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Paragenetic Mode 55 : Anthropogenic mine minerals

Return to the list of paragentic modes

Description

Mining activities lead to a wealth of new minerals, including those formed by weathering of mine dump phases, formation on mine tunnel walls, precipitation from acid mine drainage systems, and alteration associated with mine timbers and artifacts.

Stage

Stage 10b: Anthropogenic minerals - Age: <10 Ka
54 : Coal and other mine fire minerals (see also #51 and #56)
55 : Anthropogenic mine minerals
56 : Slag and smelter minerals (see also #51 and #55)
57 : Other minerals formed by human processes

Minerals

Click on a button to filter by elements. Green = must include. Black = must exclude. Mineral names listed in bold are exclusively known from this paragenetic mode.

MineralFormulaCrystal System
AdolfpateraiteK(UO2)(SO4)(OH)(H2O)Monoclinic
Adranosite(NH4)4NaAl2(SO4)4Cl(OH)2Tetragonal
AlbrechtschraufiteCa4Mg(UO2)2(CO3)6F2·17-18H2OTriclinic
Aldridgeite(Cd,Ca)(Cu,Zn)4(SO4)2(OH)6·3H2O Monoclinic
Alpersite(Mg,Cu)(SO4)·7H2OMonoclinic
AluminocoquimbiteAl2Fe2(SO4)6(H2O)12·6H2OTrigonal
AlunogenAl2(SO4)3·17H2OTriclinic
Alwilkinsite-(Y)Y(UO2)3(SO4)2O(OH)3(H2O)7·7H2OOrthorhombic
Ammonioborite(NH4)2[B5O6(OH)4]2·H2OMonoclinic
Ammoniojarosite(NH4)Fe3+3(SO4)2(OH)6Trigonal
Ammoniolasalite(NH4)2Mg2(H2O)20] [V10O28]Monoclinic
Ammoniomagnesiovoltaite(NH4)2Mg2+5Fe3+3Al(SO4)12·18H2OIsometric
AndersoniteNa2Ca(UO2)(CO3)3·6H2OTrigonal
ApexiteNaMg(PO4)·9H2OTriclinic
ApjohniteMn2+Al2(SO4)4·22H2OMonoclinic
Aplowite(Co,Mn,Ni)SO4·4H2OMonoclinic
ArcaniteK2SO4Orthorhombic
AtelestiteBi2(AsO4)O(OH)Monoclinic
AubertiteCuAl(SO4)2Cl·14H2OTriclinic
BaryteBaSO4Orthorhombic
BayleyiteMg2(UO2)(CO3)3·18H2OMonoclinic
BaylissiteK2Mg(CO3)2·4H2OMonoclinic
BechereriteZn7Cu(OH)13[(SiO(OH)3(SO4)]Trigonal
BěhounekiteU(SO4)2(H2O)4 Orthorhombic
BelakovskiiteNa7(UO2)(SO4)4(SO3OH)(H2O)3Triclinic
BelloiteCu(OH)ClMonoclinic
BernaliteFe(OH)3·nH2O (n = 0.0 to 0.25)Orthorhombic
BianchiteZn(SO4)·6H2OMonoclinic
Bicapite[KNa2Mg2(H2O)25][H2PV5+12O40(V5+O)2]Tetragonal
