
1980Dugongidae Kurten and Anderson p. 340
1982Halitherium schinzi Fischer and Krumbiegel
1985Dugongidae Barnes et al. p. 33
1985Dugongidae de Muizon and Domning p. 192
1986Dugongidae Takahashi et al. p. 300
1987Halianassa schinzii Domning p. 123
1987Halitherium schinzi lareolensis Pilleri p. 46
1987Halitherium schinzii lareolensis Pilleri p. 46 figs. Plate XXVII
1988Dugongidae Carroll
1988Halitherium Carroll
1988Dugongidae Domning p. 399
1988Dugongidae PIlleri p. 46
1989Dugongidae Pilleri et al. p. 17
1991Dugongidae Domning p. 398
1991Dugongidae Nowak
1991Dugongidae Toledo and Domning p. 122
1994Dugongidae Aranda-Manteca et al. p. 192
1994Dugongidae Domning p. 189
1994Halitherium Domning p. 189
1994Halitherium schinzii Domning p. 189
1994Dugongidae Furusawa and Kohno p. 27
1995Dugongidae Domning and Furusawa p. 506
1996Dugongidae Domning p. 382
1996Halitherium Domning p. 384
1996Halitherium alleni Domning p. 384
1996Halitherium antillense Domning p. 384
1996Halitherium schinzii Domning p. 384
1997Dugongidae Bajpai and Domning p. 219
1997Dugongidae Domning p. 398
1998Dugongidae Rice
1999Dugongidae Bergqvist et al. p. 31
2001Dugongidae Sach and Heizmann p. 42
2001Dugongidae Sagne p. 473
2001Halitherium Sagne p. 473
2001Halitherium schinzii Sagne p. 473
2001Halitherium taulannense Sagne p. 473 figs. Figure 1
2002Dugongidae Rice p. 232 figs. Table 1
2002Halitherium Sepkoski, Jr.
2006Halitherium Clementz et al. p. 360
2006Halitherium taulannense Clementz et al. p. 360
2006Dugongidae Pledge p. 295
2007Halitherium schinzi Voss p. 45
2008Dugongidae Domning
2008Halitherium Domning
2008Halitherium alleni Domning
2008Halitherium antillense Domning
2008Halitherium schinzii Domning
2008Dugongidae Domning and Aguilera p. 480
2008Dugongidae Voss p. 259
2008Halitherium Voss p. 259
2008Halitherium schinzii Voss p. 259
2009Dugongidae Rice p. 235 figs. Table 1
2009Dugongidae Samonds and Zalmout p. 1235
2009Dugongidae Thewissen and Bajpai p. 7
2010Dugongidae Bajpai et al. p. 42
2010Dugongidae Canto et al. p. 20
2011Dugongidae Bianucci et al. p. 574
2011Dugongidae Domning p. 1340
2011Dugongidae Voss
2011Halitherium Voss
2012Dugongidae Domning and Pervesler p. 136
2012Dugongidae Sorbi et al. p. 688
2012Dugongidae Velez-Juarbe et al. p. 587
2012Dugongidae Zalmout and Gingerich p. 37
2014Dugongidae Velez-Juarbe and Domning p. 951
2015Dugongidae Velez-Juarbe and Domning p. 2
2016Dugongidae Balaguer and Alba
2016Dugongidae Voss et al. p. 6
2017Dugongidae Berta p. 170
2017Dugongidae Voss and Hampe p. 341
2017Dugongidae Voss et al. p. 165
2018Dugongidae Domning p. 246
2018Halitherium Domning p. 857 figs. Fig. 1
2018Dugongidae Gol'din et al.
2019Dugongidae Samonds et al. p. 2
2019Dugongidae Velez-Juarbe and Wood

