Cosalite
A valid IMA mineral species - grandfathered
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About Cosalite
Formula:
Pb2Bi2S5
Always contains minor Cu and nearly always contains minor Ag. Both seem to be essential.
Colour:
Grey
Lustre:
Metallic
Hardness:
2½ - 3
Specific Gravity:
6.86 - 6.99
Crystal System:
Orthorhombic
Name:
From the locality at the Cosala Mine, Sinaloa, Mexico.
Type Locality:
One of the more common lead-bismuth sulphides, along with galenobismutite.
Appears to contain Cu and Ag as apparently essential constituents, according to Clark (1993) ("Hey's Mineral Index") and Zak et al. (1992) and the detailed study of Topa & Makovicky (2010). The latter propose the general formula CuxAgi+sPb8-2s-0.5(x+i)Bi8+sS20; they state: cosalite is "a unique case of solid-solution based on a combined omission-interstitial insertion substitution".
Appears to contain Cu and Ag as apparently essential constituents, according to Clark (1993) ("Hey's Mineral Index") and Zak et al. (1992) and the detailed study of Topa & Makovicky (2010). The latter propose the general formula CuxAgi+sPb8-2s-0.5(x+i)Bi8+sS20; they state: cosalite is "a unique case of solid-solution based on a combined omission-interstitial insertion substitution".
Unique Identifiers
Mindat ID:
1139
Long-form identifier:
mindat:1:1:1139:2
GUID
(UUID V4):
(UUID V4):
f98ddb9e-7353-432b-9bf8-102ed10bd55c
IMA Classification of Cosalite
Approved, 'Grandfathered' (first described prior to 1959)
Classification of Cosalite
2.JB.10
2 : SULFIDES and SULFOSALTS (sulfides, selenides, tellurides; arsenides, antimonides, bismuthides; sulfarsenites, sulfantimonites, sulfbismuthites, etc.)
J : Sulfosalts of PbS archetype
B : Galena derivatives, with Pb
2 : SULFIDES and SULFOSALTS (sulfides, selenides, tellurides; arsenides, antimonides, bismuthides; sulfarsenites, sulfantimonites, sulfbismuthites, etc.)
J : Sulfosalts of PbS archetype
B : Galena derivatives, with Pb
3.5.9.1
3 : SULFOSALTS
5 : 2.5 < ø < 3
3 : SULFOSALTS
5 : 2.5 < ø < 3
5.6.24
5 : Sulphosalts - Sulpharsenites and Sulphobismuthites (those containing Sn, Ge,or V are in Section 6)
6 : Sulpharsenites etc. of Pb alone
5 : Sulphosalts - Sulpharsenites and Sulphobismuthites (those containing Sn, Ge,or V are in Section 6)
6 : Sulpharsenites etc. of Pb alone
Mineral Symbols
As of 2021 there are now IMA–CNMNC approved mineral symbols (abbreviations) for each mineral species, useful for tables and diagrams.
Please only use the official IMA–CNMNC symbol. Older variants are listed for historical use only.
Please only use the official IMA–CNMNC symbol. Older variants are listed for historical use only.
Symbol | Source | Reference |
---|---|---|
Cos | IMA–CNMNC | Warr, L.N. (2021). IMA–CNMNC approved mineral symbols. Mineralogical Magazine, 85(3), 291-320. doi:10.1180/mgm.2021.43 |
Cos | The Canadian Mineralogist (2019) | The Canadian Mineralogist (2019) The Canadian Mineralogist list of symbols for rock- and ore-forming minerals (December 30, 2019). download |
Physical Properties of Cosalite
Metallic
Transparency:
Opaque
Colour:
Grey
Streak:
Black
Hardness:
2½ - 3 on Mohs scale
Cleavage:
Distinct/Good
Very rare
Very rare
Fracture:
Irregular/Uneven
Density:
6.86 - 6.99 g/cm3 (Measured) 7.12 g/cm3 (Calculated)
Optical Data of Cosalite
Anisotropism:
Very weak, distinct in oil
Reflectivity:
Wavelength | R1 | R2 |
---|---|---|
400nm | 48.2% | 51.4% |
420nm | 47.0% | 50.3% |
440nm | 45.9% | 49.5% |
460nm | 44.9% | 48.7% |
480nm | 43.9% | 47.9% |
500nm | 43.0% | 47.1% |
520nm | 42.2% | 46.4% |
540nm | 41.6% | 45.9% |
560nm | 41.1% | 45.5% |
580nm | 40.8% | 45.3% |
600nm | 40.5% | 45.2% |
620nm | 40.4% | 45.2% |
640nm | 40.2% | 45.2% |
660nm | 40.1% | 45.2% |
680nm | 40.1% | 45.2% |
700nm | 40.0% | 45.1% |
Graph shows reflectance levels at different wavelengths (in nm). Top of box is 100%. Peak reflectance is 51.4%.
