Strontianite
A valid IMA mineral species - grandfathered
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About Strontianite
The way to the type locality of strontianite
Strontian, Fort William and Ardnamurchan, Highland, Scotland, UK
Strontian, Fort William and Ardnamurchan, Highland, Scotland, UK
Formula:
SrCO3
Often contains minor Ca substituting for Sr.
Colour:
Colourless, white, gray, light yellow, green, brown; colourless in transmitted light
Lustre:
Vitreous, Resinous
Hardness:
3½
Specific Gravity:
3.74 - 3.78
Crystal System:
Orthorhombic
Member of:
Name:
Named in 1791 by Friedrich Gabriel Sulzer after its discovery locality, Strontian, Scotland.
The Sr analogue of aragonite and witherite. Compare olekminskite and 'UM1989-07-CO:CaSr'.
Strontianite, strontium carbonate, is mainly found as a low-temperature mineral in limestone and also found as a gangue mineral in sulphide veins. It is almost always fluorescent.
Visit gemdat.org for gemological information about Strontianite.
Strontianite, strontium carbonate, is mainly found as a low-temperature mineral in limestone and also found as a gangue mineral in sulphide veins. It is almost always fluorescent.
Visit gemdat.org for gemological information about Strontianite.Unique Identifiers
Mindat ID:
3805
Long-form identifier:
mindat:1:1:3805:4
GUID
(UUID V4):
(UUID V4):
d4b26f9d-be61-4661-b766-f57f67e5a5e5
IMA Classification of Strontianite
Approved, 'Grandfathered' (first described prior to 1959)
IMA Formula:
Sr(CO3)
Classification of Strontianite
5.AB.15
5 : CARBONATES (NITRATES)
A : Carbonates without additional anions, without H2O
B : Alkali-earth (and other M2+) carbonates
5 : CARBONATES (NITRATES)
A : Carbonates without additional anions, without H2O
B : Alkali-earth (and other M2+) carbonates
14.1.3.3
14 : ANHYDROUS NORMAL CARBONATES
1 : A(XO3)
14 : ANHYDROUS NORMAL CARBONATES
1 : A(XO3)
11.5.1
11 : Carbonates
5 : Carbonates of Sr and Ba
11 : Carbonates
5 : Carbonates of Sr and Ba
Mineral Symbols
As of 2021 there are now IMA–CNMNC approved mineral symbols (abbreviations) for each mineral species, useful for tables and diagrams.
Please only use the official IMA–CNMNC symbol. Older variants are listed for historical use only.
Please only use the official IMA–CNMNC symbol. Older variants are listed for historical use only.
| Symbol | Source | Reference |
|---|---|---|
| Str | IMA–CNMNC | Warr, L.N. (2021). IMA–CNMNC approved mineral symbols. Mineralogical Magazine, 85(3), 291-320. doi:10.1180/mgm.2021.43 |
| Str | Kretz (1983) | Kretz, R. (1983) Symbols of rock-forming minerals. American Mineralogist, 68, 277–279. |
| Str | Siivolam & Schmid (2007) | Siivolam, J. and Schmid, R. (2007) Recommendations by the IUGS Subcommission on the Systematics of Metamorphic Rocks: List of mineral abbreviations. Web-version 01.02.07. IUGS Commission on the Systematics in Petrology. download |
| Str | Whitney & Evans (2010) | Whitney, D.L. and Evans, B.W. (2010) Abbreviations for names of rock-forming minerals. American Mineralogist, 95, 185–187 doi:10.2138/am.2010.3371 |
| Str | The Canadian Mineralogist (2019) | The Canadian Mineralogist (2019) The Canadian Mineralogist list of symbols for rock- and ore-forming minerals (December 30, 2019). download |
| Str | Warr (2020) | Warr, L.N. (2020) Recommended abbreviations for the names of clay minerals and associated phases. Clay Minerals, 55, 261–264 doi:10.1180/clm.2020.30 |
Physical Properties of Strontianite
Vitreous, Resinous
Transparency:
Transparent, Translucent
Comment:
resinous on breaks
Colour:
Colourless, white, gray, light yellow, green, brown; colourless in transmitted light
Streak:
White
Hardness:
3½ on Mohs scale
Tenacity:
Brittle
Cleavage:
Very Good
On {110} nearly perfect; on {021} poor; on {010} in traces.
On {110} nearly perfect; on {021} poor; on {010} in traces.
Parting:
None noted.
Fracture:
Irregular/Uneven, Sub-Conchoidal
Density:
3.74 - 3.78 g/cm3 (Measured) 3.722 g/cm3 (Calculated)
Optical Data of Strontianite
Type:
Biaxial (-)
RI values:
nα = 1.516 - 1.520 nβ = 1.663 - 1.667 nγ = 1.667 - 1.668
2V:
Measured: 7° , Calculated: 12° to 8°
Birefringence:
0.090
Max Birefringence:
δ = 0.151
Image shows birefringence interference colour range (at 30µm thickness)
and does not take into account mineral colouration.
and does not take into account mineral colouration.
Surface Relief:
Moderate
Dispersion:
weak
Optical Extinction:
Parallel
Pleochroism:
Non-pleochroic
Chemistry of Strontianite
Mindat Formula:
SrCO3
Often contains minor Ca substituting for Sr.
Often contains minor Ca substituting for Sr.
