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Protocaudina ✝
| Source Data |
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| Rank | genus (PBDB) | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Taxonomy (PBDB) | Life : Animalia : Echinodermata : Ophiocistioidea : Rotasacciidae : Protocaudina | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Classification (PBDB,GBIF) |
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| Opinions (PBDB) |
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| Status (PBDB) | extinct | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Taxon Size (PBDB) | 7 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| First Recorded Appearance | 408 - 393 Ma Early/Lower Devonian | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Last Recorded Appearance | 70.6 - 66.0 Ma Late/Upper Cretaceous | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Environment | marine (based on Ophiocistioidea) | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Motility | actively mobile (based on Ophiocistioidea) | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Vision | blind (based on Ophiocistioidea) | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Diet | grazer (based on Ophiocistioidea) | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Reproduction | dispersal=water,planktonic (based on Echinodermata) | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Ontogeny | accretion,addition of parts (based on Echinodermata) | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Taphonomy | high Mg calcite (based on Ophiocistioidea) | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Primary Reference (PBDB) | C. Croneis and J. McCormack. 1932. Fossil Holothuroidea. Journal of Paleontology 6(2):111-148 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Fossil Distribution
Subtaxa
| Name | Status | Common Name(s) | Fossil Occurrences | Oldest | Youngest |
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| Protocaudina botoni ✝ species | listed (PBDB) | 10 | 359 Ma Late/Upper Devonian | 260 Ma Permian | |
| Protocaudina dorsetensis ✝ species | listed (PBDB) | ||||
| Protocaudina dulcis ✝ species | listed (PBDB) | 4 | 408 Ma Early/Lower Devonian | 388 Ma Middle Devonian | |
| Protocaudina herrigi ✝ species | listed (PBDB) | ||||
| Protocaudina mortenseni ✝ species | listed (PBDB) | 1 | 164 Ma Middle Jurassic | 164 Ma Middle Jurassic | |
| Protocaudina paucispinosa ✝ species | listed (PBDB) | 1 | 164 Ma Middle Jurassic | 164 Ma Middle Jurassic |
Synonymy List
| Year | Name and Author |
|---|---|
| 1932 | Protocaudina Croneis and McCormack p. 137 |
| 1952 | Protocaudina Deflandre-Rigaud p. 6 |
| 1958 | Protocaudina Summerson and Campbell p. 869 |
| 1962 | Protocaudina Deflandre-Rigaud p. 97 |
| 1966 | Protocaudina Frizzell and Exline p. U668 |
| 1976 | Protocaudina Mostler and Rahimi-Yazd p. 23 |
| 1988 | Protocaudina Soodan and Whatley p. 120 |
| 1995 | Protocaudina Reich p. 683 |
| 2001 | Protocaudina Boczarowski p. 78 |
| 2002 | Protocaudina Sepkoski, Jr. |
References
Data courtesy of: PBDB: The Paleobiology Database, Creative Commons CC-BY licenced. , GBIF: the Global Biodiversity Information Facility, various licences, iDigBio, various licences, and EOL: The Encyclopedia of Life (Open Data Public Domain). Because fossils are made of minerals too!
