Chlorapatite
A valid IMA mineral species - grandfathered
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About Chlorapatite
Formula:
Ca5(PO4)3Cl
Colour:
White
Lustre:
Sub-Vitreous, Resinous, Dull
Hardness:
5
Specific Gravity:
3.17 - 3.18
Crystal System:
Hexagonal
Member of:
Name:
Name introduced in 1860 by Carl F. Rammelsberg, in his Handbuch der Mineralchemie. Here he reviewed some analysis of apatites, and found that apatite may have fluor(F) or chloride (Cl) as the dominant anion. An analysis of apatite from Kragerø, Norway (cited after Völker) showed 4.10 wt % Cl, and was named as chlorapatite. The name is made of the prefix, chlor, for the dominant chlorine and the Greek ἀπατάω (apatao), to deceive, as apatite was often confused with other minerals (e.g. beryl, milarite). The name was changed in 2008 to apatite-(CaCl), but was quickly reverted back to chlorapatite in 2010.
Co-Type Localities:
A chlorine-rich calcium phosphate that belongs to the apatite group. It is the chlorine analogue of fluorapatite and hydroxylapatite, the phosphate analogue of turneaureite, the Ca5 analogue of phosphohedyphane and the calcium analogue of alforsite.
Chlorapatite is formed in fluor-deficient environments, and found in calcium silicate marbles, in layered mafic intrusions and in diabases. It is known to replace triphylite in some granite pegmatites (Ptáček 2016). A monoclinic polymorph, chlorapatite-M is known.
Visit gemdat.org for gemological information about Chlorapatite.
Chlorapatite is formed in fluor-deficient environments, and found in calcium silicate marbles, in layered mafic intrusions and in diabases. It is known to replace triphylite in some granite pegmatites (Ptáček 2016). A monoclinic polymorph, chlorapatite-M is known.
Visit gemdat.org for gemological information about Chlorapatite.Unique Identifiers
Mindat ID:
1013
Long-form identifier:
mindat:1:1:1013:5
GUID
(UUID V4):
(UUID V4):
ec4fe1c4-5965-4f7c-b0d0-889559e1f95f
IMA Classification of Chlorapatite
Approved, 'Grandfathered' (first described prior to 1959)
IMA status notes:
Renamed by the IMA
Classification of Chlorapatite
8.BN.05
8 : PHOSPHATES, ARSENATES, VANADATES
B : Phosphates, etc., with additional anions, without H2O
N : With only large cations, (OH, etc.):RO4 = 0.33:1
8 : PHOSPHATES, ARSENATES, VANADATES
B : Phosphates, etc., with additional anions, without H2O
N : With only large cations, (OH, etc.):RO4 = 0.33:1
41.8.1.2
41 : ANHYDROUS PHOSPHATES, ETC.CONTAINING HYDROXYL OR HALOGEN
8 : A5(XO4)3Zq
41 : ANHYDROUS PHOSPHATES, ETC.CONTAINING HYDROXYL OR HALOGEN
8 : A5(XO4)3Zq
22.2.3
22 : Phosphates, Arsenates or Vanadates with other Anions
2 : Phosphates, arsenates or vanadates with chloride
22 : Phosphates, Arsenates or Vanadates with other Anions
2 : Phosphates, arsenates or vanadates with chloride
Mineral Symbols
As of 2021 there are now IMA–CNMNC approved mineral symbols (abbreviations) for each mineral species, useful for tables and diagrams.
Please only use the official IMA–CNMNC symbol. Older variants are listed for historical use only.
