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The mineralogy of Vanadium

General Properties
Symbol:V
Atomic Number:23
Standard atomic weight (Ar):50.9415(1)
Electron configuration:[Ar] 3d3 4s2
Photos
<
Vanadium disc
>
Atomic Properties
Electronegativity (Pauling scale):1.63
Atomic Radius:171 pm
Ionic Radius:79 pm (+2)
1st Ionization energy:651 kJ/mol
1st Electron affinity:-51 kJ/mol
Oxidation States:-1,2,3,4
Physical Properties
Standard State:solid
Bonding Type:metallic
Melting Point:2183 K
Boiling Point:3680 K
Density:6.11 g/cm3
Metal/Non-Metal:transition metal
Main isotopes of Vanadium
Isotope% in NatureHalf LifeDecay typeDecay product
48Vsynthetic15.9735dβ+48Ti
49Vsynthetic330dε49Ti
50V0.25%1.5×1017yε50Ti
β−50Cr
51V99.75stable
Main ions of Vanadium
NameIonExample minerals
Vanadium(II)V2+
Vanadium(III)V3+
Vanadium(IV)V4+
Vanadium(V)V5+
VanadylVO2+Cavansite
VanadateVO43-Vanadinite
PyrovanadateV2O74-
Other Information
Year Discovered:1801
Discovered By:
07927660014946354195320.jpg
Andrés Manuel del Río
Year Isolated:1830
Isolated By:
08505540014946354196199.jpg
Nils Gabriel Sefström
Named For:
08761610014946354196702.jpg
the Norse Vanr goddess Freyja
CPK color coding:#A6A6AB
External Links:WikipediaWebElementsLos Alamos National LaboratoryTheodore Gray's PeriodicTable.com
Simple Compounds and Mineral Names
Nitridesvanadium nitrideVN+3
Sulfidesvanadium disulphideVS2+4
divanadium trisulphideV2S3+3
vanadium tetrasulphideVS4+4Patrónite
Selenidesvanadium diselenideVSe2+4
Telluridesvanadium ditellurideVTe2+4
Hydridesvanadium hydrideVH+1
divanadium hydrideV2H
Fluoridesvanadium difluorideVF2+2
vanadium trifluorideVF3+3
vanadium tetrafluorideVF4+4
vanadium pentafluorideVF5+5
Chloridesvanadium dichlorideVCl2+2
vanadium trichlorideVCl3+3
vanadium tetrachlorideVCl4+4
Bromidesvanadium dibromideVBr2+2
vanadium tribromideVBr3+3
vanadium tetrabromideVBr4+4
Iodidesvanadium diiodideVI2+2
vanadium triiodideVI3+3
vanadium tetraiodideVI4+4
Oxidesvanadium oxideVO+2
vanadium dioxideVO2+4Paramontroseite
divanadium trioxideV2O3+3Karelianite
divanadium pentoxideV2O5+5Shcherbinaite
trivanadium pentoxideV3O5+3,+4Oxyvanite
Vanadium as a chromophore in minerals and gems
ChromophoreDescription
V3+Causes the green colour in tsavorite garnet. Contributes to the colour in tanzanite and in some emerald.
VO2+Causes bright blue colour in cavansite and the green colour in some Indian fluorapophyllite
Mineral Diversity of Vanadium
1. Elements 4 valid mineral species
2. Sulfides And Sulfosalts 10 valid mineral species
3. Halides1 valid mineral species
4. Oxides 95 valid mineral species
6. Borates1 valid mineral species
7. Sulfates 13 valid mineral species
8. Phosphates, Arsenates, Vanadates110 valid mineral species
9. Silicates 43 valid mineral species
Total:277 valid species containing essential Vanadium
Geochemistry of Vanadium
Goldschmidt classification:Lithophile
V3+ was one of the ions least depleted from the mantle in the formation of the crust.
V3+ enters early-forming phases in igneous rocks.
V5+ is commonly concentrated in residual soils and sediments.
V5+ is essential to nutrition of at least some vertebrates ('essential minerals').
Elemental Abundance for Vanadium
Crust (CRC Handbook)1.20 x 10-4mass fraction, kg/kg
Crust (Kaye & Laby)1.7 x 10-4mass fraction, kg/kg
Crust (Greenwood)1.36 x 10-4mass fraction, kg/kg
Crust (Ahrens/Taylor)2.30 x 10-4mass fraction, kg/kg
Crust (Ahrens/Wänke)1.34 x 10-4mass fraction, kg/kg
Upper Crust (Ahrens/Taylor)6.0 x 10-5mass fraction, kg/kg
Upper Crust (Ahrens/Shaw)5.3 x 10-5mass fraction, kg/kg
Sea Water (CRC Handbook)2.5 x 10-9mass per volume fraction, kg/L
Sea Water (Kaye & Laby)1.9 x 10-9mass per volume fraction, kg/L
The Sun (Kaye & Laby)2.8 x 10-4atom mole fraction relative to Si=1
Solar System (Kaye & Laby)2.9 x 10-4atom mole fraction relative to Si=1
Solar System (Ahrens)2.93 x 10-4 (5.1%)atom mole fraction relative to Si=1 (% uncertainty)
Element association of Vanadium in the Mineral World
This table compares the known valid mineral species listed listed with Vanadium and the other elements listed based on the official IMA formula. Note that unlike other sections on this page this includes non-essential elements.