R1 shown in black, R2 shown in red
Colour in reflected light:
White with trace of cream
Pleochroism:
Weak
Comments:
Very weak.
Chemistry of Cosalite
Mindat Formula:
Pb2Bi2S5
Always contains minor Cu and nearly always contains minor Ag. Both seem to be essential.
Always contains minor Cu and nearly always contains minor Ag. Both seem to be essential.
Elements listed:
Common Impurities:
Cu,Fe
Crystallography of Cosalite
Crystal System:
Orthorhombic
Class (H-M):
mmm (2/m 2/m 2/m) - Dipyramidal
Cell Parameters:
a = 19.09 Å, b = 23.87 Å, c = 4.055 Å
Ratio:
a:b:c = 0.8 : 1 : 0.17
Unit Cell V:
1,847.78 ų (Calculated from Unit Cell)
Z:
8
Morphology:
Prismatic [001]. Frequently elongated to needle-like and capillary forms. Usually massive, also in radiating prismatic, fibrous, or feathery aggregates.
Comment:
Strongly substituted (Cu, Ag, excess Bi) samples have volumes of 1830-1837 Å3 (Topa & Makovicky, 2010).
Crystal Structure
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Data courtesy of the American Mineralogist Crystal Structure Database. Click on an AMCSD ID to view structure
ID | Species | Reference | Link | Year | Locality | Pressure (GPa) | Temp (K) |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
0017816 | Cosalite | Topa D, Makovicky E (2010) The crystal chemistry of cosalite based on new electron-microprobe data and single-crystal determination of the structure The Canadian Mineralogist 48 1081-1107 | 2010 | Felbertal scheelite deposit, Hobe Tauern Window, Pinzgau, Austria | 0 | 293 | |
0017817 | Cosalite | Topa D, Makovicky E (2010) The crystal chemistry of cosalite based on new electron-microprobe data and single-crystal determination of the structure The Canadian Mineralogist 48 1081-1107 | 2010 | Habachtal, Hobe Tauern Window, Pinzgau, Austria | 0 | 293 | |
0017818 | Cosalite | Topa D, Makovicky E (2010) The crystal chemistry of cosalite based on new electron-microprobe data and single-crystal determination of the structure The Canadian Mineralogist 48 1081-1107 | 2010 | Altenberg, Hobe Tauern Window, Lungau, Austria | 0 | 293 | |
0017819 | Cosalite | Topa D, Makovicky E (2010) The crystal chemistry of cosalite based on new electron-microprobe data and single-crystal determination of the structure The Canadian Mineralogist 48 1081-1107 | 2010 | Ocna de Fier, Romania | 0 | 293 | |
0017820 | Cosalite | Topa D, Makovicky E (2010) The crystal chemistry of cosalite based on new electron-microprobe data and single-crystal determination of the structure The Canadian Mineralogist 48 1081-1107 | 2010 | Erzwiess, Hobe Tauern Window, Gasteinertal, Austria | 0 | 293 | |
0017821 | Cosalite | Topa D, Makovicky E (2010) The crystal chemistry of cosalite based on new electron-microprobe data and single-crystal determination of the structure The Canadian Mineralogist 48 1081-1107 | 2010 | Schareck, Hobe Tauern Window, Schareck-Siglitz, Gasteinertal, Austria | 0 | 293 | |
0010765 | Cosalite | Srikrishnan T, Nowacki W (1974) A redetermination of the crystal structure of cosalite, Pb2Bi2S5 Zeitschrift fur Kristallographie 140 114-136 | 1974 | Cariboo gold mines, Wells, British Columbia, Canada | 0 | 293 |
CIF Raw Data - click here to close
X-Ray Powder Diffraction
Powder Diffraction Data:
d-spacing | Intensity |
---|---|
3.44 Å | (100) |
2.81 Å | (30) |
3.37 Å | (23) |
2.96 Å | (22) |
1.911 Å | (17) |
2.13 Å | (15) |
3.72 Å | (14) |
Geological Environment
Paragenetic Mode(s):
Paragenetic Mode | Earliest Age (Ga) |
---|---|
High-𝑇 alteration and/or metamorphism | |
33 : Minerals deposited by hydrothermal metal-rich fluids (see also [#12]) |
Geological Setting:
Moderate temperature hydrothermal veins, contact metasomatic deposits, epithermal replacements, pegmatites.
