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Ambulocetus

Description

Ambulocetus (meaning "walking whale") is an early cetacean with short limbs and large feet used for swimming. Along with other members of Ambulocetidae, it is a transitional fossil that shows how whales evolved from land-living mammals. While its name stems from the historical hypothesis that it was capable of walking on land, more recent research suggests that it was fully aquatic like modern cetaceans.


Source Data
SourceIDLink
Global Biodiversity Information Facility ID (GBIF)4832333https://www.gbif.org/species/4832333
PaleoBioDB ID (PBDB)36660https://paleobiodb.org/classic/checkTaxonInfo?taxon_no=36660
Rankgenus
Taxonomy (GBIF,PBDB)Life : Animalia : Chordata : Mammalia : Cetacea : Ambulocetidae : Ambulocetus
Taxonomic Status (GBIF)accepted
Classification
(PBDB,GBIF)
RankNameAuthor
-Eukaryota
-OpisthokontaCavalier-Smith 1987
kingdomAnimalia
-TriploblasticaLankester 1877
-NephrozoaJondelius et al. 2002
-DeuterostomiaGrobben 1908
phylumChordataHaeckel 1847
subphylumVertebrataLamarck 1801
superclassGnathostomataGegenbauer 1874
-Osteichthyes
-SarcopterygiiRomer 1955
subclassDipnotetrapodomorpha
subclassTetrapodomorpha
-Tetrapoda
-ReptiliomorphaSäve-Söderbergh 1934
-AnthracosauriaSäve-Söderbergh 1934
-Batrachosauria
-Cotylosauria
-AmniotaHaeckel 1866
-SynapsidaOsborn 1903
-Therapsida
infraorderCynodontia
-EpicynodontiaHopson and Kitching 2001
infraorderEucynodontiaKemp 1982
-ProbainognathiaHopson 1990
-MammaliamorphaRowe 1988
-MammaliaformesRowe 1988
classMammaliaLinnaeus 1758
orderCetaceaBrisson 1762
familyAmbulocetidaeThewissen et al. 1996
genusAmbulocetusThewissen Hussain & Arif 1994
Scientific NameAmbulocetus Thewissen, Hussain & Arif, 1994
Name Published InScience (Washington D C) 263 (5144), 14 January
Opinions (PBDB)
NameRankOpinionEvidenceAuthor
Ambulocetusgenusbelongs to Protocetidaestated without evidenceThewissen et al., 1994
Ambulocetusgenusbelongs to Ambulocetidaestated without evidenceThewissen et al., 1996
Ambulocetusgenusbelongs to PakicetinaeimpliedMcKenna and Bell, 1997
Ambulocetusgenusbelongs to Ambulocetidaestated without evidenceWilliams, 1998
Ambulocetusgenusbelongs to Cetaceasecond handSepkoski, 2002
Ambulocetusgenusbelongs to Ambulocetidaestated without evidenceGeisler and Sanders, 2003
Ambulocetusgenusbelongs to Cetaceamorphastated without evidenceSpaulding et al., 2009
Ambulocetusgenusbelongs to Ambulocetidaestated without evidenceUhen, 2010
Ambulocetusgenusbelongs to AmbulocetidaeimpliedGao and Ni, 2015
Ambulocetusgenusbelongs to Ambulocetidaestated with evidenceMarx et al., 2016
Ambulocetusgenusbelongs to Ambulocetidaestated without evidenceBerta, 2017
Status (PBDB)extinct
Taxon Size (PBDB)2
First Recorded Appearance47.8 - 41.3 Ma
Eocene
Last Recorded Appearance47.8 - 41.3 Ma
Eocene
Environmentmarine (based on Cetacea)
Motilityactively mobile (based on Cetacea)
Dietcarnivore (based on Cetacea)
Reproductionviviparous (based on Cetacea)
Ontogenymodification of parts (based on Cetacea)
Taphonomyhydroxylapatite (based on Cetacea)
Primary Reference (PBDB)J. G. M. Thewissen, S. T. Hussain, and M. Arif. 1994. Fossil evidence for the origin of aquatic locomotion in archaeocete whales. Science 263:210-212
Wikipediahttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ambulocetus