Please only use the official IMA–CNMNC symbol. Older variants are listed for historical use only.
| Symbol | Source | Reference |
|---|---|---|
| Clap | IMA–CNMNC | Warr, L.N. (2021). IMA–CNMNC approved mineral symbols. Mineralogical Magazine, 85(3), 291-320. doi:10.1180/mgm.2021.43 |
| Cap | The Canadian Mineralogist (2019) | The Canadian Mineralogist (2019) The Canadian Mineralogist list of symbols for rock- and ore-forming minerals (December 30, 2019). download |
Pronunciation of Chlorapatite
Pronunciation:
| Play | Recorded by | Country |
|---|---|---|
| Jolyon Ralph | United Kingdom |
Physical Properties of Chlorapatite
Sub-Vitreous, Resinous, Dull
Transparency:
Transparent, Translucent
Colour:
White
Streak:
White
Hardness:
5 on Mohs scale
Tenacity:
Brittle
Cleavage:
Poor/Indistinct
{0001}, {1010}
{0001}, {1010}
Fracture:
Irregular/Uneven, Sub-Conchoidal
Density:
3.17 - 3.18 g/cm3 (Measured) 3.17 g/cm3 (Calculated)
Optical Data of Chlorapatite
Type:
Uniaxial (-)
RI values:
nω = 1.675 nε = 1.668
Birefringence:
0.0075
Max Birefringence:
δ = 0.008
Image shows birefringence interference colour range (at 30µm thickness)
and does not take into account mineral colouration.
and does not take into account mineral colouration.
Surface Relief:
High
Pleochroism:
Non-pleochroic
Chemistry of Chlorapatite
Mindat Formula:
Ca5(PO4)3Cl
Elements listed:
Chemical Analysis
Oxide wt%:
| 1 | |
|---|---|
| SO3 | 0.01 % |
| P2O5 | 40.10 % |
| SiO2 | 0.35 % |
| La2O3 | 0.22 % |
| Ce2O3 | 0.20 % |
| Nd2O3 | 0.06 % |
| Y2O3 | 0.03 % |
| CaO | 53.05 % |
| SrO | 0.09 % |
| F | 0.64 % |
| Cl | 6.38 % |
| -O=(F+Cl) | -1.71 % |
| Total: | 99.42 % |
Empirical formulas:
| Sample ID | Empirical Formula |
|---|---|
| 1 | (Ca4.97La0.01Ce0.01)[P0.99Si0.01O4]3(Cl0.95F0.05) |
Sample references:
| ID | Locality | Reference | Notes |
|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | Antanimora Sud Commune, Ambovombe-Androy, Androy, Madagascar | Frank K. Mazdab collectionsample FKM-40; https://www.rockptx.com/fkm-26-to-fkm-50/#FKM-40 | sparse zoned chlorapatite/Cl-rich fluorapatite in marble, with abundant large spinel crystals and sparse scattered forsterite and quartz. Small thorianite inclusions are present in the apatite. The presented analysis is the highest Cl-content area of the crystal. |
Crystallography of Chlorapatite
Crystal System:
Hexagonal
Class (H-M):
6/m - Dipyramidal
Space Group:
P63/m
Setting:
P63/m
Cell Parameters:
a = 9.5979 Å, c = 6.7762 Å
Ratio:
a:c = 1 : 0.706
Unit Cell V:
540.59 ų (Calculated from Unit Cell)
Z:
2
Morphology:
Crystals short to long hexagonal prisms [0001], with {1010} and {1011} dominant; also thick tabular {0001}, frequently in the crystals of hydrothermal origin in pegmatites and veins, with {1010}, relatively large {0001}, and often also {1011} or low pyramids. Massive, coarse granular to compact.
Twinning:
Rare contact twins on {1121}. Twin plane {10_13} rare. Also twinning reported on {1010} and {11_23}.
