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The mineralogy of Lead

General Properties
Symbol:Pb
Atomic Number:82
Standard atomic weight (Ar):207.2(1)
Electron configuration:[Xe] 4f14 5d10 6s2 6p2
Photos
<
Oxidized lead nodules
>
Atomic Properties
Electronegativity (Pauling scale):2.33
Atomic Radius:154 pm
Ionic Radius:119 pm (+2)
Van der Waals Radius:202 pm
1st Ionization energy:716 kJ/mol
1st Electron affinity:-35 kJ/mol
Oxidation States:-4,2,4
Physical Properties
Standard State:solid
Bonding Type:metallic
Melting Point:601 K
Boiling Point:2022 K
Density:11.34 g/cm3
Metal/Non-Metal:metal
Main isotopes of Lead
Isotope% in NatureHalf LifeDecay typeDecay product
204Pb1.4%>1.4×1017yα ?200Hg
205Pbsynthetic1.53×107yε205Tl
206Pb24.1%-α ?202Hg
207Pb22.1%-α ?203Hg
208Pb52.4%>2×1019yα ?204Hg
210Pbtrace22.3yα206Hg
β−210Bi
Main ions of Lead
NameIonExample minerals
lead(II)Pb2+Cerussite, Galena
lead(IV)Pb4+Plattnerite
Other Information
Year Discovered:7000 BC
Discovered By:Middle Easterns
Named For:from the Anglo-Saxon word "lead"
CPK color coding:#575961
External Links:WikipediaWebElementsLos Alamos National LaboratoryTheodore Gray's PeriodicTable.com
Simple Compounds and Mineral Names
Sulfideslead sulphidePbS+2Galena
Selenideslead selenidePbSe+2Clausthalite
Tellurideslead telluridePbTe+2Altaite
HydridesplumbanePbH4+4
Fluorideslead difluoridePbF2+2Fluorocronite
lead tetrafluoridePbF4+4
Chlorideslead dichloridePbCl2+2Cotunnite
lead tetrachloridePbCl4+4
Bromideslead tetrabromidePbBr4+4
Iodideslead diiodidePbI2+2
Oxideslead oxidePbO+2Litharge, Massicot
lead dioxidePbO2+4Plattnerite, Scrutinyite
dilead trioxidePb2O3+2,+4
trilead tetroxidePb3O4+2,+4Minium
Mineral Diversity of Lead
1. Elements 9 valid mineral species
2. Sulfides And Sulfosalts 216 valid mineral species
3. Halides49 valid mineral species
4. Oxides 83 valid mineral species
5. Carbonates 23 valid mineral species
6. Borates1 valid mineral species
7. Sulfates 79 valid mineral species
8. Phosphates, Arsenates, Vanadates94 valid mineral species
9. Silicates 45 valid mineral species
Total:599 valid species containing essential Lead
Geochemistry of Lead
Goldschmidt classification:Chalcophile
Pb2+ is concentrated in residual soils and sediments (less certainty.)
Pb2+ enters later phases in igneous rocks due to its large size.
Pb2+ is essential to nutrition of at least some vertebrates ('essential minerals').
Elemental Lead in Nature
Found as native element:LeadPb
Elemental Abundance for Lead
Crust (CRC Handbook)1.4 x 10-5mass fraction, kg/kg
Crust (Kaye & Laby)1.0 x 10-5mass fraction, kg/kg
Crust (Greenwood)1.3 x 10-5mass fraction, kg/kg
Crust (Ahrens/Taylor)8.000 x 10-6mass fraction, kg/kg
Crust (Ahrens/Weaver)1.5000 x 10-5mass fraction, kg/kg
Upper Crust (Ahrens/Taylor)2.0000 x 10-5mass fraction, kg/kg
Upper Crust (Ahrens/Shaw)1.7000 x 10-5mass fraction, kg/kg
Sea Water (CRC Handbook)3 x 10-11mass per volume fraction, kg/L
Sea Water (Kaye & Laby)3 x 10-11mass per volume fraction, kg/L
The Sun (Kaye & Laby)2.0 x 10-6atom mole fraction relative to Si=1
Solar System (Kaye & Laby)3.1 x 10-6atom mole fraction relative to Si=1
Solar System (Ahrens)3.15 x 10-6 (7.8%)atom mole fraction relative to Si=1 (% uncertainty)
Element association of Lead in the Mineral World
This table compares the known valid mineral species listed listed with Lead and the other elements listed based on the official IMA formula. Note that unlike other sections on this page this includes non-essential elements.

The first data column contains the total number of minerals listed with Lead and the element listed for that row.

The second data column lists this number as a percentage of all minerals listed with Lead.