BíliniteFe2+Fe3+2(SO4)4·22H2OMonoclinic
BiringucciteNa2B5O8(OH)·H2OMonoclinic
BluelizarditeNa7(UO2)(SO4)4Cl(H2O)2Monoclinic
BluestreakiteK4Mg2(V4+2V5+8O28)·14H2OMonoclinic
BobcookiteNaAl(UO2)2(SO4)4·18H2OTriclinic
BoothiteCuSO4·7H2OMonoclinic
Boyleite(Zn,Mg)SO4·4H2OMonoclinic
BrassiteMg(HAsO4)·4H2OOrthorhombic
Brendelite(Bi3+,Pb)2(Fe3+,Fe2+)(PO4)O2(OH)Monoclinic
BrianyoungiteZn3(CO3,SO4)(OH)4Monoclinic
BukovskýiteFe3+2(AsO4)(SO4)(OH)·9H2OTriclinic
BulachiteAl6(AsO4)3(OH)9(H2O)4·2H2OOrthorhombic
BurroiteCa2(NH4)2(V10O28)·15H2OTriclinic
ButleriteFe3+(SO4)(OH)·2H2OMonoclinic
CacoxeniteFe3+24AlO6(PO4)17(OH)12·75H2OHexagonal
CalciodelrioiteCa(VO3)2·4H2O Monoclinic
CanavesiteMg2(HBO3)(CO3)·5H2OMonoclinic
Caseyite[(V5+O2)Al10-x(OH)20-2x(H2O)18-2x]2[H2V4+V5+9O28][V5+10O28]2(Na,K,Ca)2-y(SO4)2-z·(60+8x+y+4z)H2O (x = 0-2.5; y = 0-2; z = 0-2)Monoclinic
CastellaroiteMn2+3(AsO4)2·4H2OMonoclinic
CattiiteMg3(PO4)2·22H2OTriclinic
CentennialiteCaCu3Cl2(OH)6·nH2O (n ~ 0.7)Trigonal
ChalcanthiteCuSO4·5H2OTriclinic
ChlorapatiteCa5(PO4)3ClHexagonal
ChongiteCa3Mg2(AsO4)2(AsO3OH)2·4H2OMonoclinic
ClaudetiteAs2O3Monoclinic
ClinocervantiteSb3+Sb5+O4Monoclinic
CobaltkoritnigiteCo(AsO3OH)·H2OTriclinic
CobaltoblöditeNa2Co(SO4)2·4H2OMonoclinic
CobaltzippeiteCo(UO2)2(SO4)O2·3.5H2OMonoclinic
CoquimbiteAlFe3(SO4)6(H2O)12·6H2OTrigonal
CrocoitePbCr6+O4Monoclinic
CuprospinelCu2+Fe3+2O4Isometric
CyanochroiteK2Cu(SO4)2·6H2OMonoclinic
D'AnsiteNa21Mg(SO4)10Cl3Isometric
D'Ansite-(Fe)Na21Fe2+(SO4)10Cl3Isometric
D'Ansite-(Mn)Na21Mn2+(SO4)10Cl3Isometric
Davidbrownite-(NH4)(NH4)5(V4+O)2(C2O4)[PO2.75(OH)1.25]4·3H2OMonoclinic
DelrioiteCaSr(V2O6)(OH)2·3H2OMonoclinic
DevillineCaCu4(SO4)2(OH)6·3H2OMonoclinic
Dietrichite(Zn,Fe2+,Mn2+)Al2(SO4)4·22H2OMonoclinic
DypingiteMg5(CO3)4(OH)2·5H2OMonoclinic
ElyitePb4Cu(SO4)O2(OH)4·H2OMonoclinic
EpsomiteMgSO4·7H2OOrthorhombic
EriochalciteCuCl2·2H2OOrthorhombic
FairbankitePb2+12(Te4+O3)11(SO4)Triclinic
FermiiteNa4(UO2)(SO4)3·3H2OOrthorhombic
FerrarisiteCa5(AsO4)2(HAsO4)2·9H2OTriclinic
FerrihydriteFe3+10O14(OH)2Trigonal