The first data column contains the total number of minerals listed with Vanadium and the element listed for that row.

The second data column lists this number as a percentage of all minerals listed with Vanadium.

The final data column compares this percentage against the percentage of all minerals that contain the element listed in each row.

Click on a heading to sort.
ElementValid Minerals listed with element and Vanadium% of V mineralsRelative to % in all minerals
Oxygen276 minerals with V and O95.17%17.17% higher
Hydrogen193 minerals with V and H66.55%18.42% higher
Calcium73 minerals with V and Ca25.17%0.60% lower
Silicon48 minerals with V and Si16.55%40.30% lower
Aluminium42 minerals with V and Al14.48%28.19% lower
Iron42 minerals with V and Fe14.48%36.72% lower
Magnesium38 minerals with V and Mg13.10%4.62% lower
Sodium37 minerals with V and Na12.76%33.11% lower
Copper37 minerals with V and Cu12.76%6.12% lower
Manganese33 minerals with V and Mn11.38%4.37% lower
Lead28 minerals with V and Pb9.66%8.54% lower
Arsenic26 minerals with V and As8.97%30.73% lower
Potassium24 minerals with V and K8.28%17.60% lower
Sulfur23 minerals with V and S7.93%63.96% lower
Phosphorus22 minerals with V and P7.59%38.80% lower
Barium22 minerals with V and Ba7.59%64.07% higher
Uranium21 minerals with V and U7.24%40.50% higher
Titanium19 minerals with V and Ti6.55%7.85% lower
Chlorine15 minerals with V and Cl5.17%30.18% lower
Fluorine12 minerals with V and F4.14%48.73% lower
Nitrogen9 minerals with V and N3.10%21.60% higher
Strontium9 minerals with V and Sr3.10%11.47% higher
Chromium8 minerals with V and Cr2.76%51.32% higher
Zinc8 minerals with V and Zn2.76%51.75% lower
Bismuth8 minerals with V and Bi2.76%33.68% lower
Carbon7 minerals with V and C2.41%70.34% lower
Yttrium7 minerals with V and Y2.41%3.30% higher
Boron6 minerals with V and B2.07%58.93% lower
Antimony5 minerals with V and Sb1.72%69.22% lower
Nickel4 minerals with V and Ni1.38%59.79% lower
Molybdenum4 minerals with V and Mo1.38%9.54% lower
Cerium3 minerals with V and Ce1.03%67.32% lower
Lanthanum3 minerals with V and La1.03%26.56% lower
Tungsten3 minerals with V and W1.03%15.59% higher
Caesium2 minerals with V and Cs0.69%34.24% higher
Tin2 minerals with V and Sn0.69%63.50% lower
Thallium2 minerals with V and Tl0.69%54.27% lower
Lithium2 minerals with V and Li0.69%65.89% lower
Tellurium1 mineral with V and Te0.34%90.00% lower
Neodymium1 mineral with V and Nd0.34%62.17% lower
Mercury1 mineral with V and Hg0.34%80.91% lower
Silver1 mineral with V and Ag0.34%90.99% lower
Niobium1 mineral with V and Nb0.34%88.69% lower
Rubidium1 mineral with V and Rb0.34%246.78% higher
Cobalt1 mineral with V and Co0.34%73.32% lower
Beryllium1 mineral with V and Be0.34%84.36% lower
Zirconium1 mineral with V and Zr0.34%85.65% lower
Germanium1 mineral with V and Ge0.34%45.25% lower
Periodic Table
1H 2He
3Li 4Be 5B 6C 7N 8O 9F 10Ne
11Na 12Mg 13Al 14Si 15P 16S 17Cl 18Ar
19K 20Ca 21Sc 22Ti 23V 24Cr 25Mn 26Fe 27Co 28Ni 29Cu 30Zn 31Ga 32Ge 33As 34Se 35Br 36Kr
37Rb 38Sr 39Y 40Zr 41Nb 42Mo 43Tc 44Ru 45Rh 46Pd 47Ag 48Cd 49In 50Sn 51Sb 52Te 53I 54Xe
55Cs 56Ba 57La 72Hf 73Ta 74W 75Re 76Os 77Ir 78Pt 79Au 80Hg 81Tl 82Pb 83Bi 84Po 85At 86Rn
87Fr 88Ra 89Ac 104Rd 105Db 106Sg 107Bh 108Hs 109Mt 110Ds 111Rg 112Cn 113Nh 114Fl 115Mc 116Lv 117Ts 118Og
 