The final data column compares this percentage against the percentage of all minerals that contain the element listed in each row.

Click on a heading to sort.
ElementValid Minerals listed with element and Lead% of Pb mineralsRelative to % in all minerals
Oxygen387 minerals with Pb and O61.04%24.78% lower
Sulfur289 minerals with Pb and S45.58%106.85% higher
Hydrogen252 minerals with Pb and H39.75%29.26% lower
Copper145 minerals with Pb and Cu22.87%68.23% higher
Arsenic137 minerals with Pb and As21.61%66.48% higher
Antimony114 minerals with Pb and Sb17.98%221.04% higher
Chlorine105 minerals with Pb and Cl16.56%123.43% higher
Bismuth96 minerals with Pb and Bi15.14%262.98% higher
Iron89 minerals with Pb and Fe14.04%38.61% lower
Silver87 minerals with Pb and Ag13.72%257.44% higher
Tellurium57 minerals with Pb and Te8.99%160.08% higher
Silicon53 minerals with Pb and Si8.36%69.84% lower
Manganese45 minerals with Pb and Mn7.10%40.27% lower
Calcium41 minerals with Pb and Ca6.47%74.47% lower
Uranium40 minerals with Pb and U6.31%22.06% higher
Zinc38 minerals with Pb and Zn5.99%5.76% higher
Aluminium38 minerals with Pb and Al5.99%70.24% lower
Phosphorus38 minerals with Pb and P5.99%51.40% lower
Selenium36 minerals with Pb and Se5.68%114.88% higher
Carbon36 minerals with Pb and C5.68%30.27% lower
Thallium28 minerals with Pb and Tl4.42%192.02% higher
Vanadium27 minerals with Pb and V4.26%11.03% lower
Fluorine23 minerals with Pb and F3.63%54.99% lower
Chromium20 minerals with Pb and Cr3.15%74.14% higher
Potassium18 minerals with Pb and K2.84%71.58% lower
Sodium13 minerals with Pb and Na2.05%89.26% lower
Magnesium12 minerals with Pb and Mg1.89%86.25% lower
Mercury10 minerals with Pb and Hg1.58%12.93% lower
Gold10 minerals with Pb and Au1.58%131.48% higher
Titanium10 minerals with Pb and Ti1.58%77.72% lower
Tin10 minerals with Pb and Sn1.58%16.75% lower
Germanium9 minerals with Pb and Ge1.42%124.78% higher
Yttrium8 minerals with Pb and Y1.26%46.15% lower
Tungsten8 minerals with Pb and W1.26%40.60% higher
Boron8 minerals with Pb and B1.26%74.94% lower
Barium8 minerals with Pb and Ba1.26%72.69% lower
Palladium8 minerals with Pb and Pd1.26%10.68% lower
Molybdenum6 minerals with Pb and Mo0.95%37.43% lower
Cadmium6 minerals with Pb and Cd0.95%77.95% higher
Nickel6 minerals with Pb and Ni0.95%72.49% lower
Iodine5 minerals with Pb and I0.79%48.29% higher
Platinum5 minerals with Pb and Pt0.79%0.96% higher
Nitrogen4 minerals with Pb and N0.63%75.19% lower
Strontium4 minerals with Pb and Sr0.63%77.27% lower
Niobium4 minerals with Pb and Nb0.63%79.37% lower
Tantalum3 minerals with Pb and Ta0.47%60.46% lower
Indium3 minerals with Pb and In0.47%67.48% higher
Caesium3 minerals with Pb and Cs0.47%8.16% lower
Cobalt2 minerals with Pb and Co0.32%75.67% lower
Rhodium2 minerals with Pb and Rh0.32%20.91% lower
Beryllium2 minerals with Pb and Be0.32%85.73% lower
Iridium2 minerals with Pb and Ir0.32%24.08% lower
Neodymium2 minerals with Pb and Nd0.32%65.49% lower
Gallium2 minerals with Pb and Ga0.32%137.26% higher
Cerium2 minerals with Pb and Ce0.32%90.01% lower
Gadolinium1 mineral with Pb and Gd0.16%58.18% higher
Lanthanum1 mineral with Pb and La0.16%88.83% lower
Bromine1 mineral with Pb and Br0.16%47.27% lower
Rubidium1 mineral with Pb and Rb0.16%58.18% higher
Zirconium1 mineral with Pb and Zr0.16%93.45% lower
Samarium1 mineral with Pb and Sm0.16%58.18% higher
Thorium1 mineral with Pb and Th0.16%77.40% lower
Periodic Table
1H 2He
3Li 4Be 5B 6C 7N 8O 9F 10Ne
11Na 12Mg 13Al 14Si 15P 16S 17Cl 18Ar
19K 20Ca 21Sc 22Ti 23V 24Cr 25Mn 26Fe 27Co 28Ni 29Cu 30Zn 31Ga 32Ge 33As 34Se 35Br 36Kr
37Rb 38Sr 39Y 40Zr 41Nb 42Mo 43Tc 44Ru 45Rh 46Pd 47Ag 48Cd 49In 50Sn 51Sb 52Te 53I 54Xe
55Cs 56Ba 57La 72Hf 73Ta 74W 75Re 76Os 77Ir 78Pt 79Au 80Hg 81Tl 82Pb 83Bi 84Po 85At 86Rn
87Fr 88Ra 89Ac 104Rd 105Db 106Sg 107Bh 108Hs 109Mt 110Ds 111Rg 112Cn 113Nh 114Fl 115Mc 116Lv 117Ts 118Og
 