Type Occurrence of Cosalite
Place of Conservation of Type Material:
n.d.
Synonyms of Cosalite
Other Language Names for Cosalite
Varieties of Cosalite
Antimony-bearing Cosalite | An antimony-bearing variety of cosalite. |
Argentocosalite | Unnecessary name for a Ag-bearing cosalite. |
Argentocuprocosalite | Unnecessary name for Ag- and Cu-bearing cosalite. |
Selenium-bearing Cosalite |
Common Associates
Associated Minerals Based on Photo Data:
88 photos of Cosalite associated with Quartz | SiO2 |
28 photos of Cosalite associated with Gold | Au |
27 photos of Cosalite associated with Galenobismutite | PbBi2S4 |
21 photos of Cosalite associated with Pyrite | FeS2 |
17 photos of Cosalite associated with Chalcopyrite | CuFeS2 |
13 photos of Cosalite associated with Fluorite | CaF2 |
10 photos of Cosalite associated with Calcite | CaCO3 |
9 photos of Cosalite associated with Smoky Quartz | SiO2 |
6 photos of Cosalite associated with Siderite | FeCO3 |
5 photos of Cosalite associated with Galena | PbS |
Related Minerals - Strunz-mindat Grouping
2.JB. | Senandorite | AgPbSb3S6 |
2.JB. | Oscarkempffite | Ag10Pb4(Sb17Bi9)S48 |
2.JB. | Chukotkaite | AgPb7Sb5S15 |
2.JB. | Arsenquatrandorite | Ag17.6Pb12.8Sb38.1As11.5S96 |
2.JB. | Clino-oscarkempffite | Ag15Pb6Sb21Bi18S72 |
2.JB. | Andreadiniite | CuHgAg7Pb7Sb24S48 |
2.JB. | Ginelfite | Ag2(Ag0.5Fe)TlPb23.5(Sb,As)33.5S76 |
2.JB. | Lazerckerite | Ag3.75Pb4.50(Sb7.75Bi4)S24 |
2.JB. | Lasmanisite | Ag12Pb13Mn11Sb44S96 |
2.JB. | Montpelvouxite | AgPb16Sb27As18S84 |
2.JB. | Selenojunoite | Cu2Pb3Bi8Se16 |
2.JB.05 | Diaphorite | Ag3Pb2Sb3S8 |
2.JB.15 | Freieslebenite | AgPbSbS3 |
2.JB.15 | Marrite | AgPbAsS3 |
2.JB.20 | Cannizzarite | Pb48Bi56S132 |
2.JB.20 | Wittite | Pb9Bi12(S,Se)27 |
2.JB.25a | Junoite | Cu2Pb3Bi8(S,Se)16 |
2.JB.25i | Neyite | Ag2Cu6Pb25Bi26S68 |
2.JB.25c | Nordströmite | CuPb3Bi7(Se4S10) |
2.JB.25g | Nuffieldite | Cu1.4Pb2.4Bi2.4Sb0.2S7 |
2.JB.25d | Proudite | CuPb7.5Bi9.33(S,Se)22 |
2.JB.25h | Weibullite | Pb5Bi8Se7S11 |
2.JB.25b | Felbertalite | Cu2Pb6Bi8S19 |
2.JB.25j | Rouxelite | Cu2HgPb23Sb27S65.5 |
2.JB.25f | Ángelaite | Cu2AgPbBiS4 |
2.JB.25i | Cuproneyite | Cu7Pb27Bi25S68 |
2.JB.30a | Geocronite | Pb14Sb6S23 |
2.JB.30a | Jordanite | Pb14As6S23 |
2.JB.30b | Kirkiite | Pb10Bi3As3S19 |
2.JB.30c | Tsugaruite | Pb28As15S50Cl |
2.JB.30a | Marcobaldiite | Pb12(Sb3As2Bi)Σ6S21 |
2.JB.30a | Arsenmarcobaldiite | Pb12(As3.2Sb2.8)Σ6S21 |
2.JB.35c | Pillaite | Pb9Sb10S23ClO0.5 |
2.JB.35a | Zinkenite | Pb9Sb22S42 |
2.JB.35b | Scainiite | Pb14Sb30S54O5 |
2.JB.35d | Pellouxite | (Cu,Ag)Pb10Sb12S27O(Cl,S)0.6 |
2.JB.35f | Tubulite | Ag2Pb22Sb20S53 |
2.JB.35e | Chovanite | Pb15-2xSb14+2xS36Ox (x ~ 0.2) |
2.JB.40b | Aschamalmite | Pb6-3xBi2+xS9 |
2.JB.40a | Bursaite | Pb5Bi4S11 (?) |
