The mineralogy of Lead
General Properties | |
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Symbol: | Pb |
Atomic Number: | 82 |
Standard atomic weight (Ar): | 207.2(1) |
Electron configuration: | [Xe] 4f14 5d10 6s2 6p2 |
Photos | ||
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< | Oxidized lead nodules | > |
Atomic Properties | |
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Electronegativity (Pauling scale): | 2.33 |
Atomic Radius: | 154 pm |
Ionic Radius: | 119 pm (+2) |
Van der Waals Radius: | 202 pm |
1st Ionization energy: | 716 kJ/mol |
1st Electron affinity: | -35 kJ/mol |
Oxidation States: | -4,2,4 |
Physical Properties | |
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Standard State: | solid |
Bonding Type: | metallic |
Melting Point: | 601 K |
Boiling Point: | 2022 K |
Density: | 11.34 g/cm3 |
Metal/Non-Metal: | metal |
Main isotopes of Lead | ||||
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Isotope | % in Nature | Half Life | Decay type | Decay product |
204Pb | 1.4% | >1.4×1017y | α ? | 200Hg |
205Pb | synthetic | 1.53×107y | ε | 205Tl |
206Pb | 24.1% | - | α ? | 202Hg |
207Pb | 22.1% | - | α ? | 203Hg |
208Pb | 52.4% | >2×1019y | α ? | 204Hg |
210Pb | trace | 22.3y | α | 206Hg |
β− | 210Bi |
Main ions of Lead | ||||
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Name | Ion | Example minerals | ||
lead(II) | Pb2+ | Cerussite, Galena | ||
lead(IV) | Pb4+ | Plattnerite |
Other Information | |
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Year Discovered: | 7000 BC |
Discovered By: | Middle Easterns |
Named For: | from the Anglo-Saxon word "lead" |
CPK color coding: | #575961 |
External Links: | WikipediaWebElementsLos Alamos National LaboratoryTheodore Gray's PeriodicTable.com |
Simple Compounds and Mineral Names | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
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Sulfides | lead sulphide | PbS | +2 | Galena | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Selenides | lead selenide | PbSe | +2 | Clausthalite | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Tellurides | lead telluride | PbTe | +2 | Altaite | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Hydrides | plumbane | PbH4 | +4 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Fluorides | lead difluoride | PbF2 | +2 | Fluorocronite | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
lead tetrafluoride | PbF4 | +4 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Chlorides | lead dichloride | PbCl2 | +2 | Cotunnite | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
lead tetrachloride | PbCl4 | +4 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Bromides | lead tetrabromide | PbBr4 | +4 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Iodides | lead diiodide | PbI2 | +2 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Oxides | lead oxide | PbO | +2 | Litharge, Massicot | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
lead dioxide | PbO2 | +4 | Plattnerite, Scrutinyite | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
dilead trioxide | Pb2O3 | +2,+4 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
trilead tetroxide | Pb3O4 | +2,+4 | Minium |
Mineral Diversity of Lead | |
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1. Elements | 9 valid mineral species |
2. Sulfides And Sulfosalts | 216 valid mineral species |
3. Halides | 49 valid mineral species |
4. Oxides | 83 valid mineral species |
5. Carbonates | 23 valid mineral species |
6. Borates | 1 valid mineral species |
7. Sulfates | 79 valid mineral species |
8. Phosphates, Arsenates, Vanadates | 94 valid mineral species |
9. Silicates | 45 valid mineral species |
Total: | 599 valid species containing essential Lead |
Geochemistry of Lead | |
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Goldschmidt classification: | Chalcophile |
Pb2+ is concentrated in residual soils and sediments (less certainty.) | |
Pb2+ enters later phases in igneous rocks due to its large size. | |
Pb2+ is essential to nutrition of at least some vertebrates ('essential minerals'). |
Elemental Lead in Nature | ||
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Found as native element: | Lead | Pb |
Elemental Abundance for Lead | ||
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Crust (CRC Handbook) | 1.4 x 10-5 | mass fraction, kg/kg |
