Dickite
A valid IMA mineral species - grandfathered
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About Dickite
Allan B. Dick
Formula:
Al2(Si2O5)(OH)4
Colour:
White, or tinted by impurities
Hardness:
2 - 2½
Specific Gravity:
2.60
Crystal System:
Monoclinic
Member of:
Name:
Named after Allan Brugh Dick (31 May 1833, Edinburgh, Scotland - 12 June 1926, Hampstead, London, UK), Scottish metallurgical chemist, who first described the species.
Type Locality:
Polymorph of:
Kaolinite-Serpentine Group.
A secondary mineral usually of hydrothermal origin in conjunction with veins, derived in part from the alteration of aluminosilicate minerals; also occurs as an authigenic sedimentary phase.
A secondary mineral usually of hydrothermal origin in conjunction with veins, derived in part from the alteration of aluminosilicate minerals; also occurs as an authigenic sedimentary phase.
Unique Identifiers
Mindat ID:
1287
Long-form identifier:
mindat:1:1:1287:0
GUID
(UUID V4):
(UUID V4):
60a2f0e9-42bf-42b4-9794-476c5b40131e
IMA Classification of Dickite
Approved, 'Grandfathered' (first described prior to 1959)
IMA Formula:
Al2Si2O5(OH)4
First published:
1930
Classification of Dickite
9.ED.05
9 : SILICATES (Germanates)
E : Phyllosilicates
D : Phyllosilicates with kaolinite layers composed of tetrahedral and octahedral nets
9 : SILICATES (Germanates)
E : Phyllosilicates
D : Phyllosilicates with kaolinite layers composed of tetrahedral and octahedral nets
Dana 7th ed.:
71.1.1.1
71.1.1.1
71 : PHYLLOSILICATES Sheets of Six-Membered Rings
1 : Sheets of 6-membered rings with 1:1 layers
71 : PHYLLOSILICATES Sheets of Six-Membered Rings
1 : Sheets of 6-membered rings with 1:1 layers
15.6
15 : Silicates of Aluminum
15 : Silicates of Aluminum
Mineral Symbols
As of 2021 there are now IMA–CNMNC approved mineral symbols (abbreviations) for each mineral species, useful for tables and diagrams.
Please only use the official IMA–CNMNC symbol. Older variants are listed for historical use only.
Please only use the official IMA–CNMNC symbol. Older variants are listed for historical use only.
| Symbol | Source | Reference |
|---|---|---|
| Dck | IMA–CNMNC | Warr, L.N. (2021). IMA–CNMNC approved mineral symbols. Mineralogical Magazine, 85(3), 291-320. doi:10.1180/mgm.2021.43 |
| Dck | Whitney & Evans (2010) | Whitney, D.L. and Evans, B.W. (2010) Abbreviations for names of rock-forming minerals. American Mineralogist, 95, 185–187 doi:10.2138/am.2010.3371 |
| Dck | The Canadian Mineralogist (2019) | The Canadian Mineralogist (2019) The Canadian Mineralogist list of symbols for rock- and ore-forming minerals (December 30, 2019). download |
| Dck | Warr (2020) | Warr, L.N. (2020) Recommended abbreviations for the names of clay minerals and associated phases. Clay Minerals, 55, 261–264 doi:10.1180/clm.2020.30 |
Physical Properties of Dickite
Transparency:
Transparent
Comment:
Lustre satiny.
Colour:
White, or tinted by impurities
Hardness:
2 - 2½ on Mohs scale
Tenacity:
Flexible
Cleavage:
Perfect
On {001}, perfect.
On {001}, perfect.
Density:
2.60 g/cm3 (Measured) 2.62 g/cm3 (Calculated)
Optical Data of Dickite
Type:
Biaxial (+)
RI values:
nα = 1.561 - 1.564 nβ = 1.561 - 1.566 nγ = 1.566 - 1.570
2V:
Measured: 50° to 80°, Calculated: 72° to 80°
Max Birefringence:
δ = 0.005 - 0.006
Image shows birefringence interference colour range (at 30µm thickness)
and does not take into account mineral colouration.
and does not take into account mineral colouration.