Comment:
May be monoclinic, space-group P21/m (a = 9.605, b = 19.210, c = 6.785 A, β = 120°, Z = 6)
Crystal Structure
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Data courtesy of the American Mineralogist Crystal Structure Database. Click on an AMCSD ID to view structure
| ID | Species | Reference | Link | Year | Locality | Pressure (GPa) | Temp (K) |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 0001258 | Chlorapatite | Hughes J M, Cameron M, Crowley K D (1989) Structural variations in natural F, OH, and Cl apatites American Mineralogist 74 870-876 |  | 1989 | Kragero, Norway | 0 | 293 |
| 0001291 | Chlorapatite | Hughes J M, Cameron M, Crowley K D (1990) Crystal structures of natural ternary apatites: Solid solution in the Ca5(PO4)3X (X = F,OH,Cl) system American Mineralogist 75 295-304 | | 1990 | 0 | 293 | |
| 0002516 | Chlorapatite | Fleet M E, Liu X, Pan Y (2000) Rare-earth elements in chlorapatite [Ca10(PO4)6(Cl)2]: Uptake, site preference, and degradation of monoclinic structure American Mineralogist 85 1437-1446 | | 2000 | 0 | 293 | |
| 0002517 | Chlorapatite | Fleet M E, Liu X, Pan Y (2000) Rare-earth elements in chlorapatite [Ca10(PO4)6(Cl)2]: Uptake, site preference, and degradation of monoclinic structure American Mineralogist 85 1437-1446 | | 2000 | 0 | 293 | |
| 0002518 | Chlorapatite | Fleet M E, Liu X, Pan Y (2000) Rare-earth elements in chlorapatite [Ca10(PO4)6(Cl)2]: Uptake, site preference, and degradation of monoclinic structure American Mineralogist 85 1437-1446 | | 2000 | 0 | 293 | |
| 0002519 | Chlorapatite | Fleet M E, Liu X, Pan Y (2000) Rare-earth elements in chlorapatite [Ca10(PO4)6(Cl)2]: Uptake, site preference, and degradation of monoclinic structure American Mineralogist 85 1437-1446 | | 2000 | 0 | 293 | |
| 0004838 | Chlorapatite | Luo Y, Hughes J M, Rakovan J, Pan Y (2009) Site preference of U and Th in Cl, F, and Sr apatites American Mineralogist 94 345-351 | | 2009 | synthetic | 0 | 293 |
| 0004840 | Chlorapatite | Luo Y, Hughes J M, Rakovan J, Pan Y (2009) Site preference of U and Th in Cl, F, and Sr apatites American Mineralogist 94 345-351 | | 2009 | synthetic | 0 | 293 |
| 0017642 | Chlorapatite | Hendricks S, Jefferson M, Mosley V (1932) The Crystal Structures of Some Natural and Synthetic Apatite-Like Substances _cod_database_code 1010916 Zeitschrift fur Kristallographie 81 352-369 | 1932 | 0 | 293 |
CIF Raw Data - click here to close
X-Ray Powder Diffraction
Powder Diffraction Data:
| d-spacing | Intensity |
|---|---|
| 3.39 Å | (40) |
| 2.853 Å | (100) |
| 2.770 Å | (100) |
| 2.306 Å | (40) |
| 1.960 Å | (50) |
| 1.910 Å | (25) |
| 1.838 Å | (50) |
Comments:
Bob’s Lake, Ontario, Canada. Data from Hounslow and Chao (1970).
Geological Environment
Paragenetic Mode(s):
| Paragenetic Mode | Earliest Age (Ga) |
|---|---|
| Stage 2: Planetesimal differentiation and alteration | 4.566-4.550 |
| 5 : Primary asteroid phases | 4.566–4.560 |
| 6 : Secondary asteroid phases | 4.566-4.560 |
| Stage 3a: Earth’s earliest Hadean crust | >4.50 |
| 8 : Mafic igneous rocks | |
| Near-surface Processes | |
| 23 : Subaerial aqueous alteration by non-redox-sensitive fluids (see also #47) | |
| High-𝑇 alteration and/or metamorphism | |
| 31 : Thermally altered carbonate, phosphate, and iron formations | |
| Stage 4b: Highly evolved igneous rocks | >3.0 |
| 34 : Complex granite pegmatites | |
| Stage 10b: Anthropogenic minerals | <10 Ka |
| 55 : Anthropogenic mine minerals |
Geological Setting:
Veins in gabbroic rocks; in meteorites.