Crust (Kaye & Laby) | 1.0 x 10-5 | mass fraction, kg/kg |
Crust (Greenwood) | 1.3 x 10-5 | mass fraction, kg/kg |
Crust (Ahrens/Taylor) | 8.000 x 10-6 | mass fraction, kg/kg |
Crust (Ahrens/Weaver) | 1.5000 x 10-5 | mass fraction, kg/kg |
Upper Crust (Ahrens/Taylor) | 2.0000 x 10-5 | mass fraction, kg/kg |
Upper Crust (Ahrens/Shaw) | 1.7000 x 10-5 | mass fraction, kg/kg |
Sea Water (CRC Handbook) | 3 x 10-11 | mass per volume fraction, kg/L |
Sea Water (Kaye & Laby) | 3 x 10-11 | mass per volume fraction, kg/L |
The Sun (Kaye & Laby) | 2.0 x 10-6 | atom mole fraction relative to Si=1 |
Solar System (Kaye & Laby) | 3.1 x 10-6 | atom mole fraction relative to Si=1 |
Solar System (Ahrens) | 3.15 x 10-6 (7.8%) | atom mole fraction relative to Si=1 (% uncertainty) |
Element association of Lead in the Mineral World | |||
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This table compares the known valid mineral species listed listed with Lead and the other elements listed based on the official IMA formula. Note that unlike other sections on this page this includes non-essential elements. The first data column contains the total number of minerals listed with Lead and the element listed for that row. The second data column lists this number as a percentage of all minerals listed with Lead. The final data column compares this percentage against the percentage of all minerals that contain the element listed in each row. Click on a heading to sort. |
Periodic Table | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
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Thallium << Lead >> Bismuth |
Most widespread minerals containing Lead | |||||||||||||||||||
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This list of minerals containing Lead is built from the mindat.org locality database. This is based on the number of localities entered for mineral species and is therefore slanted towards minerals interesting to collectors with less coverage of common rock-forming-minerals so it does not give an undistorted distribution of Lead mineral species. It is more useful when comparing rare species rather than common species. |
Name | Formula | Crystal System | Mindat Localities |
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Galena | PbS | Isometric | 28710 |
Cerussite | PbCO3 | Orthorhombic | 5861 |
Anglesite | PbSO4 | Orthorhombic | 3314 |
Pyromorphite | Pb5(PO4)3Cl | Hexagonal | 2002 |
Wulfenite | Pb(MoO4) | Tetragonal | 1989 |
Mimetite | Pb5(AsO4)3Cl | Hexagonal | 1348 |
Bournonite | PbCuSbS3 | Orthorhombic | 1332 |
Linarite | PbCu(SO4)(OH)2 | Monoclinic | 1161 |
Boulangerite | Pb5Sb4S11 | Monoclinic | 1055 |
Jamesonite | Pb4FeSb6S14 | Monoclinic | 975 |
Photos |
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Localities with greatest number of different Lead mineral species |
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Important ores of Lead | |||||||||||||||||||
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Name | Formula | Crystal System |
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Galena | PbS | Isometric |
Photos |
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Minor ores of Lead | ||||||||||
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Name | Formula | Crystal System |
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Cerussite | PbCO3 | Orthorhombic |
Anglesite | PbSO4 | Orthorhombic |
Photos |
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Spotted a mistake/omission? - These pages are a work in progress, so please send all comments/corrections to jolyon@mindat.org. Thank you.
Constants and physical property data from:
David R. Lide (ed.), CRC Handbook of Chemistry and Physics, 85th Edition. CRC Press. Boca Raton, Florida (2005).
Kaye and Laby Tables of Physical & Chemical Constants (2005). Section 3.1.3, Abundances of the elements
A. Earnshaw, N. Greenwood, Chemistry of the Elements, 2nd edition, Butterworth-Heinemann, (1997)
Thomas J. Ahrens (ed.), Global Earth Physics : A Handbook of Physical Constants, American Geophysical Union (1995)
L.B. Railsback, An Earth Scientist's Periodic Table of the Elements and Their Ions : Geology 31:9 p737-740 (2003)
Emsley, J. Nature's Building Blocks: An A-Z Guide to the Elements. New York: Oxford University Press (2001)
Sweetwater Mine, Ellington, Reynolds County, Missouri, USA