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Pliosaurus ✝

Photos

Photo Gallery

Source Data

Source	ID	Link
Global Biodiversity Information Facility ID (GBIF)	Not linked to a GBIF record.
PaleoBioDB ID (PBDB)	36505	https://paleobiodb.org/classic/checkTaxonInfo?taxon_no=36505

Rank

genus (PBDB)

Taxonomy (PBDB)

Life : Animalia : Chordata : Reptilia : Sauropterygia : Pliosauridae : Pliosaurus

Classification
(PBDB,GBIF)

Rank	Name	Author
-	Eukaryota
-	Opisthokonta	Cavalier-Smith 1987
kingdom	Animalia
-	Triploblastica	Lankester 1877
-	Nephrozoa	Jondelius et al. 2002
-	Deuterostomia	Grobben 1908
phylum	Chordata	Haeckel 1847
subphylum	Vertebrata	Lamarck 1801
superclass	Gnathostomata	Gegenbauer 1874
-	Osteichthyes
-	Sarcopterygii	Romer 1955
subclass	Dipnotetrapodomorpha
subclass	Tetrapodomorpha
-	Tetrapoda
-	Reptiliomorpha	Säve-Söderbergh 1934
-	Anthracosauria	Säve-Söderbergh 1934
-	Batrachosauria
-	Cotylosauria
-	Amniota	Haeckel 1866
-	Sauropsida	Huxley 1864
class	Reptilia	Laurenti 1768
subclass	Eureptilia
-	Romeriida	Gauthier et al. 1988
-	Diapsida
order	Sauropterygia	Owen 1861
-	Pistosauria
-	Plesiosauria
family	Pliosauridae	Seeley 1874
-	Thalassophonea	Benson and Druckenmiller 2014
genus	Pliosaurus	Owen 1841

Opinions (PBDB)

Name	Rank	Opinion	Evidence	Author
Pliosaurus	subgenus	belongs to Plesiosaurus	stated with evidence	Owen, 1841
Pliosaurus	genus	belongs to Enaliosauria	stated with evidence	Owen, 1842
Pliosaurus	genus	belongs to Nexipodes	stated without evidence	Meyer, 1845
Pliosaurus	genus	belongs to Ichthyosauridae	stated without evidence	d'Orbigny, 1849
Pliosaurus	genus	belongs to Sauropterygia	stated without evidence	Owen, 1861
Pliosaurus	genus	belongs to Plesiosauria	stated without evidence	Phillips, 1871
Pliosaurus	genus	belongs to Plesiosauridae	stated with evidence	Cope, 1871
Pliosaurus	genus	belongs to Pliosauridae	stated with evidence	Seeley, 1874
Pliosaurus	genus	belongs to Plesiosauridae	stated with evidence	Cope, 1875
Pliosaurus	genus	belongs to Plesiosauridae	stated without evidence	Lydekker, 1889
Pliosaurus	genus	belongs to Pliosauridae	stated with evidence	Andrews, 1913
Pliosaurus	genus	belongs to Pliosauridae	stated without evidence	White, 1940
Pliosaurus	genus	belongs to Pliosauridae	stated with evidence	Tarlo, 1960
Pliosaurus	genus	belongs to Pliosauridae	stated without evidence	Delair, 1960
Pliosaurus	genus	belongs to Pliosauridae	implied	Carroll, 1988
Pliosaurus	genus	belongs to Pliosauridae	stated without evidence	Malakhov, 1999
Pliosaurus	genus	belongs to Plesiosauria	second hand	Sepkoski, 2002
Pliosaurus	genus	belongs to Pliosauridae	stated without evidence	Noè et al., 2004
Pliosaurus	genus	belongs to Pliosauridae	stated with evidence	Ketchum and Benson, 2010
Pliosaurus	genus	belongs to Pliosauridae	stated without evidence	Knutsen et al., 2012
Pliosaurus	genus	belongs to Thalassophonea	stated with evidence	Benson et al., 2013
Pliosaurus	genus	belongs to Thalassophonea	stated without evidence	O'Gorman et al., 2018