Surface Relief:
Low
Dispersion:
none
Chemistry of Dickite
Mindat Formula:
Al2(Si2O5)(OH)4
Elements listed:
Common Impurities:
Ti,Fe,Mg,Ca,Na,K
Crystallography of Dickite
Crystal System:
Monoclinic
Class (H-M):
m - Domatic
Space Group:
Bb
Cell Parameters:
a = 5.150 Å, b = 8.940 Å, c = 14.424 Å
β = 96.8°
β = 96.8°
Ratio:
a:b:c = 0.576 : 1 : 1.613
Unit Cell V:
659.42 ų (Calculated from Unit Cell)
Z:
4
Morphology:
Crystals pseudohexagonal, elongated [100] at times. As aggregates of platelets resembling books. Masses of microscopic crystals.
Crystal Structure
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Unit Cell | Unit Cell Packed
2x2x2 | 3x3x3 | 4x4x4
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Data courtesy of the American Mineralogist Crystal Structure Database. Click on an AMCSD ID to view structure
| ID | Species | Reference | Link | Year | Locality | Pressure (GPa) | Temp (K) |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 0000126 | Dickite | Bailey S W (1963) Polymorphism of the kaolin minerals American Mineralogist 48 1196-1209 |  | 1963 | 0 | 293 | |
| 0003170 | Dickite | Dera P, Prewitt C T, Japel S, Bish D L, Johnston C T (2003) Pressure-controlled polytypism in hydrous layered materials American Mineralogist 88 1428-1435 | | 2003 | 0 | 293 | |
| 0003171 | Dickite | Dera P, Prewitt C T, Japel S, Bish D L, Johnston C T (2003) Pressure-controlled polytypism in hydrous layered materials American Mineralogist 88 1428-1435 | | 2003 | 4.1 | 293 | |
| 0012236 | Dickite | Bish D L, Johnston C T (1993) Rietveld refinement and Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopic study of the dickite structure at low temperature Clays and Clay Minerals 41 297-304 | 1993 | St. Claire, Pennsylvania, USA | 0 | 12 | |
| 0014797 | Dickite | Joswig W, Drits V A (1986) The orientation of the hydroxyl groups in dickite by X-ray diffraction Neues Jahrbuch fur Mineralogie, Monatshefte 1986 19-22 | 1986 | Kilantyubinsk mine, USSR | 0 | 293 |
CIF Raw Data - click here to close
X-Ray Powder Diffraction
Powder Diffraction Data:
| d-spacing | Intensity |
|---|---|
| For dickite-2M1: Å | ( |
| 7.15 Å | (100) |
| 4.12 Å | (70) |
| 3.80 Å | (60) |
| 3.58 Å | (100) |
| 2.51 Å | (50) |
| 2.33 Å | (90) |
| 1.975 Å | (50) |
| 1.49 Å | (50) |
Geological Environment
Paragenetic Mode(s):
| Paragenetic Mode | Earliest Age (Ga) |
|---|---|
| Stage 3b: Earth’s earliest hydrosphere | >4.45 |
| 16 : Low-𝑇 aqueous alteration of Hadean subaerial lithologies (see also #23) | |
| Near-surface Processes | |
| 28 : Photo-alteration, pre-biotic | |
| Stage 5: Initiation of plate tectonics | <3.5-2.5 |
| 40 : Regional metamorphism (greenschist, amphibolite, granulite facies) |
Geological Setting:
Usually of hydrothermal origin in conjunction with veins, derived in part from the alteration of aluminosilicate minerals; also occurs as an authigenic sedimentary phase.
Type Occurrence of Dickite
Place of Conservation of Type Material:
No designated type materil.