Type Occurrence of Chlorapatite
Co-Type Localities:
General Appearance of Type Material:
White hexagonal crystals.
Place of Conservation of Type Material:
No designated type material.
Associated Minerals at Type Locality:
Synonyms of Chlorapatite
Other Language Names for Chlorapatite
German:Chlorapatit
Norwegian:Klorapatitt
Russian:Хлорапатит
Апатит-(CaCl)
Апатит-(CaCl)
Simplified Chinese:氯磷灰石
Spanish:Clorapatito
Varieties of Chlorapatite
| Munkforssite | A mixture, mainly manganiferous Apatite. Originally described from Dicksberg, Ransäter parish, Munkfors, Värmland, Sweden. |
Relationship of Chlorapatite to other Species
Member of:
Other Members of this group:
| Alforsite | Ba5(PO4)3Cl | Hex. 6/m : P63/m |
| Apatite | Ca5(PO4)3(Cl/F/OH) | |
| Fluoralforsite | Ba5(PO4)3F | Hex. 6/m : P6/m |
| Fluorapatite | Ca5(PO4)3F | Hex. 6/m : P63/m |
| Fluorpyromorphite | Pb5(PO4)3F | Hex. 6/m : P63/m |
| Hydroxylapatite | Ca5(PO4)3(OH) | Hex. 6/m : P63/m |
| Hydroxylpyromorphite | Pb5(PO4)3(OH) | Hex. 6/mmm (6/m 2/m 2/m) : P63/mcm |
| Johnbaumite | Ca5(AsO4)3(OH) | Hex. 6/m : P63/m |
| Mimetite | Pb5(AsO4)3Cl | Hex. 6/m : P63/m |
| Oxypyromorphite | Pb10(PO4)6O | |
| Pieczkaite | Mn5(PO4)3Cl | Hex. 6/m : P63/m |
| Pliniusite | Ca5(VO4)3F | Hex. 6/m : P63/m |
| Pyromorphite | Pb5(PO4)3Cl | Hex. 6/m : P63/m |
| Stronadelphite | Sr5(PO4)3F | Hex. 6/m : P63/m |
| Svabite | Ca5(AsO4)3F | Hex. 6/mmm (6/m 2/m 2/m) : P63/mmc |
| Turneaureite | Ca5(AsO4)3Cl | Hex. 6/m : P63/m |
| Unnamed (OH-analogue of Mimetite) | Pb5(AsO4)3(OH) | Hex. 6/m : P63/m |
| Vanadinite | Pb5(VO4)3Cl | Hex. 6/m : P63/m |
Common Associates
Associated Minerals Based on Photo Data:
| 9 photos of Chlorapatite associated with Phlogopite | KMg3(AlSi3O10)(OH)2 |
| 7 photos of Chlorapatite associated with Enstatite | Mg2Si2O6 |
| 6 photos of Chlorapatite associated with Althausite | Mg4(PO4)2(OH,O)(F,◻) |
| 6 photos of Chlorapatite associated with Steatite | Mg3(Si4O10)(OH)2 |
| 5 photos of Chlorapatite associated with Talc | Mg3Si4O10(OH)2 |
| 4 photos of Chlorapatite associated with Heneuite | CaMg5(CO3)(PO4)3(OH) |
| 3 photos of Chlorapatite associated with Raadeite | Mg7(PO4)2(OH)8 |
| 3 photos of Chlorapatite associated with Phosphoellenbergerite | (Mg,◻)2Mg12(PO4,PO3OH)6(PO3OH,CO3)2(OH)6 |