FluckiteCaMn2+(AsO3OH)2·2H2OTriclinic
GeminiteCu2+(AsO3OH)·H2OTriclinic
GeschieberiteK2(UO2)(SO4)2·2H2OOrthorhombic
GiftgrubeiteCaMn2Ca2(AsO4)2(AsO3OH)2·4H2OMonoclinic
GiorgiositeMg5(CO3)4(OH)2·5-6H2O
Goethiteα-Fe3+O(OH)Orthorhombic
GoldichiteKFe(SO4)2·4H2OMonoclinic
GoslariteZnSO4·7H2OOrthorhombic
Greenlizardite(NH4)Na(UO2)2(SO4)2(OH)2·4H2OTriclinic
GuilditeCuFe3+(SO4)2(OH)·4H2OMonoclinic
GunteriteNa4Ca(V10O28)·20H2O Monoclinic
GypsumCaSO4·2H2OMonoclinic
HaliteNaClIsometric
HalotrichiteFeAl2(SO4)4·22H2OMonoclinic
HawleyiteCdSIsometric
HexahydriteMgSO4·6H2OMonoclinic
Hloušekite(Ni,Co)Cu4(AsO4)2(AsO3OH)2·9H2OTriclinic
HoganiteCu(CH3COO)2·H2OMonoclinic
HuemuliteNa4Mg(V10O28)·24H2OTriclinic
HughesiteNa3Al(V10O28)·22H2OTriclinic
HydromagnesiteMg5(CO3)4(OH)2·4H2OMonoclinic
Hydroniumjarosite(H3O)Fe3+3(SO4)2(OH)6Trigonal
HydropascoiteCa3(V10O28)·24H2OTriclinic
HydrozinciteZn5(CO3)2(OH)6Monoclinic
IangreyiteCa2Al7(PO4)2(PO3OH)2(OH,F)15·8H2OTrigonal
Ilesite(Mn,Zn,Fe)SO4·4H2OMonoclinic
Iriginite(UO2)Mo2O7·3H2OOrthorhombic
Jáchymovite(UO2)8(SO4)(OH)14·13H2OMonoclinic
JežekiteNa8[(UO2)(CO3)3](SO4)2·3H2OHexagonal
JohanniteCu(UO2)2(SO4)2(OH)2·8H2OTriclinic
JôkokuiteMnSO4·5H2OTriclinic
JurbaniteAl(SO4)(OH)·5H2OMonoclinic
KamarizaiteFe3+3(AsO4)2(OH)3·3H2OTriclinic
KaňkiteFeAsO4·3.5H2OMonoclinic
Katerinopoulosite(NH4)2Zn(SO4)2·6H2OMonoclinic
KegginitePb3Ca3[AsV12O40(VO)]·20H2OTrigonal
KhademiteAl(SO4)F·5H2OOrthorhombic
KlaprothiteNa6(UO2)(SO4)4·4H2OMonoclinic
KobyasheviteCu5(SO4)2(OH)6·4H2OTriclinic
KogarkoiteNa3(SO4)FMonoclinic
KokinositeNa2Ca2(V10O28)·24H2OTriclinic
KoritnigiteZn(AsO3OH)·H2OTriclinic
KorneliteFe2(SO4)3·7H2OMonoclinic
KrausiteKFe(SO4)2·H2OMonoclinic
KrautiteMn(HAsO4)·H2OMonoclinic
KtenasiteZnCu4(SO4)2(OH)6·6H2OMonoclinic
LangiteCu4(SO4)(OH)6·2H2OMonoclinic
LannoniteMg2Ca4Al4(SO4)8F8·24H2O Tetragonal
LansforditeMgCO3·5H2OMonoclinic
Larderellite(NH4)B5O7(OH)2·H2OMonoclinic
LasaliteNa2Mg2(V10O28)·20H2OMonoclinic
LaurentianiteNa3Nb3Si4O17·9H2OTrigonal
LautenthalitePbCu4(SO4)2(OH)6·3H2OMonoclinic
LavendulanNaCaCu5(AsO4)4Cl·5H2OMonoclinic
LeisingiteCu2MgTe6+O6·6H2OTrigonal