References

Gray J. E. On the natural arrangement of vertebrose animals, The London Medical Repository Monthly Journal and Review 15, 296-310
Gray J. E. An outline of an attempt at the disposition of Mammalia into Tribes and Families, with a list of genera apparently appertaining to each Tribe, Annals of Philosophy, new series 10, 337-344
Kaup J. J. [Über Zähne von Halytherium und Pugmeodon aus dem Maynzer Becken], Neues Jahrbuch fur Mineralogie, Geognosie, Geologie und Petrefaktenkunde 1838, 319
Kaup J. J. [Über die Zähne von Halitherium und Dugong], Neues Jahrbuch für Mineralogie, Geognosie, Geologie und Petrefaktenkunde 1838, 536
Gervais P. Sur la repartition des mammiferes fossiles entre les differents etages tertiaires qui concourent a former le sol de la France, C. R. Acad. Scie 28 21, 643-647
Pictet F. -J. , Traité de Paléontologie ou Histoire Naturelle des Animaux Fossiles Considérés dans Leurs Rapports Zoologiques et Géologiques [Treatise of Paleontology or the Natural History of Fossil Animals Considered in their Zoological and Geological Relationships] 1, xiv-584
Krauss C. F. F. Beitrage zur Kenntnis des schadel-baues von Halitherium, Neues Jahrbuch fur Mineralogie, Geognosie, Geologie und Petrefaktenkunde 1858, 519-531
Gill T. Arrangement of the Families of Mammals, Smithsonian Miscellaneous Collections 11 230, 1-98
Flower W. H. On the arrangement of the Orders and Families of existing Mammalia, Proceedings of the Zoological Society of London 1883, 178-186
Gaudry A. Sur un Sirenien d'espece nouvelle trouve dans le bassin de Paris, Bull. Soc. Geol. France 12 6, 372-375
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Deperet C. Vertebres Miocenes de la vallee du Rhone, Archives du Museum d'histoire Naturelle de Lyon 4, 42-291
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Rhoads S. N. (1903) The Mammals of Pennsylvania and New Jersey: A Biographic, Historic and Descriptive Account of the Furred Animals of Land and Sea, Both Living and Extinct, Known to Have Existed in These States, 1-266
Abel O. (1904) Die Sirenen der mediterranen Tertiärbildungen Oesterreichs, Abhandlungen der kaiserlich - koniglichen geologischen Reichsanstalt. Wien 19 2, 1-223
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Matthew W. D. (1916) New sirenian from the Tertiary of Porto Rico, West Indies, Annals of the New York Academy of Science 27, 23-29
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Hay O. P. (1930) Second Bibliography and Catalogue of the Fossil Vertebrata of North America, Carnegie Institution of Washington 390 II, 1-1074
Simpson G. G. (1932) Fossil Sirenia of Florida and the evolution of the Sirenia, Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History 59 8, 419-503
Sickenberg O. (1934) Beitrage zur Kenntnis Tertiarer Sirenen, Memoires de Musee Royal D'Histoire Naturelle de Belgique 63, 1-352
Kretzoi M. (1941) Sirenavus hungaricus N. G. N. Sp., ein Neuer Prorastomide aus dem Mitteleozan (Lutetium) von Felsogallia in Ungarn, Annales Musei Nationalis Hungaricic Pars Mineralogica, Geologica et Palaeontologica 34, 146-156
Sherman H. B. (1952) A list and bibliography of the mammals of Florida, living and extinct, Quarterly Journal of the Florida Academy of Sciences 15 2, 86-126
Reinhart R. H. (1959) A review of the Sirenia and Desmostylia, University of California Publications in Geological Sciences 36 1, 1-146
Scheffer V. B., Rice D. W. (1963) A list of the marine mammals of the world, United States Fish and Wildlife Service Special Scientific Report - Fisheries 431, 1-12
Kellogg R. (1966) New Species of Extinct Miocene Sirenia, United States National Museum Bulletin 247 3, 65-98
Heal G. J. (1973) Contributions to the Study of Sirenian Evolution, 1-245
Fondi R., Pacini P. (1974) Njuovi resti di Sirenide dal Pliocene Antico della provincia di Siena, Palaeontographia Italica 67, 37-53
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Data courtesy of: PBDB: The Paleobiology Database, Creative Commons CC-BY licenced. , GBIF: the Global Biodiversity Information Facility, various licences, iDigBio, various licences, and EOL: The Encyclopedia of Life (Open Data Public Domain). Because fossils are made of minerals too!
 
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