| 3 photos of Chlorapatite associated with Leucophosphite | KFe3+2(PO4)2(OH) · 2H2O |
| 2 photos of Chlorapatite associated with Augite | (CaxMgyFez)(Mgy1Fez1)Si2O6 |
Related Minerals - Strunz-mindat Grouping
| 8.BN. | Aradite | BaCa6[(SiO4)(VO4)](VO4)2F |
| 8.BN. | Magganasite | CuFe3+3O(AsO4)3 |
| 8.BN. | Fluorpyromorphite | Pb5(PO4)3F |
| 8.BN. | Fluorsigaiite | Ca2Sr3(PO4)3F |
| 8.BN. | Fluoralforsite | Ba5(PO4)3F |
| 8.BN.05 | Alforsite | Ba5(PO4)3Cl |
| 8.BN.05 | Belovite-(Ce) | NaCeSr3(PO4)3F |
| 8.BN.05 | Mimetite-M | Pb5(AsO4)3Cl |
| 8.BN.05 | Johnbaumite-M | Ca5(AsO4)3OH |
| 8.BN.05 | Fluorapatite | Ca5(PO4)3F |
| 8.BN.05 | Hedyphane | Ca2Pb3(AsO4)3Cl |
| 8.BN.05 | Hydroxylapatite | Ca5(PO4)3(OH) |
| 8.BN.05 | Johnbaumite | Ca5(AsO4)3(OH) |
| 8.BN.05 | Mimetite | Pb5(AsO4)3Cl |
| 8.BN.05 | Morelandite | Ca2Ba3(AsO4)3Cl |
| 8.BN.05 | Oxypyromorphite | Pb10(PO4)6O |
| 8.BN.05 | Pyromorphite | Pb5(PO4)3Cl |
| 8.BN.05 | Fluorstrophite | SrCaSr3(PO4)3F |
| 8.BN.05 | Svabite | Ca5(AsO4)3F |
| 8.BN.05 | Turneaureite | Ca5(AsO4)3Cl |
| 8.BN.05 | Vanadinite | Pb5(VO4)3Cl |
| 8.BN.05 | Belovite-(La) | NaLaSr3(PO4)3F |
| 8.BN.05 | Deloneite | (Na0.5REE0.25Ca0.25)(Ca0.75REE0.25)Sr1.5(CaNa0.25REE0.25)(PO4)3F0.5(OH)0.5 |
| 8.BN.05 | Fluorcaphite | SrCaCa3(PO4)3F |
| 8.BN.05 va | Germanate-pyromorphite | Pb5(PO4)2GeO4 |
| 8.BN.05 | Kuannersuite-(Ce) | NaCeBa3(PO4)3F0.5Cl0.5 |
| 8.BN.05 | Hydroxylapatite-M | Ca5(PO4)3OH |
| 8.BN.05 | Phosphohedyphane | Ca2Pb3(PO4)3Cl |
| 8.BN.05 | Hydroxylpyromorphite | Pb5(PO4)3(OH) |
| 8.BN.05 | Stronadelphite | Sr5(PO4)3F |
| 8.BN.05 | Fluorphosphohedyphane | Ca2Pb3(PO4)3F |
| 8.BN.05 | Carlgieseckeite-(Nd) | NaNdCa3(PO4)3F |
| 8.BN.05 | Vanackerite | Pb4Cd(AsO4)3Cl |
| 8.BN.05 | Miyahisaite | (Sr,Ca)2Ba3(PO4)3F |
| 8.BN.05 | Unnamed (OH-analogue of Mimetite) | Pb5(AsO4)3(OH) |
| 8.BN.05 | Pieczkaite | Mn5(PO4)3Cl |
| 8.BN.05 | Hydroxylhedyphane | Ca2Pb3(AsO4)3(OH) |
| 8.BN.05 | Pliniusite | Ca5(VO4)3F |
| 8.BN.05 | Parafiniukite | Ca2Mn3(PO4)3Cl |
| 8.BN.10 | Arctite | Na2Ca4(PO4)3F |
| 8.BN.15 | Goryainovite | Ca2(PO4)Cl |
Other Information
Notes:
Soluble in HCl or in HNO3. Varieties containing CO3 may dissolve with slight effervescence.
Health Risks:
No information on health risks for this material has been entered into the database. You should always treat mineral specimens with care.