Elements listed:
Common Impurities:
Ca
Crystallography of Strontianite
Crystal System:
Orthorhombic
Class (H-M):
mmm (2/m 2/m 2/m) - Dipyramidal
Cell Parameters:
a = 5.1059(7) Å, b = 8.4207(13) Å, c = 6.0319(11) Å
Ratio:
a:b:c = 0.606 : 1 : 0.716
Unit Cell V:
259.34 ų (Calculated from Unit Cell)
Z:
4
Morphology:
Crystals short to long prismatic [001], often acicular. Often pseudohexagonal in aspect due to equal development of {110} and {010} or of {hhl} and {0.2h.l}. {110} and {010} are striated horizontally, the steep {hhl} and {0kl} forms are rounded at times. Massive, columnar to fibrous; granular; rounded masses.
Twinning:
Very common. Twin plane {110}, usually as contact twins, rarely as penetration twins; also repeated, as trillings, fourlings, or polysynthetic, yielding enclosed twin lamellae.
Comment:
Non-standard space group setting (Pmcn).
Crystallographic forms of Strontianite
Crystal Atlas:
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Strontianite no.7 - Goldschmidt (1913-1926)
Strontianite no.13 - Goldschmidt (1913-1926)
3d models and HTML5 code kindly provided by
www.smorf.nl.
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Crystal Structure
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Data courtesy of the American Mineralogist Crystal Structure Database. Click on an AMCSD ID to view structure
| ID | Species | Reference | Link | Year | Locality | Pressure (GPa) | Temp (K) |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 0000234 | Strontianite | de Villiers J P R (1971) Crystal structures of aragonite, strontianite, and witherite American Mineralogist 56 758-767 |  | 1971 | 0 | 293 | |
| 0018858 | Strontianite | Ye Y, Smyth J R, Boni P (2012) Crystal structure and thermal expansion of aragonite-group carbonates by single-crystal X-ray diffraction American Mineralogist 97 707-712 | 2012 | Dreisteinfurt, Westphalia, Germany | 0 | 300 | |
| 0006303 | Strontianite | Antao S M, Hassan I (2009) The orthorhombic structure of CaCO3, SrCO3, PbCO3 and BaCO3: Linear structural trends The Canadian Mineralogist 47 1245-1255 | | 2009 | synthetic | 0 | 293 |
| 0010714 | Strontianite | Pannhorst W, Lohn J (1970) Zur kristallstruktur von strontianit, SrCO3 Zeitschrift fur Kristallographie 131 455-459 | | 1970 | 0 | 293 |
CIF Raw Data - click here to close
X-Ray Powder Diffraction
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Radiation - Copper Kα
Data courtesy of RRUFF project at University of Arizona, used with permission.
Powder Diffraction Data:
| d-spacing | Intensity |
|---|---|
| 4.367 Å | (14) |
| 4.207 Å | (6) |
| 3.535 Å | (100) |
| 3.450 Å | (70) |
| 3.014 Å | (22) |
| 2.859 Å | (5) |
| 2.838 Å | (20) |
| 2.596 Å | (12) |
| 2.554 Å | (23) |
| 2.481 Å | (34) |
| 2.458 Å | (40) |
| 2.4511 Å | (33) |
| 2.2646 Å | (5) |
| 2.1831 Å | (16) |
| 2.1035 Å | (7) |
| 2.0526 Å | (50) |
| 1.9860 Å | (26) |
| 1.9489 Å | (21) |
| 1.9053 Å | (35) |
| 1.8514 Å | (3) |
| 1.8253 Å | (31) |
| 1.8134 Å | (16) |
| 1.8023 Å | (4) |
| 1.7685 Å | (7) |
| 1.7253 Å | (5) |
| 1.6684 Å | (3) |
| 1.6236 Å | (4) |
| 1.6080 Å | (13) |
| 1.5981 Å | (3) |
| 1.5676 Å | (13) |
| 1.5447 Å | (11) |
| 1.5072 Å | (3) |
| 1.4782 Å | (6) |
| 1.4596 Å | (4) |
| 1.4551 Å | (9) |
| 1.4293 Å | (6) |
| 1.4246 Å | (7) |
| 1.4120 Å | (5) |
| 1.4024 Å | (4) |
| 1.3100 Å | (10) |
Comments:
ICDD 5-418 (synthetic)
Geological Environment
Paragenetic Mode(s):
| Paragenetic Mode | Earliest Age (Ga) |
|---|---|
| Near-surface Processes | |
| 23 : Subaerial aqueous alteration by non-redox-sensitive fluids (see also #47) | |
| Stage 4b: Highly evolved igneous rocks | >3.0 |
| 36 : Carbonatites, kimberlites, and related igneous rocks | |
| Stage 5: Initiation of plate tectonics | <3.5-2.5 |
| 40 : Regional metamorphism (greenschist, amphibolite, granulite facies) | |
| Stage 7: Great Oxidation Event | <2.4 |
| 47c : [Carbonates, phosphates, borates, nitrates] |
Geological Setting:
Forms in low-temperature hydrothermal deposits in limestone and marl or as a gangue mineral in sulfide veins; as geodes or concretionary masses in limestone or clay.
Type Occurrence of Strontianite
Geological Setting of Type Material:
In veins in gneiss.