2.JB.40b | Eskimoite | Ag7Pb10Bi15S36 |
2.JB.40a | Fizélyite | Ag5Pb14Sb21S48 |
2.JB.40a | Gustavite | AgPbBi3S6 |
2.JB.40a | Lillianite | Pb3-2xAgxBi2+xS6 |
2.JB.40c | Ourayite | Ag3Pb4Bi5S13 |
2.JB.40a | Ramdohrite | Pb5.9Fe0.1Mn0.1In0.1Cd0.2Ag2.8Sb10.8S24 |
2.JB.40a | Roshchinite | Ag19Pb10Sb51S96 |
2.JB.40d | Schirmerite | PbAgBi3S6 - Pb3Ag1.5Bi3.5S9 |
2.JB.40a | Treasurite | Ag7Pb6Bi15S32 |
2.JB.40a | Uchucchacuaite | AgMnPb3Sb5S12 |
2.JB.40e | Ustarasite | Pb(Bi,Sb)6S10 (?) |
2.JB.40a | Vikingite | Ag5Pb8Bi13S30 |
2.JB.40a | Xilingolite | Pb3Bi2S6 |
2.JB.40b | Heyrovskýite | Pb6Bi2S9 |
2.JB.40 | UM1988-05-S:AgBiCuHgPb | (Hg,Ag,Cu,Pb)5Pb5Bi11S27 |
2.JB.40 | UM1988-06-S:AgBiCuHgPb | (Pb,Hg)12(Cu,Ag)3(Bi,Sb)10(S,Te)27 |
2.JB.40a | Quatrandorite | AgPbSb3S6 |
2.JB.40a | Menchettiite | AgPb2.40Mn1.60Sb3As2S12 |
2.JB.40a | Terrywallaceite | AgPb(Sb,Bi)3S6 |
2.JB.40a | Jasrouxite | Ag16Pb4(Sb24As16)S72 |
2.JB.40a | Erzwiesite | Ag8Pb12Bi16S40 |
2.JB.40a | Staročeskéite | Ag0.70Pb1.60(Bi1.35Sb1.35)Σ2.70S6 |
2.JB.40a | Oyonite | Ag3Mn2Pb4Sb7As4S24 |
2.JB.40a | Holubite | Ag3Pb6(Sb8Bi3)S24 |
2.JB.40b | Baiamareite | Ag4Pb12Fe4Sb20S48 |
2.JB.55 | Gratonite | Pb9As4S15 |
2.JB.60 | Marrucciite | Hg3Pb16Sb18S46 |
2.JB.65 | Vurroite | Pb20Sn2(Bi,As)22S54Cl6 |
2.JB.65 | Tazieffite | Pb20Cd2(As,Bi)22S50Cl10 |
2.JB.70 | Daliranite | PbHgAs2S5 |
Other Information
Health Risks:
No information on health risks for this material has been entered into the database. You should always treat mineral specimens with care.
Internet Links for Cosalite
mindat.org URL:
https://www.mindat.org/min-1139.html
Please feel free to link to this page.
Please feel free to link to this page.
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External Links:
Mineral Dealers:
References for Cosalite
Reference List:
Ramdohr, Paul (1969) The Ore Minerals and their Intergrowths. Pergamon Press, Oxford. 1174pp. doi:10.1016/c2013-0-10027-x
Localities for Cosalite
Locality List
- This locality has map coordinates listed.
- This locality has estimated coordinates.
ⓘ - Click for references and further information on this occurrence.
? - Indicates mineral may be doubtful at this locality.
- Good crystals or important locality for species.
- World class for species or very significant.
(TL) - Type Locality for a valid mineral species.
(FRL) - First Recorded Locality for everything else (eg varieties).
Struck out - Mineral was erroneously reported from this locality.
Faded * - Never found at this locality but inferred to have existed at some point in the past (e.g. from pseudomorphs).
All localities listed without proper references should be considered as questionable.
All localities listed without proper references should be considered as questionable.