Chlorapatite in petrology
An essential component of rock names highlighted in red, an accessory component in rock names highlighted in green.
Internet Links for Chlorapatite
mindat.org URL:
https://www.mindat.org/min-1013.html
Please feel free to link to this page.
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External Links:
Mineral Dealers:
References for Chlorapatite
Reference List:
Rammelsberg, Carl Friedrich (1860) Handbuch der Mineralchemie (1st ed.) Wilhelm Engelmann, Leipzig. p.353 - as Chlorapatit
Burke, Ernst A. J. (2008) Tidying up mineral names: an IMA-CNMNC scheme for suffixes, hyphens and diacritical marks. The Mineralogical Record, 39 (2) 131-135
Localities for Chlorapatite
symbol to view information about a locality.
The Locality List
- This locality has map coordinates listed.
- This locality has estimated coordinates.
ⓘ - Click for references and further information on this occurrence.
? - Indicates mineral may be doubtful at this locality.
- Good crystals or important locality for species.
- World class for species or very significant.
(TL) - Type Locality for a valid mineral species.
(FRL) - First Recorded Locality for everything else (eg varieties).
All localities listed without proper references should be considered as questionable.
Afghanistan | |
| Journal of Petrology 43 (4) |
Algeria | |
| ... |
Antarctica | |
| gsa.confex.com (n.d.) |
| Kogarko et al. (2007) |
| Kimura et al. (1997) |
| Kimura et al. (1997) | |
| curator.jsc.nasa.gov (2013) |
| Mikouchi et al. (1998) |
Argentina | |
| Bunch et al. (1970) |
Australia | |
| Frisia et al. (2012) |
| Papike +1 other reference |
| Ikeda et al. (1996) +1 other reference |
| Nehru et al. (1983) |
| Graham (1978) |
| Alan E. Rubin (1992) |
| Bunch et al. (1970) |
| Keller et al. (1992) |
| Berkley et al. (1978) |
| Buchwald (1975) |
Austria | |
| Müller (2016) |
| Kolitsch (2013) |
| F. Bernhard et al. (1998) |
| SEM-EDS on polished section | |
| Brandstätter et al. (2013) |
Azerbaijan | |
| |
Bahamas | |
| Onac B.P. et al. (2001) +1 other reference |
| Onac et al. (2001) | |
Bolivia | |
| Ulf Kempe (2008) |
Brazil | |
| [Mineralogical Record 28:492] |
| Gomes et al. (1980) |
| Campo-Rodríguez et al. (2021) |
| Tallarico et al. (2004) |
| Lewis et al. (2016) |
| Gomes et al. (1980) |
Canada | |
| Mold et al. (1982) |
| Smith (1980) |
| Papike +1 other reference |
| a study in contrasts. The Canadian Mineralogist: 36 (2) +1 other reference |
| Ronnie Van Dommelen collection |
| John Montgomery collection |
| John R. Montgomery trade with Canadian ... |
| Cabral et al. (2007) |
| castaing.eps.mcgill.ca (n.d.) |
| Eur. J. Mineral. |
Chile | |
| De Waele et al. (2017) |
| Roberto Rojas +1 other reference |
| Maksaev et al. (2007) |
| Maksaev et al. (2007) |
| Maksaev et al. (2007) |
China | |
| Jones et al. (2014) |
| Xu et al. (2022) |
| Lapis 29 (2) +2 other references |
| Guodong Ren (1987) |
| Rubin et al. (1988) |
| Bai et al. (2018) |
| Yongping Huang et al. (1999) |
Croatia | |
| Hoinkes et al. (1976) |
Cuba | |