Reference:
Sulzer R (1791) Ueber den Strontianit, ein Schottisches Fossil, das ebenfalls eine neue Grunderde zu enthalten scheint. Bergmannisches Journal 1, 433-435
Synonyms of Strontianite
Other Language Names for Strontianite
Catalan:Estroncianita
Dutch:Strontianiet
Finnish:Strontianiitti
Galician:Estroncianita
Hungarian:Stroncianit
Italian:Stronzianite
Japanese:ストロンチアン鉱
Low Saxon/Low German:Strunz
Polish:Stroncjanit
Portuguese:Estroncianita
Russian:Стронцианит
Slovak:Strontianit
Spanish:Estroncianita
Strontianita
Strontianita
Varieties of Strontianite
| Emmonite | A calcian (calcium-bearing) strontianite. This variety is not uncommon - strontianite very often contains minor calcium. Originally reported from Großkogel Mt., St Gertraudi, Brixlegg - Rattenberg, Brixlegg - Schwaz area, Inn valley, North Tyrol, Tyrol,... |
Relationship of Strontianite to other Species
Member of:
Other Members of this group:
Forms a series with:
Common Associates
Associated Minerals Based on Photo Data:
| 402 photos of Strontianite associated with Calcite | CaCO3 |
| 182 photos of Strontianite associated with Celestine | SrSO4 |
| 147 photos of Strontianite associated with Fluorite | CaF2 |
| 125 photos of Strontianite associated with Baryte | BaSO4 |
| 125 photos of Strontianite associated with Dolomite | CaMg(CO3)2 |
| 53 photos of Strontianite associated with Chalcopyrite | CuFeS2 |
| 51 photos of Strontianite associated with Quartz | SiO2 |
| 44 photos of Strontianite associated with Pyrite | FeS2 |
| 38 photos of Strontianite associated with Sphalerite | ZnS |
| 18 photos of Strontianite associated with Magnesite | MgCO3 |
Related Minerals - Strunz-mindat Grouping
| 5.AB. | Škáchaite | CaCo(CO3)2 |
| 5.AB.05 | Calcite | CaCO3 |
| 5.AB.05 | Gaspéite | NiCO3 |
| 5.AB.05 | Magnesite | MgCO3 |
| 5.AB.05 | Otavite | CdCO3 |
| 5.AB.05 | Rhodochrosite | MnCO3 |
| 5.AB.05 | Siderite | FeCO3 |
| 5.AB.05 | Smithsonite | ZnCO3 |
| 5.AB.05 | Spherocobaltite | CoCO3 |
| 5.AB.05 va | Parakutnohorite | |
| 5.AB.10 | Ankerite | Ca(Fe2+,Mg)(CO3)2 |
| 5.AB.10 | Dolomite | CaMg(CO3)2 |
| 5.AB.10 | Kutnohorite | CaMn2+(CO3)2 |
| 5.AB.10 | Minrecordite | CaZn(CO3)2 |
| 5.AB.15 | Aragonite | CaCO3 |
| 5.AB.15 | Cerussite | PbCO3 |
| 5.AB.15 | Witherite | BaCO3 |
| 5.AB.20 | Vaterite | CaCO3 |
| 5.AB.25 | Huntite | CaMg3(CO3)4 |
| 5.AB.30 | Norsethite | BaMg(CO3)2 |
| 5.AB.35 | Alstonite | BaCa(CO3)2 |
| 5.AB.40 | Olekminskite | Sr(Sr,Ca,Ba)(CO3)2 |
| 5.AB.40 | Paralstonite | BaCa(CO3)2 |
| 5.AB.45 | Barytocalcite | BaCa(CO3)2 |
| 5.AB.50 | Carbocernaite | (Ca,Na)(Sr,Ce,Ba)(CO3)2 |
| 5.AB.55 | Benstonite | Ba6Ca6Mg(CO3)13 |
| 5.AB.60 | Juangodoyite | Na2Cu(CO3)2 |
Fluorescence of Strontianite
Fluorescent and phosphorescent in UV, X-rays, and electron beams. Bluish white (SW, MW, and LW), also white, pink or greenish white.
Other Information
Thermal Behaviour:
Inverts to a hexagonal modification upon heating.
Thermoluminescent at times.
Thermoluminescent at times.
Notes:
Soluble in dilute HCl.
Alters to celestine and found as an alteration of celestine.
Alters to celestine and found as an alteration of celestine.
Health Risks:
No information on health risks for this material has been entered into the database. You should always treat mineral specimens with care.
Internet Links for Strontianite
mindat.org URL:
https://www.mindat.org/min-3805.html
Please feel free to link to this page.
Please feel free to link to this page.
Search Engines:
External Links:
Mineral Dealers:
References for Strontianite
Reference List:
Localities for Strontianite
symbol to view information about a locality.
The Locality List
- This locality has map coordinates listed.
- This locality has estimated coordinates.
ⓘ - Click for references and further information on this occurrence.
? - Indicates mineral may be doubtful at this locality.
- Good crystals or important locality for species.
- World class for species or very significant.
(TL) - Type Locality for a valid mineral species.
(FRL) - First Recorded Locality for everything else (eg varieties).
All localities listed without proper references should be considered as questionable.