Algeria | |
| Marignac (1988) |
Argentina | |
| DE BRODTKORB |
| [var: Argentocuprocosalite] Testa et al. (2018) |
Australia | |
| Ashley et al. (1997) |
| Lawrence et al. (1962) +1 other reference |
Clissold (2007) | |
Sorrell (n.d.) | |
Clissold (2007) | |
| Gilligan et al. (1992) |
| Skirrow (1993) |
| Pring et al. (2003) |
| Zaw et al. (1997) |
| Bottrill et al. (2008) |
| Mueller +3 other references |
| Ferguson (1999) |
| Grguric et al. (2006) |
Grguric et al. (2006) | |
Austria | |
| Cook et al. (2007) |
| Walter et al. (2005) |
Paar et al. (1998) | |
| Pichler (2009) |
| Pichler (2009) |
| Niedermayr et al. (1995) |
Pichler (2009) | |
Niedermayr et al. (1995) | |
| Taucher (1998) |
| Niedermayr et al. (1995) |
| Strasser (1989) |
C.Auer (2020) | |
| Kolitsch (2010) |
| PUTZ (2010) |
| Alois Lechner collection (SXRD-analysis by Uwe Kolitsch) +1 other reference |
Paar et al. (1993) | |
| Putz (2003) |
| Exel (1993) |
Paar (1979) | |
Strasser (1989) | |
| Strasser (1989) +1 other reference |
| Steiner&Melcher (2020) |
| Topa et al. (2001) +2 other references |
| Anthony et al. (1990) |
Lewandowski et al. (2006) | |
| Kolitsch et al. (2009) +1 other reference |
| BRANDSTÄTTER (1996) +1 other reference |
Azerbaijan | |
| - (2005) |
Bolivia | |
| Franco (2018) |
Jiménez-Franco et al. (2018) | |
| Ahlfeld (1955) |
| Alfredo Petrov specimen |
| Salomon Rivas y Federico Ahlfeld (1998) |
| Min Rec (1977) +1 other reference |
Brazil | |
| Oberthür et al. (2008) |
Bulgaria | |
| Cook et al. (2002) |
| Cook et al. (2002) |
| Cook et al. (2002) |
| Kerestedjian (1997) |
| Dimitrova (2006) |
| Dobrev |
Dobrev | |
| [MinRec 22 p.439] |
Bonev (1993) +1 other reference | |
| Cook et al. (2002) |
Canada | |
| Dana 7:I:446. |
| Dana 7:I:446 +2 other references |
| Peatfield (n.d.) +1 other reference |
| Minfile Number 104B 250 +1 other reference |
| - (Eloise vein and Blue Quartz vein) +1 other reference |
| British Columbia Geological Survey |
| MINFILE No 093M 043 |
| Anthony et al. (1990) |
| 153-155. +3 other references |
| Parrish (1977) +1 other reference |
| Harris et al. (1984) |
| University of Toronto Studies |
| University of Toronto Studies |
| Karup-Møller (1977) +1 other reference |
| SABINA (1974) |
| Harron (1976) +1 other reference |
| Charles Normand (2016) |
China | |
| Yunsheng Ren et al. (2005) |
Yunsheng Ren et al. (2007) | |
| Zhenru Zhang et al. (1987) |
| Wenfeng Zhu et al. (2009) |
| Yu et al. (2020) |
| Yu Wang et al. (1991) |
| Zhijie Liu et al. (2009) |
| Tang et al. (2022) |
| Yihong Sun and Xiangmei Ren (1986) |
| Bosheng Zhou et al. (2002) +1 other reference |
| Chen et al. (2022) |
| Dequan Zhang et al. (1991) |
| Zhao et al. (2023) |
| Yingchen Ren et al. (1986) +3 other references |
| Shaofeng Wang (1991) |
| [var: Argentocosalite] Minqing Cheng and Cunchang Wang (1989) +1 other reference |
| Shangquan Wu (1986) |
| Liyan Zhang (1985) |
| Enkui Cao (1991) |
| Yuzhi Zhang (1983) +2 other references |
| Dianhao Huang and Shihua Hu (2000) +2 other references |
| American Mineralogist 85 +1 other reference |
| Feibao Wu and Zongyu Li (1986) |
| Zhou et al. (2016) +1 other reference |
| Heming Gao (1994) |
| ZHANG et al. (2014) +1 other reference |
Czech Republic | |
| Pažout et al. (2017) |
| Pazout et al. (2017) |