Status (PBDB)

extinct

Taxon Size (PBDB)

First Recorded Appearance

166 - 164 Ma
Middle Jurassic

Last Recorded Appearance

70.6 - 66.0 Ma
Late/Upper Cretaceous

Environment

marine (based on Plesiosauria)

Motility

actively mobile (based on Plesiosauria)

Diet

carnivore (based on Plesiosauria)

Reproduction

viviparous (based on Plesiosauria)

Taphonomy

hydroxylapatite (based on Plesiosauria)

Primary Reference (PBDB)

R. Owen. 1841. Odontography; or, a Treatise on the Comparative Anatomy of the Teeth; Their Physiological Relations, Mode of Development, and Microscopic Structure, in the Vertebrate Animals. Part II. Dental System of Reptiles

Fossil Distribution

Subtaxa

Name	Status	Fossil Occurrences	Oldest	Youngest
Pleiosaurus macromerus ✝ species	listed (PBDB)
Pliosaurus almanzaensis ✝ species	listed (PBDB)	1	151 Ma Late Jurassic	151 Ma Late Jurassic
Pliosaurus andrewsi ✝ species	listed (PBDB)	2	165 Ma Middle Jurassic	164 Ma Middle Jurassic
Pliosaurus brachydeirus ✝ species	doubtful (GBIF) listed (PBDB)	15	157 Ma Jurassic	151 Ma Late Jurassic
Pliosaurus carpenteri ✝ species	doubtful (GBIF) listed (PBDB)	1	156 Ma Jurassic	156 Ma Jurassic
Pliosaurus funkei ✝ species	doubtful (GBIF) listed (PBDB)	2	152 Ma Late Jurassic	152 Ma Late Jurassic
Pliosaurus gamma ✝ species	listed (PBDB)	1	157 Ma Jurassic	157 Ma Jurassic
Pliosaurus grandis ✝ species	listed (PBDB)	2	165 Ma Middle Jurassic	157 Ma Jurassic
Pliosaurus grossouvrei ✝ species	listed (PBDB)	3	164 Ma Middle Jurassic	161 Ma Jurassic
Pliosaurus kevani ✝ species	doubtful (GBIF) listed (PBDB)	3	156 Ma Jurassic	156 Ma Jurassic
Pliosaurus patagonicus ✝ species	doubtful (GBIF) listed (PBDB)	1	151 Ma Late Jurassic	151 Ma Late Jurassic
Pliosaurus phosphaticus ✝ species	listed (PBDB)	1	145 Ma Late Jurassic	145 Ma Late Jurassic
Pliosaurus rossicus ✝ species	listed (PBDB)	3	156 Ma Jurassic	151 Ma Late Jurassic
Pliosaurus westburyensis ✝ species	doubtful (GBIF) listed (PBDB)	1	156 Ma Jurassic	156 Ma Jurassic

Synonymy List

Year	Name and Author
1824	Plesiosaurus giganteus Conybeare
1838	Ischyrodon Merian
1841	Plesiosaurus (Pleiosaurus) Owen pp. 282-285 figs. Plate 68, fig. 5-5''
1842	Pliosaurus Owen p. 64
1845	Spondylosaurus Fischer
1845	Pliosaurus Meyer p. 281
1845	Ischyrodon Meyer p. 282
1849	Pliosaurus d'Orbigny p. 211
1849	Spondylosaurus d'Orbigny p. 211
1852	Ischyrodon Quenstedt p. 119
1861	Pliosaurus Owen p. 252
1861	Spondylosaurus Owen p. 255
1871	Pliosaurus Cope p. 235
1871	Pleiosaurus Phillips
1874	Cetiosaurus rigauxi Sauvage p. 19
1874	Pliosaurus Seeley
1875	Pliosaurus Cope p. 15
1889	Pliosaurus Lydekker pp. 120-123 fig. 36
1903	Pliosaurus Stefano p. 66
1913	Pliosaurus Andrews p. 2
1940	Pliosaurus White p. 465
1948	Peloneustes irigisensis Novozhilov p. 118 fig. 1b