Afghanistan | |
| Tucker et al. (2012) |
Angola | |
| Lapido-Loureiro +4 other references |
| Gonçalves +5 other references |
| Lapido-Loureiro +3 other references |
| Orris et al. (2002) +1 other reference | |
| Alves +6 other references |
| Cruz et al. (2008) |
| Lapido-Loureiro +3 other references |
Argentina | |
| M. B. FRANCHINI et al. (8300) +6 other references |
| NUEVOS DATOS MINERALOGICOS DEL PROSPECTO DE ETRL (Nb) | |
Australia | |
| Brian England pers comm |
| Econ Geol. (1995) |
| Bottrill (2021) |
| Simon (2019) |
| Dunkan +4 other references |
| Sung (2008) +1 other reference | |
Austria | |
| Meixner (1964) +1 other reference |
| Brandstätter (2009) |
| Mörtl (1985) |
| Niedermayr et al. (1995) |
| - (n.d.) +1 other reference |
| Niedermayr et al. (1995) |
| Niedermayr et al. (1995) |
| Niedermayr et al. (1995) | |
| Niedermayr et al. (1995) |
| Neschen (n.d.) |
| Prasnik et al. (2010) |
| Niedermayr et al. (1995) |
| Niedermayr et al. (1995) +1 other reference |
| PICHLER (2009) | |
| Niedermayr (2009) |
| A.Pichler (2012) |
| E. Schroll: Carinthia II (1960) | |
| H. Meixner: Carinthia II (1980) | |
| Walter F. (2022) |
| Haberlandt (1938) |
| [Mineralogical Record 29:184] |
| - (n.d.) +2 other references |
| C.Auer (2013) |
| C.Auer (2013) | |
| Kolitsch et al. (2016) +1 other reference |
| Schachinger et al. (2015) |
| W. Stoll collection |
| PUTZ et al. (2005) | |
| Strasser (1989) |
| Strasser (1989) |
| Kolitsch et al. (in prep.) +2 other references |
| Strasser (1989) | |
| Strasser (1989) |
| Strasser (1989) |
| C.Auer (2018) | |
| Strasser (2010) |
| Niedermayr (2000) |
| Markus Rosenkranz collection |
| Neschen (n.d.) |
| Neschen (n.d.) | |
| Poeverlein (1987) +1 other reference |
| R.Poeverlein (2016) | |
| Strasser (1989) |
| Strasser (1989) | |
| Strasser (1989) | |
| Exel (1993) |
| Niedermayr (1985) +1 other reference |
| Taucher (1994) |
| Gerald Gesselbauer (06.2010) +2 other references |
| C.Auer (2011) | |
| Hackenberg 2003 |
| Neschen (n.d.) |
| Betts (n.d.) | |
| Gerald Gesselbauer (2010) | |
| Taucher (1997) |
| Taucher (1994) |
| Taucher (1993) |
| Leikauf (2003) |
| Schachinger et al. (2013) |
| Postl et al. (2010) |
| Postl+Moser (1988) |
| Jakely (2008) |
| Hajek et al. (2011) |
| Kolitsch (2016) +1 other reference |
| Econ Geol (1990) |
| Putz et al. (2007) | |
| A. Cathrein: Zeitschr. f. Kryst. (1888) | |
| 54. +1 other reference |
| Gstrein (1981) |
| Lapis 19 (7/8) |
| Lapis 19 (7/8) | |
| Lapis 19 (7/8) | |
| Arlt et al. (1994) | |
| Neschen (n.d.) |
| Neschen (n.d.) |
| Peter Arthofer | |
| self-collected by Gerhard Brandstetter | |
| Neschen (n.d.) |
| Exel (1993) |
| Neschen (n.d.) |
| Neschen (n.d.) | |
| Self collected by Gerhard Brandstetter |
| Neschen (n.d.) |
| J. König and G.Brandstetter collections | |
| Neschen (n.d.) |
| Exel (1993) | |
| A.Witten | |
| - (n.d.) | |
| Kolitsch (2008) |
| Kolitsch et al. (2021) |
| Brandstätter et al. (2014) |
| Niedermayr et al. (2011) |
| Niedermayr et al. (2011) |
| Kolitsch et al. (2023) |
| Polz (1989) |
| Kolitsch (2014) |
| Niedermayr (1987) |
| Polz (1989) | |
| 70. +3 other references | |
| Zirkl (1986) +4 other references |
| Polz (1989) |
| Wagenplast et al. (2003) |
Bolivia | |
| Analyses by Dr. Anthony Kampf on Los ... +1 other reference |
| Schultz et al. (2004) | |
Bosnia and Herzegovina | |
| Putiš et al. (2022) +1 other reference |
Brazil | |
| Guarino (2010) |
| Biondi et al. (2020) |
| database and grade and tonnage models: ... +2 other references |
| Gomide (2015) | |
| Azzi (2019) |
| Horváth | |
| Guarino et al. (2021) | |
| Oliveira et al. (2020) |
| American Mineralogist +2 other references | |
| Orris et al. (2002) |
Canada | |
| Palache et al. (1951) |
| Dalsin (2013) +1 other reference |
| Locock (1994) |
| Jennifer Pell (1994) +1 other reference |
| Choo (1972) |
| Hogarth (1997) |
| Jeffrey Shallit Collection |
| Steve Stuart collection- collected and ... | |
| Geological Survey of Canada ... |
| Geological Survey of Canada Misc. ... +1 other reference |
| Ann P.Sabina (1986) | |
| Ann P.Sabina (1986) | |
| MDI Number: MDI31M04SW00079 |
| Rocks & Min.:59:206 |
| Palache et al. (1951) | |
| Palache et al. (1951) | |
| www.geologyontario.mndm.gov.on.ca (n.d.) | |
| Savard (2019) |
| Platt & Wooley (1990) |
| Alex Marquis +1 other reference |
| Horváth collection |
| Horváth Collection - confirmed visually |
| Canadian Museum of Nature & Horvath ... |
| Peck et al. (2019) |