| Lapis 2000 (4) |
| Litochleb |
| Anthony et al. (1990) |
| Trdlička et al. (Silesia, Czechoslovakia) |
DR Congo | |
| Deliens (1996) +1 other reference |
Fiji | |
| Scherbarth et al. (2006) |
Finland | |
| suoperä |
France | |
| Ducluzaux B. (2022) |
| De Ascençao Guedes (2003) |
| Delfour (2007) |
| Chauris (2014) |
| Chauris (2014) |
| R. Pierrot |
| R. Pierrot |
| R. Pierrot |
| P&T N°23-24 et al. (Haut-Rhin) |
| Wittern +1 other reference |
This mine worked the same vein as Gabe ... +2 other references | |
| Ruhlmann (1978) |
| Wittern |
| Wittern et al. (Cologne) |
| Wittern et al. (Cologne) |
| Queneau (n.d.) |
| Forner et al. (1997) |
| Lheur (2023) |
| Guitard (2010) |
| PIERROT R. et al. (1976) |
| Y. Moëlo et al. : "Homologues de la lillianite (gustavite, vikingite, heyrovskyite riche en Ag et Bi, ...) |
| R. Pierrot |
R. Pierrot | |
| R. Pierrot |
| R. Pierrot |
Georgia | |
| Kekelia et al. (2008) |
Germany | |
| Habel (2009) |
| Nickel et al. (1985) |
| Weiß (1990) |
| Wittern (2001) |
| Witzke et al. (2007) |
| Wittern (2001) |
Greece | |
| Gröbner et al. (2002) |
Gröbner et al. (2002) | |
Uwe Kolitsch | |
| |
Voudouris et al. (2013) | |
| American Mineralogist +2 other references |
| Andrew P. Fornadel et al. (2011) |
Andrew P. Fornadel et al. (2011) | |
Vavelidis et al. (1997) | |
Andrew P. Fornadel et al. (2011) | |
Greenland | |
| Karup-Møller S. (1973) +1 other reference |
Hungary | |
| ELTE +1 other reference |
Szakáll-Gatter-Szendrei:Hungarian ... | |
| Szakáll & Jánosi. Minerals of Hungary |
Koch: Minerals of Hungary +2 other references | |
Szakáll et al. (2012) | |
Szakáll et al. (2012) | |
India | |
| Tripathi et al. (2022) |
Indonesia | |
| Dana et al. (2022) |
| Prendergast (2003) +1 other reference |
| Singer et al. (2008) |
Iran | |
| Karimpour et al. (2005) |
Ireland | |
| O'Reilly et al. (1997) |
Italy | |
| |
| Carmagnola et al. (2023) |
| Bruno Marello et al. (2023) +1 other reference |
| Campostrini (2001) |
| Finello et al. (2007) |
Finello et al. (2007) | |
| Bruno Martini collection +1 other reference |
doi:10.3390/min6010008 +1 other reference | |
| Gallo (a cura di) |
| Albertini et al. (2007) |
Piccoli et al. (2007) | |
Pipino G. (2003) | |
Ferraris G. et al. (1970) | |
| Piccoli et al. (2007) |
| Albertini et al. (2007) |
| Gamboni et al. (2021) |
| Deidda et al. (2022) |
Karup-Møller (1977) | |
Deidda et al. (2022) | |
| GARAVELLI A. et al. (1997) |
| Krismer et al. (2011) +2 other references |
| Dill (1979) |
A.Costantini (2015) | |
| Biagioni et al. (2015) |
| G. Duchi et al. (Isola d'Elba) +1 other reference |
| Orlandi et al. (1994) +1 other reference |
| Orlandi et al. (1994) +2 other references |
| Bombarda et al. (1999) +2 other references |
Japan | |
| HARADA et al. (1972) +1 other reference |
| Yamada (2004) |
Alfredo Petrov collection. +2 other references | |
| Dr. Kameki Kinoshita collection (curated at Geological Survey of Japan) +2 other references |
| Kato et al. (1969) +1 other reference |
| Izumino et al. (2015) |
Izumino et al. (2015) | |
Izumino et al. (2015) | |
| Yokoro et al. (2010) |
Yuya Izumino et al. (2013) +1 other reference | |
| Ozawa et al. (1998) |
Jersey | |
| Mourant (1985) |
Kazakhstan | |
| Kovalev et al. (2018) |
| Manfred Mader specimen |
| Mozgova et al. (1994) |