| The Meteoritical Bulletin |
Czech Republic | |
| www.lpi.usra.edu (2020) |
Egypt | |
| Berkley et al. (1980) +2 other references |
| Atef et al. (2023) |
| Atef et al. (2023) | |
Europe | |
| Zelinková et al. (2022) |
Finland | |
| Ilkka Mikkola collection |
| Mutanen (1997) +1 other reference |
| Järvinen et al. (2019) |
| Jones et al. (2014) |
France | |
| Murrell et al. (1984) |
| Mason et al. (1976) +2 other references |
| Brearley et al. (1998) +1 other reference |
Germany | |
| - (n.d.) |
| Matthes et al. (1988) |
| Andrehs et al. (1989) |
| Papike +1 other reference |
| Skrzyńska et al. (2023) |
| Blass |
| in the collection of Christof Schäfer |
| Matthes (1995) |
| Thomas et al. (2000) |
Greenland | |
| Nielsen et al. (2015) |
Hungary | |
| HOM Collection |
India | |
| Noonan et al. (1976) +1 other reference |
| Suresh et al. (2013) |
| Babu (1972) |
| Van Schmuss et al. (1963) |
Indonesia | |
| Van Schmuss et al. (1963) |
Iran | |
| Adib D. (1979) |
Iraq | |
| Bull et al. (1982) |
| Mohammad et al. (2016) +1 other reference |
Italy | |
| Guastoni et al. (2007) |
| Pratesi et al. (2003) |
| Piccoli et al. (2007) |
| Piccoli et al. (2007) |
| Orlandi et al. (2009) |
| Prosperi et al. (2013) |
Japan | |
| Shima et al. (1980) |
| Tomeoka et al. (2001) |
| Harada (1938) |
| Harada et al (1971) |
| Alfredo Petrov collection | |
Kazakhstan | |
| Kovalev et al. (2018) |
| Попов В.А. (2010) |
| Pavel.M. Kartashov (n.d.) +1 other reference |
Kenya | |
| Schulze et al. (1994) |
Libya | |
| Folco (2004) |
Madagascar | |
| Frank K. Mazdab collection |
Mauritania | |
| The Meteoritical Society (2020) | |
| Gattacceca et al. (2020) | |
Mexico | |
| Forti (2006) |
| Michel-Lévy et al. (1978) |
| Bunch et al. (1970) |
| Aldave et al. (2011) |
| Ruzicka et al. (2006) |
| Jones et al. (2014) |
Mongolia | |
| Bischoff (1993) +1 other reference |
Morocco | |
| Jordi Fabre |
| Mineralogical Society of America - ... |
| |
Netherlands | |
| Brearley et al. (1998) |
| Lindner et al. (1990) |
New Zealand | |
| Grice et al. (1989) |
Nigeria | |
| Ma et al. (2018) |
| Bunch et al. (1970) |
North Africa | |
| Owocki et al. (2012) |
Northwest Africa | |
| Li et al. (2018) | |
Northwest Africa Meteorites | |
| Irving et al. (2003, March) | |
| T. Bunch and J. Wittke | |
| He et al. (2010) | |
| ... | |
| Suporn Boonsuea & John Spraya (2012) | |
| Barrat et al. (2001) | |
| Jambon et al. (2010) | |
| www.lpi.usra.edu (2013) +1 other reference | |
| Jambon et al. (2002) +1 other reference | |
| www.lpi.usra.edu (2015) +5 other references | |
| Metzler et al. (2011) | |
| Irving et al. (2002) | |
Norway | |
| Vogt (1910) +1 other reference |
| Neumann (1985) |
| Neumann (1985) |
| Neumann (1985) | |
| Neumann (1985) |
| Neumann (1985) | |
| Neumann (1985) | |
| Stensrud (2004) |
| Raade et al. (1979) +1 other reference |
| Nordrum (2007) |
| Neumann (1985) |
| Ramsay et al. (1971) | |
| Neumann (1985) | |
| Brøgger et al. (1880) | |
| Morton et al. (1964) | |
| Brøgger et al. (1880) | |
| Rammelsberg (1860) +1 other reference | |