Year	Name and Author
1959	Stretosaurus Tarlo
1960	Pliosaurus Delair p. 69
1960	Pliosaurus Tarlo p. 152
1960	Stretosaurus Tarlo p. 159
1960	Pliosaurus irgisensis Tarlo p. 174
1988	Pliosaurus Carroll
1988	Stretosaurus Carroll
1999	Pliosaurus Malakhov p. 241
2000	Pliosaurus irgisensis Storrs et al. p. 192
2002	Pliosaurus Sepkoski, Jr.
2002	Stretosaurus Sepkoski, Jr.
2004	Pliosaurus Noè et al. p. 14
2004	Pliosaurus portentificus Noè et al. p. 14 figs. 1-2
2010	Pliosaurus Ketchum and Benson p. 15
2011	Pliosaurus Ketchum and Benson p. 126
2012	Pliosaurus Knutsen p. 260
2012	Pliosaurus Knutsen et al. pp. 238-239
2012	Pliosaurus Sassoon et al. p. 4 figs. 2-11
2013	Pliosaurus Benson et al.
2014	Pliosaurus Benson and Druckenmiller figs. 2-3
2018	Pliosaurus O'Gorman et al.

References

Owen R. , Odontography; or, a Treatise on the Comparative Anatomy of the Teeth; Their Physiological Relations, Mode of Development, and Microscopic Structure, in the Vertebrate Animals. Part II. Dental System of Reptiles, 179-295

Conybeare W. D. On the discovery of an almost perfect skeleton of the Plesiosaurus, Transactions of the Geological Society of London, series 2 1, 381-389 doi:10.1144/transgslb.1.2.381

Owen R. Report on British fossil reptiles, part II, Report of the British Association for the Advancement of Science 11, 60-204

Meyer H. v. System der fossilen Saurier [Taxonomy of fossil saurians], Neues Jahrbuch für Mineralogie, Geognosie, Geologie und Petrefakten-Kunde 1845, 278-285

Quenstedt F. A. , Handbuch der Petrefaktenkunde, 1st edition. H. Laupp'schen, Tübingen, 1-792

Owen R. , Palaeontology, or a Systematic Summary of Extinct Animals and their Geological Relations. Second Edition. Adam and Charles Black, Edinburgh, 1-463

Cope E. D. On the homologies of some of the cranial bones of the Reptilia, and on the systematic arrangement of the class, Proceedings of the American Association for the Advancement of Science 19, 194-247

Phillips J. , Geology of Oxford and the Valley of the Thames. Clarendon Press, Oxford, 1-523

Sauvage H.-E. Mémoire sur les dinosauriens et les crocodiliens des terrains jurassiques de Boulogne-sur-Mer [Memoir on the dinosaurs and crocodilians of the Jurassic deposits of Boulogne-sur-mer], Mémoires de la Société Géologique de France, série 2 10 2, 1-57

Seeley H. G. Note on some generic modifications of the plesiosaurian pectoral arch, Quarterly Journal of the Geological Society of London 30, 436-449

Cope E. D. Check-list of North American Batrachia and Reptilia; with a systematic list of the higher groups, and an essay on geographical distribution. Based on the specimens contained in the U. S. National Museum, Bulletin of the United States National Museum 1, 1-109

Lydekker R. , Catalogue of the Fossil Reptilia and Amphibia, Part II. Containing the orders Ichthyopterygia and Sauropterygia

Stefano G. (1903) Nuovi rettili degli strati a fosfato della Tunisia, Bollettino della Societa Geologica Italiana 22, 51-80

Andrews C. W. (1913) , A Descriptive Catalogue of the Marine Reptiles of the Oxford Clay. Based on the Leeds Collection in the British Museum (Natural History), London. Part II