| Gold (1969) +1 other reference |
| 166-175. +2 other references |
| Arnaldo Brunetti photo and specimen |
| Horváth et al. (1998) |
| Horváth et al. (1998) | |
| Sabina |
| "Tarassoff Collection" |
| 176-178. +2 other references | |
| Sabina (1978) | |
| Horváth collection +1 other reference |
| Nadeau et al. (2015) +2 other references |
| Fournier (1993) |
| FOURNIER (1993) | |
Cape Verde | |
China | |
| Li +4 other references |
| Sichun Zhou et al. (1999) +1 other reference |
| Gao et al. (2023) |
| Zhu et al. (2022) |
| Ma et al. (2021) |
| Youbin Liang et al. (1981) |
| Zhang et al. (2004) |
| Wu et al. (2019) |
| - (1978) | |
| Shaoxiu Yang (1991) +1 other reference |
| Huang et al. (lead) +4 other references |
| Ding et al. (2022) |
| Shao et al. (2003) +1 other reference |
| Yu et al. (2022) |
| Xiaoyu Li (2005) +2 other references |
| Xu Jiuhua et al. (2001) +1 other reference |
| Liu |
| Jiajun Liu et al. (2004) |
| Chunji Xue et al. (2006) | |
Croatia | |
| Siftar et al. (1973) |
Czech Republic | |
| Valošek Č.: Zpráva o výsledku mineralogicko-geologických pochůzek v okrese Frýdek Místek (část 25, 1971) |
| I.Vašina (april 2011) | |
| Rusek P. (Část 20., květen-červen 1965) | |
| Rusek P.: Nález vzácného nerostu na ... |
| Pauliš | |
| Valošek Č.: Zpráva o výsledku mineralogicko-geologických pochůzek v okrese Frýdek Místek (část 25, 1971) | |
| Valošek Č.: Zpráva o výsledku mineralogicko-geologických pochůzek v okrese Frýdek Místek (část 24, 1970) +1 other reference |
| Rusek P.: Nález vzácného nerostu na ... | |
| Rusek P. (Část 20., květen-červen 1965) | |
| Rusek P.: Nález vzácného nerostu na ... |
| Jirásek et al. (2023) |
| Jirásek et al. (2013) |
| Jirásek et al. (2023) |
| Pauliš P. Mineralogické lokality ... |
DR Congo | |
| Johari |
| Johari |
| Nasraoui et al. (2000) +1 other reference |
Egypt | |
| El Ramly +4 other references |
Europe | |
| Ferenc et al. (2001) |
Finland | |
| Vartiainen +1 other reference |
| Al-Ani et al. (2009) +2 other references | |
| Al-Ani et al. (2013) | |
| Sotka +2 other references |
| Al Ani (2013) |
France | |
| Yves Masson specimen +1 other reference |
| Jean-Luc Portes Collection | |
| Martin (2005) |
| |
| |
| Alfredo Petrov collection |
| Stephane Maury Collection |
| Jean-Luc Portes Collection |
| Yves Masson collection |
| Stephane Maury Collection |
| self collected S. Maury 2015 |
| Mari G. (1996) |
Germany | |
| Weisenberger et al. (2014) |
| Palache et al. (1951) | |
| Walenta (1992) |
| Walenta (1992) |
| Weiß (1990) |
| www.mineralienatlas.de (2020) |
| Walenta (1992) | |
| Lapis 23 (12) |
| Walenta (1992) +1 other reference |
| Walenta (1992) |
| in the collection of Joachim Esche |
| Wittern (2001) |
| Schmitt (1994) |
| Weiß (1990) +1 other reference |
| M Seitz collection |
| collection Joachim Esche |
| 54. +1 other reference |
| F. Müller: "Bayerns steinreiche Ecke" et al. (Hof) |
| Sebastian Axt Collection |
| |
| Manfred Kampf collection |
| |
| |
| Palache et al. (1951) |
| Schnorrer et al. (2002) +1 other reference |
| Weiß (1990) |
| Weiß (1990) | |
| Hotze (1989) |
| Weiß (1990) |
| |
| Weiß (1990) |
| Harder (1964) |
| Palache et al. (1951) +1 other reference |
| Weiß (1990) |
| Harder (1964) |
| Weiß (1990) |
| Harder (1964) | |
| Weiß (1990) |
| Lapis 1983 (7/8) |
| Weiß (1990) |
| Harder (1964) | |
| Dana (1892) +1 other reference | |
| Eiternick (2004) | |
| Eiternick (2004) | |
| Harder (1964) |
| Eiternick (2004) | |
| Eiternick (2004) | |
| Palache et al. (1951) | |
| Eiternick (2004) |
| Edmund Ratajczak collection | |
| Wittern (2001) |
| Wittern (2001) |
| Frenzel (1874) |
| Naumann et al. (1898) |
| Hoffmann (2012) |
| J. Gröbner (2011) |
| Wittern (2001) |
| Hoffmann (2012) |
Greece | |
| Kolitsch et al. (2015) +2 other references |
| Rewitzer et al. (1982) | |
Greenland | |
| Petersen (2001) |
| Petersen et al. (2004) |
| Petersen et al. (1993) |
| Grice et al. (2006) | |
| Petersen et al. (1985) |
Hungary | |
| Szakáll & Gatter: Hungarian Mineral ... |
India | |
| Shaikh et al. (2017) |
| Kaur et al. (2016) |
| Kaur et al. (2013) | |
| Rock et al. (1992) |
| Bhushan (2015) +1 other reference |
| Srivastava (1989) +5 other references |
| Bhushan et al. (2019) | |
| Bhushan et al. (2019) | |
| Ackerman et al. (2017) |
| Rao et al. (1978) |
| Burtseva et al. (2013) |
| Palache et al. (1951) |
| Kaur et al. (2017) |
| Saini et al. (2022) |
| Middlemost et al. (1988) +1 other reference |
| Kent et al. (1998) |
Iran | |