Fossil Distribution

Subtaxa

NameStatusCommon Name(s)Fossil OccurrencesOldestYoungest
Ambulocetus natans
species
accepted (GBIF)
listed (PBDB)
247.8 Ma
Eocene
47.8 Ma
Eocene

Synonymy List

YearName and Author
1994Ambulocetus Thewissen et al. pp. 210-212 figs. 1-2
1996Ambulocetus Thewissen et al. p. 10
1997Ambulocetus McKenna and Bell p. 370
1998Ambulocetus Williams p. 5
2001Ambulocetus Thewissen et al. p. suppl.
2002Ambulocetus Sepkoski, Jr.
2003Ambulocetus Geisler and Sanders p. 27
2004Ambulocetus van Vliet p. 143
YearName and Author
2008Ambulocetus McLeod and Barnes p. 93
2009Ambulocetus Spaulding et al.
2010Ambulocetus Uhen p. 201
2012Ambulocetus Gingerich p. 313 figs. Figure 4
2015Ambulocetus Gao and Ni p. 156 figs. Table 1
2016Ambulocetus Marx et al. p. 98
2017Ambulocetus Berta p. 158

References

Thewissen J. G. M., Hussain S. T., et al (1994) Fossil evidence for the origin of aquatic locomotion in archaeocete whales, Science 263, 210-212
Thewissen J. G. M, Madar S. I., et al (1996) Ambulocetus natans, and Eocene cetacean (Mammalia) from Pakistan, Courier Forschungsinstitut Senckenberg 191, 1-86
McKenna M. C., Bell S. K. (1997) , Classification of Mammals Above the Species Level, 1-640
Thewissen J. G. M, Williams E. M., et al (2001) Skeletons of terrestrial cetaceans and the relationship of whales to artiodactyls, Nature 413, 277-281
Sepkoski, Jr. J. J. (2002) A compendium of fossil marine animal genera, Bulletins of American Paleontology 363, 1-560
van Vliet H. J. (2004) Wadi Hitan, het dal der walvissen over oerwalvissen in Egypte en de evolutie der walvissen, Grondboor & Hamer 6, 141-147
McLeod S. A., Barnes L. G. (2008) A new genus and species of Eocene protocetid archaeocete whale (Mammalia, Cetacea) from the Atlantic Coastal plain, Science Series, Natural History Museum of Los Angeles County 41, 73-98
Spaulding M., O'Leary M. A., et al (2009) Relationships of Cetacea (Artiodactyla) among mammals: Increased taxon sampling alters interpretations of key fossils and character evolution, PloS One 4 9, e7062
Gingerich P. D. (2012) Evolution of whales from land to sea, Proceedings of the American Philosophical Society 156 3, 309-323
Marx F. G., Lambert O., et al (2016) Cetacean Paleobiology, 1-319
Berta A. (2017) , The Rise of Marine Mammals: 50 Million Years of Evolution, 1-198
GBIF/Paleo Database - via The Interim Register of Marine and Nonmarine Genera
Nomenclator Zoologicus. A list of the names of genera and subgenera in zoology from the tenth edition of Linnaeus, 1758 to the end of 2004. Digitised by uBio from vols. 1-9 of Neave (ed.), 1939-1996 plus supplementary digital-only volume. http://ubio.org/NomenclatorZoologicus (as at 2006). - via The Interim Register of Marine and Nonmarine Genera
Sepkoski, J. J., Jr. (2002). A compendium of fossil marine animal genera. Bulletins of American Paleontology. 363, 1-560. - via The Interim Register of Marine and Nonmarine Genera
Science (Washington D C) 263 (5144), 14 January - via The Interim Register of Marine and Nonmarine Genera
Data courtesy of: PBDB: The Paleobiology Database, Creative Commons CC-BY licenced. , GBIF: the Global Biodiversity Information Facility, various licences, iDigBio, various licences, and EOL: The Encyclopedia of Life (Open Data Public Domain). Because fossils are made of minerals too!
 
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