Other Language Names for Dickite
Varieties of Dickite
| Changhua Stone | A dense yellow variety of dickite, which is used for carving. It usually contains small amounts of alunite as an impurity. |
| Gaoshan Stone | A dense variety of dickite with red spots of hematite, which is used for carving. It also contains quartz and pyrophyllite as minor impurities. The Chinese consider this material as a variety of Shoushan stone, although true Shoushan stone mainly consists... |
| Yellow Seal Stone | A yellow stone from northern Laos that is used in carving. The main composition of the yellow seal stones from northern Laos is dickite. The impurity composition includes hematite, anatase, barite, diaspore and pyrite. The mineral composition indicates th... |
Relationship of Dickite to other Species
Member of:
Other Members of this group:
| Halloysite | Al2(Si2O5)(OH)4 | Mon. m : Bb |
| Kaolinite | Al2(Si2O5)(OH)4 | Tric. 1 : P1 |
| Nacrite | Al2(Si2O5)(OH)4 | Mon. m : Bb |
Common Associates
Associated Minerals Based on Photo Data:
| 81 photos of Dickite associated with Azurite | Cu3(CO3)2(OH)2 |
| 62 photos of Dickite associated with Quartz | SiO2 |
| 35 photos of Dickite associated with Pyrite | FeS2 |
| 32 photos of Dickite associated with Dolomite | CaMg(CO3)2 |
| 31 photos of Dickite associated with Calcite | CaCO3 |
| 20 photos of Dickite associated with Chalcopyrite | CuFeS2 |
| 16 photos of Dickite associated with Chalcocite | Cu2S |
| 16 photos of Dickite associated with Fluorite | CaF2 |
| 16 photos of Dickite associated with Malachite | Cu2(CO3)(OH)2 |
| 14 photos of Dickite associated with Siderite | FeCO3 |
Related Minerals - Strunz-mindat Grouping
| 9.ED. | Clinochrysotile | |
| 9.ED.05 | Kaolinite | Al2(Si2O5)(OH)4 |
| 9.ED.05 | Nacrite | Al2(Si2O5)(OH)4 |
| 9.ED.05 | Odinite | (Fe,Mg,Al,Fe,Ti,Mn)2.4((Si,Al)2O5)(OH)4 |
| 9.ED.10 | Halloysite | Al2(Si2O5)(OH)4 |
| 9.ED.10 | Hisingerite | Fe3+2(Si2O5)(OH)4 · 2H2O |
| 9.ED.10 | Hydrohalloysite | Al2Si2O5(OH)4 · 2H2O |
| 9.ED.15 | Amesite | Mg2Al(AlSiO5)(OH)4 |
| 9.ED.15 | Antigorite | Mg3(Si2O5)(OH)4 |
| 9.ED.15 | Berthierine | (Fe2+,Fe3+,Al)3(Si,Al)2O5(OH)4 |
| 9.ED.15 | Brindleyite | (Ni,Al)3(Si,Al)2O5(OH)4 |
| 9.ED.15 | Caryopilite | Mn2+3Si2O5(OH)4 |
| 9.ED.15 | Cronstedtite | Fe2+2Fe3+((Si,Fe3+)2O5)(OH)4 |
| 9.ED.15 | Fraipontite | (Zn,Al)3((Si,Al)2O5)(OH)4 |
| 9.ED.15 | Greenalite | (Fe2+,Fe3+)2-3Si2O5(OH)4 |
| 9.ED.15 | Kellyite | Mn2+2Al(AlSiO5)(OH)4 |
| 9.ED.15 | Lizardite | Mg3(Si2O5)(OH)4 |
| 9.ED.15 | Manandonite | Li2Al4(Si2AlB)O10(OH)8 |
| 9.ED.15 | Népouite | Ni3Si2O5(OH)4 |
| 9.ED.15 | Pecoraite | Ni3(Si2O5)(OH)4 |
| 9.ED.15 | Guidottiite | Mn2Fe3+(Fe3+SiO5)(OH)4 |
| 9.ED.15 va | Chromoamesite | Mg2(Al,Cr)(AlSiO5)(OH)4 |
| 9.ED.20 | Allophane | (Al2O3)(SiO2)1.3-2 · 2.5-3H2O |
| 9.ED.20 | Chrysocolla | Cu2-xAlx(H2-xSi2O5)(OH)4 · nH2O, x < 1 |
| 9.ED.20 | Imogolite | Al2SiO3(OH)4 |
| 9.ED.20 | Neotocite | (Mn,Fe,Mg)SiO3 · H2O |
| 9.ED.25 | Bismutoferrite | Fe3+2Bi(SiO4)2(OH) |
| 9.ED.25 | Chapmanite | Fe3+2Sb3+(Si2O5)O3(OH) |
| 9.ED.30 | Pianlinite | Al2Si2O6(OH)2 |
Other Information
Health Risks:
No information on health risks for this material has been entered into the database. You should always treat mineral specimens with care.