| Daliran (2008) |
Ireland | |
| Moreton (2008) |
| Moreton (2008) |
Italy | |
| Emiliani (1994) |
| La strontianite nelle ofioliti della Val Tassobbio (RE) |
| Stoppa et al. (2019) |
| Antofilli et al. (1985) |
| Esposito (2005) |
| A. Bertolini:Tormalina e altri Minerali ... |
| Fabio Brignoli collection |
| Castelletti S. (2009) | |
| Maida (2002) |
| Maglia (1988) |
| Martini et al. (2001) |
| Gerd Stefanik collection |
| Stoppa et al. (2014) |
| Orlandi et al. (1996) +1 other reference |
| Orlandi et al. (1980) +2 other references |
| Orlandi et al. (2009) |
| Franzini et al. (1982) +2 other references |
| Orlandi et al. (1980) +1 other reference |
| Biagioni et al. (2019) | |
| Orlandi et al. (1976) | |
| Orlandi et al. (2009) | |
| Orlandi et al. (1980) +1 other reference | |
| Orlandi et al. (2009) | |
| Orlandi et al. (2002) |
| Orlandi et al. (2002) | |
| Orlandi P. (2005) |
| Boscardin et al. (2011) +1 other reference |
| Boscardin M. et al. (2011) |
Japan | |
| Matsubara & Kato (1988) +1 other reference |
| Miyajima H (2014) |
| Matsubara & Kato (1977) +2 other references |
Jordan | |
| Pitty et al. (2010) |
| Khoury et al. (1985) |
Kazakhstan | |
| Pavel.M. Kartashov (n.d.) +1 other reference |
Kenya | |
| Onuonga (1997) |
Kyrgyzstan | |
| homepage.usask.ca (2001) +1 other reference |
Malawi | |
| H.G. Dill +14 other references |
| Garson (1963) +1 other reference |
| www.mkango.ca (n.d.) +1 other reference | |
| Garson +3 other references | |
| Dowman et al. (2017) |
Mauritania | |
| Marsh et al. (2015) |
Mexico | |
| Observed on specimens obtained from ... |
| Martin Števko-unpublished | |
| Panczner (1987) |
| Dana 7. +1 other reference | |
| stratigraphy et al. (4) +1 other reference |
Mongolia | |
| Pavel.M. Kartashov (n.d.) +1 other reference |
Morocco | |
| Bouabdellah et al. (2022) |
| Khadem Allah (1993) +1 other reference |
| Jeremine et al. (1947) +9 other references | |
Namibia | |
| Thompson et al. (2002) +1 other reference |
| Sitnikova et al. (2021) |
| Berger et al. (2009) |
| Prins +3 other references | |
| Kogut et al. (1998) | |
Netherlands | |
| T.G. Nijland |
New Zealand | |
| Cooper et al. (2008) |
| Cooper (1996) |
| Woolley (2019) | |
Norway | |
| Zozulya +5 other references |
| 33rd International Geological Congress (2008) |
| Kjærnet (2012) |
| Larsen (2003) |
| Kvamsdal et al. (2014) |
Oman | |
| Rajendran et al. (2014) |
| Nasir |
| Nasir | |
Pakistan | |
| Jan et al. (1981) +3 other references |
Paraguay | |
| Piero Comin-Chiaramonti (1996) |
Poland | |
| Duczmal-Czernikiewicz et al. (2021) |
| Dziedzic et al. (1983) +16 other references |
| Włodyka et al. (1998) |
| Hohenegger L. 1847: Notitzen aus der ... |
| Huber et al. (1980) |
Portugal | |
| Alves et al. (2010) |
Russia | |
| Pavel.M. Kartashov (n.d.) |
| [Lapis 1993:4 p.13-20] |
| Dokuchits et al. (2022) | |
| Konev et al. (1996) | |
| Doroshkevich et al. (2008) |
| Bulnaev (2001) +1 other reference | |
| Kasatkin et al. (2022) |
| Belovitskaya et al. (2004) | |
| Nedosekova (2007) +1 other reference | |
| Popova et al. (2018) | |
| Савельева et al. (2021) |
| 11 (4) +1 other reference | |
| Konev A A et al. (1995) +1 other reference | |
| L. Kogarko (1995) | |
| Koneva A.A. et al. (2010) |
| Konev et al. (2005) | |
| Sidorov et al. (2017, August) |
| Sharygin +12 other references |
| Sorokhtina et al. (2019) |
| A. V. Bolonin et al. (2009) |
| ... |
| PEKOV et al. (2013) |
| Pekov (1998) +1 other reference |
| Pekov et al. (2003) +2 other references | |
| American Mineralogist | |
| Konopleva et al. (2008) | |
| Volume 2: Minerals [Минералы]. Nauka et al. (in Russian) +6 other references | |
| Pavel.M. Kartashov (n.d.) | |
| Mineralogy of Khibiny massif et al. (in Russ.) |
| Pakhomovsky et al. (2002) | |
| Yakovenchuk et al. (2005) | |
| Sorokhtina et al. (2008) |
| Mikhailova et al. (2015) +2 other references |
| Mikhailova et al. (2015) | |
| Chakhmouradian et al. (1998) | |
| ... | |
| Fomina et al. (2020) |
| Zaitsev et al. (2004) |
| Belovitskaya et al. (2004) | |
| Kozlov +12 other references | |
| ... +2 other references |
| Belovitskaya et al. (2004) |
| Pavel.M. Kartashov (n.d.) | |
| Sokolova |
| Timophei Pashko data |
| Doroshkevich et al. (2016) +1 other reference |
| American Mineralogist 49:1774-1775 +1 other reference |
Slovakia | |
| Ozdín D. |
| Koděra (1986) |
| Koděra (1986) |
| Števko M. (2022) | |
| Zacharov M. & Peterec D. +1 other reference |
| Ďuďa |
| Števko |
| Koděra (1986) |