| Neumann (1985) |
Oman | |
| The Meteoritical Bulletin 84 (Aug.2000) |
| Taylor et al. (2000) | |
| The Meteoritical Bulletin et al. (2004) | |
Pakistan | |
| Ahmed (1991) |
Poland | |
| Karwowski et al. (2015) |
| Twardak et al. (2018) |
| Pieczka A. 2007: Beusite and an unusual ... +3 other references |
| Manecki (Polish Geological Institute) |
Romania | |
| Szakáll |
| Szakáll et al. (2006) +1 other reference | |
| Ciobanu et al. (2004) |
| Miura et al. (1995) |
| Paulina HIRTOPANU & Gheorghe UDUBASA (2015) +1 other reference |
Russia | |
| Spiridonov et al. (2019, April) |
| Kislov +1 other reference | |
| Sharygin et al. (2013) +3 other references |
| Dugushkina et al. (2023) | |
| Sorokina et al. (2019) |
| Плутахина |
| Barkov et al. (2021) +2 other references |
| Erokhin et al. (2016) |
| Erokhin et al. (2017, December) | |
| - (n.d.) |
| - (n.d.) | |
| Barkov et al. (2023) |
| Erokhin et al. (2018) |
| Semenov et al. (2008) |
| [World of Stones 12:49] | |
| Trunilina et al. (2021) |
| Rezvukhin et al. (2018) |
| Antonov A.A. [Антонов А.А.] (2003) |
| Mikhailov et al. (2021) |
| Kasatkin et al. (2018) +1 other reference |
Saudi Arabia | |
| Forti et al. (2004) |
Serbia | |
| Fuchs (1969) |
Slovakia | |
| Farsang et al. (2014) |
| Ozdín et al. (2010) +1 other reference |
| Povondra P. |
| Ďuďa +1 other reference |
Spain | |
| Carrillo-Rosúa et al. (2021) |
| Takeda et al. (2003) |
| Telus et al. (2016) |
| Rubio-Ordóñez et al. (2011) +1 other reference |
| Lozano et al. (2004) |
| Roda-Robles et al. (2012) |
| Am Min 90:1887-1899 |
| Grady et al. (2015) |
| Brearley et al. (1998) |
| Mold et al. (1982) |
Sweden | |
| |
| Igelström (1897) +1 other reference |
Switzerland | |
| Stalder et al. (1998) |
Syria | |
| Moore et al. (2020) |
UK | |
| Bull et al. (1981) |
| Hutchison et al. (1986) +1 other reference |
Ukraine | |
| Lewis et al. (2016) |
| Rubin (1985) |
USA | |
| Prinz et al. (1980) |
| London et al. (1982) |
| Grossman et al. (2000) +2 other references |
| Fuchs (1969) |
| Fuchs (1969) | |
| Gibson et al. (1977) |
| Cook (1978) |
| ... +1 other reference |
| Fodor et al. (1969) +1 other reference |
| Byerly et al. (1988) |
| Heinrich et al. (2004) |
| Petrography: (D. Sheikh, M. Hutson, A. Ruzicka, Cascadia) +5 other references |
| Canadian Mineralogist Vol.24 (1986) |
| Gobla (2012) |
| Corkery (2002) |
| Castor et al. (2004) |
| NIZAMOFF et al. (2004) |
| Journal of Pegmatology vol. 1 +2 other references | |
| Noonan (1975) +1 other reference |
| Ruzicka et al. (2005) |
| NY State Museum spec. no. 18229 |
| Jones et al. (2012) |
| Shannon et al. (1925) |
| Fuchs (1969) |
| McCoy et al. (1997) |
| Rubin et al. (1983) |
| Bunch et al. (1970) |
| Jones et al. (2012) |
| McCoy et al. (1994) |
| Fuchs (1969) +1 other reference |
| Collected by and in the collection of ... |
| D. Allen Penick (1987) +1 other reference |
| Penick (1985) |
| Dietrich (1990) |
| Meteoritics |
Venezuela | |
| Urbani (1996) |
| Franco Urbani (2009) |
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