LinaritePbCu(SO4)(OH)2Monoclinic
LindackeriteCuCu4(AsO4)2(HAsO4)2·9H2OTriclinic
LínekiteK2Ca3[(UO2)(CO3)3]2·8H2OOrthorhombic
LithargePbOTetragonal
LyonsiteCu3Fe4(VO4)6Orthorhombic
MacphersonitePb4(CO3)2(SO4)(OH)2Orthorhombic
MagnesiopascoiteCa2Mg(V10O28)·16H2OMonoclinic
MagnesiozippeiteMg(UO2)2(SO4)O2·3.5H2OMonoclinic
MallarditeMnSO4·7H2OMonoclinic
MarcasiteFeS2Orthorhombic
MarécottiteMg3(UO2)8(SO4)4O6(OH)2·28H2OTriclinic
MarkliteCu5(CO3)2(OH)6·6H2OMonoclinic
Mascagnite(NH4)2SO4Orthorhombic
MathesiusiteK5(UO2)4(SO4)4(VO5)·4H2OTetragonal
MeisseriteNa5(UO2)(SO4)3(SO3OH)(H2O)Triclinic
Meitnerite(NH4)(UO2)(SO4)(OH)·2H2OTriclinic
MendoziteNaAl(SO4)2·11H2OMonoclinic
MesaiteCaMn2+5(V2O7)3·12H2OMonoclinic
MetadelrioiteCaSr(V2O6)(OH)2Triclinic
MetamuniriteNaVO3Orthorhombic
MetarossiteCa(V2O6)·2H2OTriclinic
Metauranopilite(UO2)6(SO4)(OH)10·5H2O
Metauroxite(UO2)2(C2O4)(OH)2(H2O)2Triclinic
MetavoltineK2Na6Fe2+Fe3+6O2(SO4)12·18H2OTrigonal
MichalskiiteFe3+1.33Cu2+2(MgFe3+)2(VO4)6Orthorhombic
MiguelromeroiteMnMn2Mn2(AsO4)2(HAsO4)2·4H2OMonoclinic
MiniumPb3O4Tetragonal
MirabiliteNa2SO4·10H2OMonoclinic
MojaveiteCu6[Te6+O4(OH)2](OH)7ClTrigonal
MonteponiteCdOIsometric
MoorhouseiteCo(SO4)·6H2OMonoclinic
NamuwiteZn4(SO4)(OH)6·4H2OTrigonal
NasiniteNa2[B5O8(OH)]·2H2OOrthorhombic
NatrozippeiteNa5(UO2)8(SO4)4O5(OH)3·12H2OMonoclinic
NesquehoniteMgCO3·3H2OMonoclinic
Nickelboussingaultite(NH4)2Ni(SO4)2·6H2OMonoclinic
NickelhexahydriteNi(SO4)·6H2OMonoclinic
NickelzippeiteNi2(UO2)6(SO4)3(OH)10·16H2O Monoclinic
NielsbohriteK(UO2)3(AsO4)(OH)4·H2OOrthorhombic
NyholmiteCd3Zn2(AsO4)2(HAsO4)2·4H2OMonoclinic
OppenheimeriteNa2(UO2)(SO4)2·3H2OTriclinic
OrthoserpieriteCa(Cu,Zn)4(SO4)2(OH)6·3H2OOrthorhombic
OttohahniteNa6(UO2)2(SO4)5(H2O)7·1.5H2OTriclinic
PaceiteCaCu(CH3COO)4·6H2OTetragonal
ParabutleriteFe3+(SO4)(OH)·2H2OOrthorhombic
PararaisaiteCuMg[Te6+O4(OH)2]·6H2OMonoclinic
PararealgarAs4S4Monoclinic
ParascoroditeFeAsO4·2H2OHexagonal
PascoiteCa2Ca(V10O28)·17H2OMonoclinic
PéligotiteNa6(UO2)(SO4)4·4H2OTriclinic
PenfielditePb2Cl3(OH)Hexagonal
PentahydriteMgSO4·5H2OTriclinic