58Ce 59Pr 60Nd 61Pm 62Sm 63Eu 64Gd 65Tb 66Dy 67Ho 68Er 69Tm 70Yb 71Lu
90Th 91Pa 92U 93Np 94Pu 95Am 96Cm 97Bk 98Cf 99Es 100Fm 101Md 102No 103Lr
Default Categories CPK Electronegativity Atomic Radius Lowest Oxidation Highest Oxidation Crustal Abundance Goldschmidt Mineral Species Minerals with Pb Relative Frequency
Thallium << Lead >> Bismuth


Most widespread minerals containing Lead
This list of minerals containing Lead is built from the mindat.org locality database. This is based on the number of localities entered for mineral species and is therefore slanted towards minerals interesting to collectors with less coverage of common rock-forming-minerals so it does not give an undistorted distribution of Lead mineral species. It is more useful when comparing rare species rather than common species.
NameFormulaCrystal SystemMindat Localities
GalenaPbSIsometric28710
CerussitePbCO3Orthorhombic5861
AnglesitePbSO4Orthorhombic3314
PyromorphitePb5(PO4)3ClHexagonal2002
WulfenitePb(MoO4)Tetragonal1989
MimetitePb5(AsO4)3ClHexagonal1348
BournonitePbCuSbS3Orthorhombic1332
LinaritePbCu(SO4)(OH)2Monoclinic1161
BoulangeritePb5Sb4S11Monoclinic1055
JamesonitePb4FeSb6S14Monoclinic975
Photos

Localities with greatest number of different Lead mineral species
1Tsumeb Mine (Ongopolo Mine), Tsumeb, Oshikoto Region, Namibia94 Pb minerals
2Clara Mine, Oberwolfach, Ortenaukreis, Freiburg Region, Baden-Württemberg, Germany66 Pb minerals
3Långban Mine, Långban Ore District, Filipstad, Värmland County, Sweden58 Pb minerals
4Mammoth-Saint Anthony Mine, St. Anthony deposit, Tiger, Mammoth Mining District, Pinal County, Arizona, USA49 Pb minerals
5Lengenbach Quarry, Fäld, Binn, Goms, Valais, Switzerland45 Pb minerals
Caldbeck Fells Mining Region, Cumbria, England, UK43 Pb minerals
7Silver Coin Mine, Valmy, Iron Point Mining District, Humboldt County, Nevada, USA41 Pb minerals
8Lavrion slag localities, Lavreotiki, East Attica, Attica, Greece40 Pb minerals


Important ores of Lead
NameFormulaCrystal System
GalenaPbSIsometric
Photos


Minor ores of Lead
NameFormulaCrystal System
CerussitePbCO3Orthorhombic
AnglesitePbSO4Orthorhombic
Photos


Spotted a mistake/omission? - These pages are a work in progress, so please send all comments/corrections to jolyon@mindat.org. Thank you.

Constants and physical property data from:

David R. Lide (ed.), CRC Handbook of Chemistry and Physics, 85th Edition. CRC Press. Boca Raton, Florida (2005).
Kaye and Laby Tables of Physical & Chemical Constants (2005). Section 3.1.3, Abundances of the elements
A. Earnshaw, N. Greenwood, Chemistry of the Elements, 2nd edition, Butterworth-Heinemann, (1997)
Thomas J. Ahrens (ed.), Global Earth Physics : A Handbook of Physical Constants, American Geophysical Union (1995)
L.B. Railsback, An Earth Scientist's Periodic Table of the Elements and Their Ions : Geology 31:9 p737-740 (2003)
Emsley, J. Nature's Building Blocks: An A-Z Guide to the Elements. New York: Oxford University Press (2001)
 
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