White T. E. (1940) Holotype of Plesiosaurus longirostris Blake and classification of the plesiosaurs, Journal of Paleontology 14 5, 451-467

Novozhilov N. I. (1948) Two new pliosaurs from the lower Volgian tier of the Volga region (right bank), Doklady Akademii Nauk SSSR 60, 115-118

Tarlo L. B. (1959) Stretosaurus gen. nov., a giant pliosaur form the Kimmeridge Clay, Palaeontology 2 1, 39-55

Delair J. B. (1960) The Mesozoic reptiles of Dorset. Part two, Proceedings of the Dorset Natural History and Archaeological Society 80, 52-90

Tarlo L. B. (1960) A review of Upper Jurassic pliosaurs, Bulletin of the British Museum (Natural History), Geology Series 14 5, 147-189

Carroll R. L. (1988) , Vertebrate Paleontology and Evolution, 1-698

Malakhov D. V. (1999) Giant pliosaur (Reptilia; Sauropterygia) from the Late Jurassic of Kazakhstan and some remarks on the systematics of Pliosauridae, Russian Journal of Hepetology 6 3, 241-246

Storrs G. W., Arkhangel'skii M. S., et al (2000) Mesozoic marine reptiles of Russia and other former Soviet republics, The age of dinosaurs in Russia and Mongolia, 187-210

Sepkoski, Jr. J. J. (2002) A compendium of fossil marine animal genera, Bulletins of American Paleontology 363, 1-560

Noè L. F., Smith D. T. J., et al (2004) A new species of Kimmeridgian pliosaur (Reptilia; Sauropterygia) and its bearing on the nomenclature of Liopleurodon macromerus, Proceedings of the Geologists' Association 115, 13-24

Ketchum H. F., Benson R. B. J. (2010) Global interrelationships of Plesiosauria (Reptilia, Sauropterygia) and the pivotal role of taxon sampling in determining the outcome of phylogenetic analyses, Biological Reviews 85, 361-392 doi:10.1111/j.1469-185X.2009.00107.x

Ketchum H. F., Benson R. B. J. (2011) A new pliosaurid (Sauropterygia, Plesiosauria) from the Oxford CLay Formation (Middle Jurassic, Callovian) of England: evidence for a gracile, longirostrine grade of Early-Middle Jurassic pliosaurids, Special Papers in Palaeontology 86, 109-129

Knutsen E. M., Druckenmiller P. S., et al (2012) A new species of Pliosaurus (Sauropterygia: Plesiosauria) from the Middle Volgian of central Spitsbergen, Norway, Norwegian Journal of Geology 92, 235-258

Sassoon J., Noe L. F., et al (2012) Cranial anatomy, taxonomic implications and palaeopathology of an Upper Jurassic pliosaur (Reptilia: Sauropterygia) from Westbury, Wiltshire, UK, Palaeontology 55 4, 743-773 doi:10.1111/j.1475-4983.2012.01151.x

Benson R. B. J., Evans M., et al (2013) A giant pliosaurid skull from the Late Jurassic of England, PLoS ONE 8 5, e65989 doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0065989

Benson R. B. J., Druckenmiller P. S. (2014) Faunal turnover of marine tetrapods during the Jurassic–Cretaceous transition, Biological Reviews 89 1, 1-23 doi:10.1111/brv.12038

O'Gorman J. P., Gasparini Z., et al (2018) A new Pliosaurus species (Sauropterygia, Plesiosauria) from the Upper Jurassic of Patagonia: new insights on the Tithonian morphological disparity of mandibular symphyseal morphology, Journal of Paleontology 92 2, 240-253 doi:10.1017/jpa.2017.82

Data courtesy of: PBDB: The Paleobiology Database, Creative Commons CC-BY licenced. , GBIF: the Global Biodiversity Information Facility, various licences, iDigBio, various licences, and EOL: The Encyclopedia of Life (Open Data Public Domain). Because fossils are made of minerals too!

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