PentahydroboriteCaB2O(OH)6·2H2OTriclinic
PertlikiteK2(Fe2+,Mg)2Mg4Fe3+2Al(SO4)12·18H2OTetragonal
PharmacoliteCa(HAsO4)·2H2OMonoclinic
PhaunouxiteCa3(AsO4)2·11H2OTriclinic
PhosgenitePb2CO3Cl2Tetragonal
PhosphorrössleriteMg(PO3OH)·7H2OMonoclinic
PickeringiteMgAl2(SO4)4·22H2OMonoclinic
PicromeriteK2Mg(SO4)2·6H2OMonoclinic
PicropharmacoliteCa4Mg(AsO4)2(HAsO4)2·11H2OTriclinic
Pitticite(Fe, AsO4, H2O) (?)Amorphous
PlášiliteNa(UO2)(SO4)(OH)·2H2OMonoclinic
PlumbotelluritePb(TeO3)Monoclinic
PosnjakiteCu4(SO4)(OH)6·H2OMonoclinic
PostiteMg(H2O)6Al2(OH)2(H2O)8(V10O28)·13H2O Orthorhombic
PradetiteCoCu4(AsO4)2(HAsO4)2·9H2OTriclinic
PseudojohanniteCu3(OH)2[(UO2)4(SO4)2]· 12H2OTriclinic
PyriteFeS2Isometric
RabbittiteCa3Mg3(UO2)2(CO3)6(OH)4·18H2OMonoclinic
Rakovanite(NH4)3Na3(V10O28)·12H2OMonoclinic
Ramsbeckite(Cu,Zn)15(SO4)4(OH)22·6H2OMonoclinic
RansomiteCuFe2(SO4)4·6H2OMonoclinic
RauenthaliteCa3(AsO4)2·10H2OTriclinic
RichelsdorfiteCa2Cu5Sb(AsO4)4(OH)6Cl·6H2OMonoclinic
RodolicoiteFe3+PO4Trigonal
Rosasite(Cu,Zn)2(CO3)(OH)2Monoclinic
Rosièresite(Pb, Cu, Al, P, O, H)Amorphous
RossiteCa(VO3)2·4H2OTriclinic
RössleriteMg(HAsO4)·7H2OMonoclinic
Rowleyite[Na(NH4,K)9Cl4][V5+,4+2(P,As)O8]6·n[H2O,Na,NH4,K,Cl]Isometric
RozeniteFeSO4·4H2OMonoclinic
SainfelditeCa5(AsO4)2(AsO3OH)2·4H2OMonoclinic
SassoliteH3BO3Triclinic
SborgiteNa[B5O6(OH)4]·3H2OMonoclinic
Schindlerite{(NH4)4Na2(H2O)10}{V10O28}Triclinic
SchröckingeriteNaCa3(UO2)(CO3)3(SO4)F·10H2OTriclinic
SchuetteiteHg2+3(SO4)O2Trigonal
Schulenbergite(Cu,Zn)7(SO4)2(OH)10·3H2OTrigonal
ScoroditeFe3+AsO4·2H2OOrthorhombic
Sejkoraite-(Y)Y2(UO2)8(SO4)4O6(OH)2·26H2OTriclinic
SerpieriteCa(Cu,Zn)4(SO4)2(OH)6·3H2OMonoclinic
ShannonitePb2O(CO3)Orthorhombic
ShcherbinaiteV5+2O5Orthorhombic
SideriteFeCO3Trigonal
SiderotilFeSO4·5H2OTriclinic
SlavkoviteCu13(AsO4)6(AsO3OH)4·23H2OTriclinic
SmrkoveciteBi2(PO4)O(OH)Monoclinic
SphaerobismoiteBi2O3Tetragonal
StarkeyiteMgSO4·4H2OMonoclinic
ŠtěpiteU(AsO3OH)2·4H2O Tetragonal
StoiberiteCu5(VO4)2O2Monoclinic
SwartziteMgCa(UO2)(CO3)3·12H2OMonoclinic
SzmikiteMnSO4·H2OMonoclinic
SzomolnokiteFeSO4·H2OMonoclinic