| Evseev (1995) |
| Singer et al. (2008) |
| Evseev (1995) |
| Baibatsha et al. (2015) |
| Baibatsha et al. (2015) |
| Rock Currier collection no. 6166 |
Kosovo | |
| Féraud J. (1979) +2 other references |
| Mederski et al. (2021) |
Mederski et al. (2021) | |
Mederski et al. (2021) | |
Kyrgyzstan | |
| Soloviev (2011) |
Madagascar | |
| Behier (1963) |
Malaysia | |
| Econ Geol (1989) |
Econ Geol (1989) | |
Mali | |
| Sangaré et al. (2014) |
Mexico | |
| Panczner (1987) |
Panczner (1987) | |
| - (1998) +1 other reference |
| Dr Peter Megaw and Jesse Crawford ... |
| González-Partida. E. et al. (F) |
González-Partida et al. (2003) | |
| Dana 7:I:446. +2 other references |
Panczner (1987) | |
| Sid Williams |
| Parker (2010) |
Myanmar | |
| Yueqing Yang and Wenying Wang (2002) |
| Sint et al. (2019) |
North Korea | |
| Ishibashi (1944) |
North Macedonia | |
| Serafimovski et al. (2013) +1 other reference |
Serafimovski et al. (2016) | |
Norway | |
| Berg (1990) +1 other reference |
| Karup-Møller (1971) +1 other reference |
| Saager (1967) |
| Ellingsen et al. (2000) |
| Rune S. Selbekk (2010) |
| Larsen et al. (2022) |
Larsen et al. (2022) | |
Larsen et al. (2022) | |
| Larsen (1993) |
Larsen et al. (2022) | |
Larsen et al. (2022) | |
Larsen (1977) +1 other reference | |
| Vogt (1886, p. 26) +1 other reference |
| Raade (1993) |
Peru | |
| - (n.d.) |
| B. Duval |
Poland | |
| Singer et al. (2008) |
| SZEŁĘG E. |
| Pieczka +1 other reference |
| Mochnacka et al. (2015) |
| Mochnacka et al. (2015) +1 other reference |
| Econ Geol (1997) +1 other reference |
| Kucha H. & Mochnacka K. 1986: ... |
| Lis et al. (1986) |
Körber et al. (2005) | |
| Gadomski M. |
E. Szeleg | |
| Singer et al. (2008) |
Portugal | |
| Leal Gomes et al. (2009) |
| Nuno Afonso collection +1 other reference |
Romania | |
| Ciobanu et al. (2006) |
| Cook et al. (2002) +1 other reference |
Shimizu et al. (1998) +1 other reference | |
Shimizu et al. (1998) | |
Natural History Museum Vienna collection (cosalite specimen) +1 other reference | |
Shimizu et al. (1998) | |
Cook et al. (2002) | |
| Cook et al. (2002) |
Jakub Jirásek +1 other reference | |
Cook et al. (2002) | |
Cook et al. (2002) | |
| Cook et al. (2004) |
| Buzatu et al. (2015) |
Damian +7 other references | |
| Cook (1997) |
Cook (1997) | |
Mitt. .Österr. Miner. Ges. 143 (1998) | |
Cook (1997) | |
| Plotinskaya et al. (2009) |
Russia | |
| Mozgova et al. (1994) |
| Vakh et al. (2009, March) +1 other reference |
| Gordienko et al. (2016) +1 other reference |
| Bortnikov et al. (2004) |
| Gonevchuk et al. (2010) |
| Burlakov (1995) |
Anthony et al. (1990) | |
Volkov et al. (2013) | |
| Mozgova et al. (1992) +1 other reference |
| Groznova et al (2005) +1 other reference |
| Simanenko (2006) +1 other reference |
| Gvozdev et al. (2016) |
| Gonevchuk et al. (2005) |
| Gvozdev (2001) +1 other reference |
Alekseev et al. (2015) | |
M. M. Moiseev collection | |
World of Stones - Issue 9 - Page 32 | |
| Perevoznikova et al. (2022) |
| Перевозникова et al. (СИХОТЭ-АЛИНЬ) +1 other reference |
| Kondratieva et al. (2021) |
| Gamyanin et al. (2015) |
| maurice.strahlen.org (2004) +1 other reference |
| Wilson (2016) +2 other references |
| Vikent'ev et al. (2006) |
| |
| Redin et al. (2015) +2 other references |