58Ce 59Pr 60Nd 61Pm 62Sm 63Eu 64Gd 65Tb 66Dy 67Ho 68Er 69Tm 70Yb 71Lu
90Th 91Pa 92U 93Np 94Pu 95Am 96Cm 97Bk 98Cf 99Es 100Fm 101Md 102No 103Lr
Default Categories CPK Electronegativity Atomic Radius Lowest Oxidation Highest Oxidation Crustal Abundance Goldschmidt Mineral Species Minerals with V Relative Frequency
Titanium << Vanadium >> Chromium


Most widespread minerals containing Vanadium
This list of minerals containing Vanadium is built from the mindat.org locality database. This is based on the number of localities entered for mineral species and is therefore slanted towards minerals interesting to collectors with less coverage of common rock-forming-minerals so it does not give an undistorted distribution of Vanadium mineral species. It is more useful when comparing rare species rather than common species.
NameFormulaCrystal SystemMindat Localities
CarnotiteK2(UO2)2(VO4)2 · 3H2OMonoclinic1315
VanadinitePb5(VO4)3ClHexagonal748
TyuyamuniteCa(UO2)2(VO4)2 · 5-8H2OOrthorhombic726
DescloizitePbZn(VO4)(OH)Orthorhombic478
MottramitePbCu(VO4)(OH)Orthorhombic468
RoscoeliteK(V3+,Al)2(AlSi3O10)(OH)2Monoclinic279
VolborthiteCu3(V2O7)(OH)2 · 2H2OMonoclinic180
Montroseite(V3+,Fe3+)O(OH)Orthorhombic160
MetatyuyamuniteCa(UO2)2(VO4)2 · 3H2OOrthorhombic154
ColusiteCu13VAs3S16Isometric147
Photos

Localities with greatest number of different Vanadium mineral species
1Burro Mine, Slick Rock Mining District, San Miguel County, Colorado, USA35 V minerals
2Vanadium Queen Mine, La Sal Creek Mining District, San Juan County, Utah, USA28 V minerals
3Pandora Mine, La Sal Mining District, San Juan County, Utah, USA26 V minerals
4Packrat Mine, Beaver Mesa, Gateway Mining District, Mesa County, Colorado, USA26 V minerals
5Molinello Mine, Ne, Genoa, Liguria, Italy25 V minerals
6Gambatesa Mine, Reppia, Ne, Genoa, Liguria, Italy24 V minerals
7Monument No. 2 Mine, Monument No. 2 channel, Yazzie Mesa, Cane Valley Mining District, Apache County, Arizona, USA23 V minerals
8Little Eva Mine, Yellow Cat Mesa, Thompsons Mining District, Grand County, Utah, USA22 V minerals


Spotted a mistake/omission? - These pages are a work in progress, so please send all comments/corrections to jolyon@mindat.org. Thank you.

Constants and physical property data from:

David R. Lide (ed.), CRC Handbook of Chemistry and Physics, 85th Edition. CRC Press. Boca Raton, Florida (2005).
Kaye and Laby Tables of Physical & Chemical Constants (2005). Section 3.1.3, Abundances of the elements
A. Earnshaw, N. Greenwood, Chemistry of the Elements, 2nd edition, Butterworth-Heinemann, (1997)
Thomas J. Ahrens (ed.), Global Earth Physics : A Handbook of Physical Constants, American Geophysical Union (1995)
L.B. Railsback, An Earth Scientist's Periodic Table of the Elements and Their Ions : Geology 31:9 p737-740 (2003)
Emsley, J. Nature's Building Blocks: An A-Z Guide to the Elements. New York: Oxford University Press (2001)
 
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