Tschermigite(NH4)Al(SO4)2·12H2OIsometric
UranophaneCa(UO2)2(SiO3OH)2·5H2OMonoclinic
Uranopilite(UO2)6(SO4)O2(OH)6·14H2OTriclinic
Uroxite [(UO2)2(C2O4)(OH)2(H2O)2]·H2OMonoclinic
UtahiteMgCu4Zn2Te6+3O14(OH)4·6H2OTriclinic
ValentiniteSb2O3Orthorhombic
VanarsiteNaCa12(As3+V5+8.5V4+3.5As5+6O51)2·78H2OMonoclinic
VeselovskýiteZnCu4(AsO4)2(HAsO4)2·9H2OTriclinic
VillyaelleniteMnMn2Ca2(AsO4)2(HAsO4)2·4H2OMonoclinic
VladimiriteCa4(AsO4)2(AsO3OH)·4H2OMonoclinic
VolaschioiteFe4(SO4)O2(OH)6·2H2OMonoclinic
VolborthiteCu3(V2O7)(OH)2·2H2OMonoclinic
VoltaiteK2Fe2+5Fe3+3Al(SO4)12·18H2OIsometric
VysokýiteU4+[AsO2(OH)2]4·4H2OTriclinic
WattevilleiteNa2Ca(SO4)2·4H2O (?)Orthorhombic
WeiliteCa(HAsO4)Triclinic
Wernerbaurite{(NH4)2[Ca2(H2O)14](H2O)2}{V10O28}Triclinic
WetherilliteNa2Mg(UO2)2(SO4)4·18H2OMonoclinic
WheatleyiteNa2Cu(C2O4)2·2H2OTriclinic
WidgiemoolthaliteNi5(CO3)4(OH)2·5H2OMonoclinic
WilcoxiteMgAl(SO4)2F·17H2OTriclinic
WinstanleyiteTiTe4+3O8Isometric
WroewolfeiteCu4(SO4)(OH)6·2H2OMonoclinic
YavapaiiteKFe(SO4)2Monoclinic
ZdenĕkiteNaPbCu5(AsO4)4Cl·5H2OMonoclinic
Znucalite Zn10Ca0.83(UO2)0.83(CO3)4(OH)15.31(H2O)5.48Monoclinic
ZýkaiteFe3+4(AsO4)3(SO4)(OH)·15H2OOrthorhombic
ElementCountPercent
HHydrogen22986.74%
BBoron83.03%
CCarbon3111.74%
NNitrogen186.82%
OOxygen25998.11%
FFluorine72.65%
NaSodium4717.80%
MgMagnesium4517.05%
AlAluminium269.85%
SiSilicon31.14%
PPhosphorus134.92%
SSulfur12446.97%
ClChlorine186.82%
KPotassium197.20%
CaCalcium5018.94%
TiTitanium10.38%
VVanadium3412.88%
CrChromium10.38%
MnManganese155.68%
FeIron4416.67%
CoCobalt72.65%
NiNickel62.27%
CuCopper5119.32%
ZnZinc228.33%
AsArsenic4617.42%
SrStrontium20.76%
YYttrium20.76%
NbNiobium10.38%
MoMolybdenum10.38%
CdCadmium41.52%
SbAntimony31.14%
TeTellurium72.65%
BaBarium10.38%
HgMercury10.38%
PbLead166.06%
BiBismuth41.52%
UUranium4517.05%

References

Hazen, Robert M., Morrison, Shaunna M. (2022) On the paragenetic modes of minerals: A mineral evolution perspective. American Mineralogist, 107 (7) 1262-1287 doi:10.2138/am-2022-8099
 
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