| Mineralogical Society of America - ... |
| Timofeeva et al. (1975) +1 other reference |
| Lyubimtseva et al. (2018) |
Krivitskaya et al. (2008, June) | |
Prokof'ev et al. (2004) +1 other reference | |
Rwanda | |
| De Clercq (2012) +1 other reference |
Serbia | |
Slobodan A. Radosavljević et al. (2013) +1 other reference | |
Radosavljevic-Mihajlovic et al. (2007) | |
| Pačevski et al. (2018) |
Slovakia | |
| Pršek J. & Chovan M. (2001) |
| Jaroslav PRŠEK and Martin Chovan (2001) |
| Pršek (2004) +1 other reference |
Koděra (1986) | |
| Koděra (1986) |
Ragan M. et al. (veporikum) | |
| Kodě +1 other reference |
| Pauliš P. |
Háber et al. (SGR) | |
Háber M. (1969) | |
| Koděra (1986) |
| Duda |
Koděra (1986) | |
Koděra (1986) | |
| Ferenc Š. et al. (2021) |
Koděra (1986) | |
| Pauliš P. |
| Koděra (1986) |
Ďuďa R. et al. ( Kotterbach ) | |
Pršek J. (Kandid. dizert. práca) | |
South Korea | |
| Dongbok Shin et al. |
| Park (1993) |
| CHOI et al. (1985) |
Spain | |
| Econ Geol (1992) |
| Tanago et al. (2012) |
| Sainz de Baranda Graf et al. (2023) |
| Calvo (2009) |
| Minero (2014) |
Castroviejo (1990) | |
Sweden | |
| Mumme (1980) +1 other reference |
| GFF 113 |
| Grensman et al. (2001) |
| Torstensson (2002) |
| Alm +2 other references |
| Flink (1886) |
| Strand (2017) |
| Gatedal (n.d.) |
Switzerland | |
| Stalder et al. (1998) |
| Stalder et al. (1998) |
Hugi (1931) | |
| Stalder et al. (1998) |
| Stalder et al. (1998) |
| Wilson (2023) |
| Most recent: Gea 1993/04 p.137 with ... |
Cuchet et al. (2016) | |
| Meisser et al. (1993) +1 other reference |
| Stalder et al. (1998) |
| Meisser et al. (1993) |
| Stalder et al. (1998) +1 other reference |
| Schad (1989) |
Schweizer strahler | |
Tajikistan | |
| Pavlova et al. (2009) |
UK | |
| Cooper et al. (1990) +1 other reference |
| Kingsbury et al. (1956) +4 other references |
| Kingsbury et al. (1956) |
| Wirth et al. (2002) |
| Stanley et al. (1982) +1 other reference |
Ukraine | |
| Geology +2 other references |
| Biruk et al. (2012) |
| Liventseva (n.d.) |
USA | |
| Graeme (1981) +1 other reference |
| Anthony et al. (1995) |
| Stolburg (1984) |
| Eckel et al. (1997) |
| Dana 6:1090 +1 other reference |
| Dana 7:I:447. |
Dana 7:I:446. Minerals of Colorado | |
| Rocks & Minerals 71:2 pp94-101 |
| Rocks & Min.:64:144-145. |
| Dana 7:I:446 +3 other references |
Dana 7:I:446. | |
Dana 7:I:476. | |
| Travis Olds collection |
| Chris van Laer collection (SXRD-analysed by Uwe Kolitsch, chemically analysed by Bart Cannon) |
van Laer (1979) | |
| Gobla (2012) |
| Mankins (2022) |
Mankins (2022) | |
| Castor et al. (2004) |
NBMG Open File Report 79-3 | |
| NBMG Open File Report 79-3 |
| Econ Geol (1997) |
| NBMG Bull 70 Geology and Mineral ... |
Castor et al. (2004) | |
| Northrop et al. (1996) |
Northrop et al. (1996) | |
| Walstrom (n.d.) |
| A. Kampf 2-2018 |
| Parker III |
| Back |
| Smith et al. (2000) |
| Bullock (1981) |
Butler (1913) | |
| Bullock (1981) |
Koschmann et al. (1968) | |
| Dietrich (1990) |
| Singer et al. (2005) |
Cannon (1975) | |
Lasmanis | |
| Cannon (1975) |
| Cannon (1975) |
Maggie Wilson | |
Cannon (1975) | |
| Bart Cannon (Cannon Microprobe) |
Uzbekistan | |
| Badalov et al. (1975) |
Zimbabwe | |
| Oberthür et al. (2008) |
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