| Ozdín et al. (2007) |
| Chovan et al. (1981) +1 other reference |
| Števko M. (2021) |
| Martin Števko-unpublished |
South Africa | |
| Cairncross et al. (1995) |
| Lee +1 other reference | |
| Hammond et al. (2002) |
| Cairncross & Dixon (1995) +1 other reference |
| Cairncross et al. (1995) | |
| Moore et al. (2011) +2 other references |
| Gnos et al. (2003) |
| Costin et al. (2016) |
| Costin et al. (2014) +1 other reference | |
South Korea | |
| Lee et al. (106-24) +3 other references |
Spain | |
| Georges Favreau collection |
| Viñals et al. (2008) | |
| Arana et al. (1977) +1 other reference |
| Onac et al. (2014) +1 other reference |
| Coello et al. (92) +10 other references |
| Casillas et al. (2011) | |
| Bareche (2005) |
| Bareche (2005) |
| |
| fotosdepelu.blogspot.nl (n.d.) |
| Colección Juan A.M. Barnestein +1 other reference |
Sweden | |
| Wilke (1997) |
| Eckermann +20 other references |
| Sandström et al. (2010) |
Switzerland | |
| Stalder et al. (1998) |
| Stalder et al. (1998) |
| Schweizer Strahler 2/2009 |
| Stalder et al. (1998) |
| Stalder et al. (1998) |
| Stalder et al. (1998) |
| Soom (1981) +1 other reference | |
| Stalder et al. (1998) |
| Stalder et al. (1998) |
| Stalder et al. (1998) |
| Uebelhart (1991) |
| Stalder et al. (1998) |
| Kipfer (1984) +1 other reference |
| Stalder et al. (1998) |
| Stalder et al. (1998) |
| Stalder et al. (1998) |
Tanzania | |
| Zaitsev (2010) |
| Mitchell et al. (2021) | |
| Van Ryt et al. (2017) |
Tunisia | |
| Mlayah et al. (2009) |
Turkey | |
| Stumpfl et al. (1985) |
UK | |
| Young (1987) +1 other reference |
| Stanley et al. (1991) | |
| Green et al. (2000) |
| Render (n.d.) |
| Render (n.d.) |
| Embrey (1978) |
| Render (n.d.) |
| Day (1999) |
| |
| BMS Collection +1 other reference |
| Render (n.d.) |
| Day (1999) |
| F. Rutley: "Elements of Mineralogy" (1900) |
| |
| Render (n.d.) |
| Day (1999) | |
| Day (1999) |
| Wood (1993) |
| Render (n.d.) |
| Wood (1993) | |
| Wood (1993) | |
| Wood (1993) | |
| P. Nicholson Collection |
| Render (n.d.) |
| Render (n.d.) | |
| Render (n.d.) | |
| Dunham K C. The geology of the Northern ... | |
| Render (n.d.) | |
| Day (1999) |
| Render (n.d.) |
| Render (n.d.) |
| Render (n.d.) |
| Render (n.d.) | |
| F. Rutley: "Elements of Mineralogy" (1900) |
| |
| Mineralogical Magazine 1885 6 : 173-174 |
| Wolfe et al. (2008) +1 other reference | |
| King (1942) +3 other references |
| Day (1999) |
| Day (1999) |
| |
| Chris Popham Collection |
| Day (1999) | |
| |
| Garfield et al. (2008) +1 other reference |
| Garfield et al. (2008) +1 other reference | |
| Garfield et al. (2008) +1 other reference | |
| |
Ukraine | |
| Dvoichenko P.A. The minerals of Crimea (1914) |
| Dvoichenko P.A. The minerals of Crimea (1914) | |
| Tischenko Alexander |
| Geologiya SSSR (The geology of USSR) |
| Belous et al. (1984) |
| Kryvdik S. G. · Sharygin V. V. · Gatsenko V. O. · Lunev E. S. (2016) | |
USA | |
| Cook et al. (1982) |
| Rocks & Min 70:5 pp 320-333 | |
| - (2008) |
| Moore (1935) +1 other reference |
| MRDS file #10060160. |
| Anthony et al. (1995) |
| Henry Barwood - unpublished (2010) |
| Rocks & Min.: 63:111. |
| Econ Geol (1987) |
| Adams et al. (2014) |
| Murdoch et al. (1966) |
| Chandler (1996) |
| Van Nostrand Reinholt Press: 218. +2 other references |
| Troxel et al. (1962) +1 other reference |
| Van Nostrand Reinholt Press: 217. +3 other references |
| Van Nostrand Reinholt Press: 217. +2 other references |
| Palache et al. (1951) |
| Murdoch et al. (1966) |
| Woodford et al. (1941) |
| Woodford et al. (1941) +1 other reference | |
| - (2005) |
| Van Nostrand Reinholt Press: 217 +8 other references |
| Van Nostrand Reinholt Press: 290. +3 other references | |
| Vonsen (1951) |
| - (2005) |
| Van Nostrand Reinholt Press: 217 +3 other references |
| Murdoch et al. (1966) | |
| Van Nostrand Reinholt Press: 290. +3 other references | |
| Van Nostrand Reinholt Press: 217. +2 other references |
| Tucker (1939) +1 other reference |
| Eckel et al. (1997) |
| Am Min 50:1179-1212 +1 other reference |
| Eckel et al. (1997) | |
| USGS Prof Paper 649 +2 other references | |
| - (2005) | |
| USGS Prof Paper 649 +1 other reference | |
| Eckel et al. (1997) |
| Eckel et al. (1997) | |
| Armbrustmacher (1988) |
| Eckel et al. (1997) |
| Eckel et al. (1997) |
| Eckel et al. (1997) |
| Eckel et al. (1997) |
| Min News 5:10 pp 1-5 |
| MILTON (1977) +1 other reference | |
| Mineralogical Record |
| Cran Cowan specimen |
| Rocks & Minerals: 63: 221. +1 other reference | |
| Rocks & Min.: 63:211 | |
| A. Goldstein collection | |
| Rocks & Min.:63:225. +1 other reference |
| Rocks & Min.: 63:216 |
| www.mineralcollecting.org (n.d.) |
| Erd et al. (1960) |
| Erd et al. (1960) |
| Erd et al. (1960) |
| Rocks & Min.:61:148 +1 other reference | |
| E Harrington collection | |
| Steve Hajdu photo | |
| E Harrington collection | |
| Erd et al. (1960) |
| Rocks & Min.:61:150 +1 other reference |
| Rocks and Minerals Magazine Vol. 69 No. 4 (jul/aug 1994) +1 other reference |
| Specimen in collection of Steve Stuart |
| - (2005) |
| |
| T. Kennedy collection |
| Goldstein (2006) |
| Alan Goldstein collection |
| Goldstein (2006) |
| Goldstein (2006) |
| Goldstein (2006) | |
| Goldstein (2006) |
| Goldstein (2006) | |
| Goldstein (2006) | |
| - (2005) +1 other reference | |
| Goldstein (2006) |
| R&M 69:3 pp 156-162 |
| G. Scott Braley Collection |
| Rocks & Min.: 22: 226-227. |
| From Scot French collection |
| Edith Trybalski |
| Morris Jr. (1983) |
| ... | |
| Travis Olds collection |
| |
| Morris Jr. (1983) |
| Heinrich et al. (2004) |
| Morris Jr. (1983) |
| Heinrich et al. (2004) |
| Heinrich et al. (2004) |
| Econ Geol (1994) |
| Saunders et al. (1988) +1 other reference |
| Sherwood et al. (1998) |
| Economic Geology (1996) +1 other reference |
| |
| Castor et al. (2004) |
| Castor et al. (2004) |
| Minerals of Laurel Hill et al. (published privately) |
| Manchester (1931) |
| Dunn (1979) +1 other reference |
| Palache et al. (1951) +1 other reference |
| Kelley et al. (1975) +1 other reference | |
| Northrop et al. (1996) | |
| NY State Museum spec. no. 18162 |
| Kelly et al. (1999) | |
| NY State Museum spec. no.2640 |
| Rocks & Minerals 82:472-483 | |
| NY State Museum spec. no. 19584 |
| Robinson et al. (2007) |
| Rocks & Min.: 64:469-470. |
| New York State Museum mineral collection +1 other reference |
| Jensen (1942) |
| Donald Lapham examined from Dale ... |
| Am. Jour. Sci. (1911) |
| Chamberlain et al. (2013) |
| Rocks & min.:64 (5) |
| Kevin Czaja Collection |
| Rocks & Minerals 82:472-483 +1 other reference | |
| James Dwight Dana (1896) | |
| New York State Museum Bull. 223 et al. (July-August 1919) | |
| Chamberlain et al. (2001) |
| Marian Lupulescu et al. (2010) |
| NY State Museum spec. no. 18286 |
| King (n.d.) |
| Carlson (2015) |
| www.rockmanjoe.com/Georgetown.html. |
| Carlson (2015) |
| Jamison K. Brizendine specimens | |
| Carlson (2015) |
| Carlson (2015) |
| Joseph Vasichko (Collected by him at the quarry) |
| Carlson (2015) |
| Carlson (2015) |
| Carlson (2015) |
| Betts (n.d.) |
| Carlson (2015) |
| Scott Campbell Collection |
| Carlson (2015) |
| Rocks & Min. vol. 72 (1997) |
| Mineralogy of Pennsylvania 1966-1975 +1 other reference |
| The Mineralogy of Pennsylvania +1 other reference |
| Copious amounts collected during PESA ... |
| David W. Reynolds (1946-2015) |
| C.R. Carnein collection |
| collected by J. Dague |
| Rocks & Min.: 58: 265-266. |
| Mineralogy of Pennsylvania 1966-1976 +1 other reference |
| |
| Palache et al. (1951) |
| The Mineralogy of Pennsylvania 1966-1975 +1 other reference |
| Jeff Wilson Collection |
| K. Cabaniss & L.E. Kearns (2011) |
| |
| Ref.1 +2 other references | |
| Rocks & Minerals: 60: 111. |
| Jensen et al. (1) +1 other reference |
| Travis A. Paris (2011) |
| Smith (1991) |
| Smith (1991) |
| Smith (1991) |
| Smith (1991) |
| E.L. Clopton collection #1591 +1 other reference | |
| Rocks & Minerals: 66 (3) +1 other reference | |
| Smith (1991) |
| Smith (1991) |
| Bruce Thorne |
| Bullock (1981) |
| Dietrich (1990) |
| |
| Dietrich (1990) |
| Dietrich (1990) |
| Rocks & Min.:60:170. +1 other reference |
| Virginia Minerals Vol 29. No 2. +1 other reference | |
| Virginia Minerals Vol 29. No 2: | |
| Virginia Minerals Vol 29. No 2: | |
| Virginia Minerals Vol 29. No 2: | |
| |
| Palache et al. (1951) +1 other reference |
| George H. Williams (1890) |
| Cordua (1998) |
| Cordua (1998) |
| Van Rythoven et al. (2020) |
| Van Rythoven et al. (2020) +1 other reference | |
| Chakhmouradian et al. (2017) |
| Osterwald (1952) |
Uzbekistan | |
| Solodov et al. (2001) |
Vietnam | |
| THUY et al. (2017) |
| Feldman l.G. et al. (1987) +4 other references | |
Zambia | |
| Berger et al. (2009) |
| MacIntyre (2019) |
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Dreislar Mine, Dreislar, Medebach, Hochsauerlandkreis, Arnsberg, North Rhine-Westphalia, Germany