Dickite in petrology
An essential component of rock names highlighted in red, an accessory component in rock names highlighted in green.
Internet Links for Dickite
mindat.org URL:
https://www.mindat.org/min-1287.html
Please feel free to link to this page.
Please feel free to link to this page.
Search Engines:
External Links:
Mineral Dealers:
References for Dickite
Localities for Dickite
symbol to view information about a locality.
The Locality List
- This locality has map coordinates listed.
- This locality has estimated coordinates.
ⓘ - Click for references and further information on this occurrence.
? - Indicates mineral may be doubtful at this locality.
- Good crystals or important locality for species.
- World class for species or very significant.
(TL) - Type Locality for a valid mineral species.
(FRL) - First Recorded Locality for everything else (eg varieties).
All localities listed without proper references should be considered as questionable.
Afghanistan | |
| Orris et al. (2002) |
| Orris et al. (2002) |
| Orris et al. (2002) |
| Orris et al. (2002) | |
Algeria | |
| Singer et al. (2009) |
Arctic Ocean | |
| Marques et al. (2020) |
Argentina | |
| Singer et al. (2008) |
| Proffett (2003) +1 other reference | |
| PUTZ +1 other reference |
| PUTZ +1 other reference | |
| Padrón de Minas de la Provincia de Chubut (2005) |
| MAIZA +2 other references | |
| Slater (2016) |
| MAIZA +2 other references |
| Grecco et al. (2012) |
| MAIZA +2 other references |
| MAIZA +2 other references |
| Zwahlen et al. (2014) |
| Sillitoe et al. (2019) |
| Gallard-Esquivel et al. (2018) |
| Jovic et al. (2011) |
| Smith (2009) |
Armenia | |
| Singer et al. (2008) |
| Mederer et al. (2019) |
| Mederer et al. (2019) |
Australia | |
| R Bottrill |
| Ashley et al. (1997) |
| Somarin et al. (2004) |
| Gilligan et al. (1992) |
| Gilligan et al. (1992) |
| Hurtig et al. (2014) |
| Harris et al. (2003) |
| Sahlström et al. (2016) +2 other references |
| Georgina Gordon (2014) |
| Nicolson et al. (2017) |
| Francis (2010) |
| Sorrell (n.d.) |
| Noble R.J. +1 other reference | |
| Bottrill et al. (2008) |
| Bottrill (2018) |
| Sorrell (n.d.) | |
| Bottrill et al. (2008) |
| |
| |
Austria | |
| Niedermayr et al. (1995) |
| Pichler (2009) |
| Pichler (2009) |
| M. Puttner: Carinthia II 184./104.:43-47 (1994) |
| Hiden (1997) |
| Niedermayr et al. (1995) |
| Niedermayr et al. (1995) |
| Niedermayr et al. (1995) | |
| A. Strasser (2011) |
| Brandstätter et al. (2013) | |
| U. Kolitsch und C. Steinwender (2014) |
| Strasser (1989) |
| Strasser (1989) |
| Happich (1985) +1 other reference |
| Postl (1994) |
| Leikauf (2006) | |
| www.markasit070752.ws24.cc (n.d.) |
| www.markasit070752.ws24.cc (n.d.) |
Azerbaijan | |
| Mansurov et al. (2018) |
Belgium | |
| Hatert et al. (2002) |
| Leon Hupperichs collection |
| Hatert et al. (2002) |
| Hatert et al. (2002) |
| Hatert et al. (2002) |
| Hatert et al. (2002) | |
| Hatert et al. (2002) | |
| Hatert et al. (2002) | |
| Hatert et al. (2002) |
| Hatert et al. (2002) | |
| Michel Bloindieau |
| Fransolet et al. (1978) +2 other references |
| José Dehove collection |
| Blondieau (2005) |
| Etienne Mans Collection |
| Blondieau (2012) |
Bolivia | |
| Kempff et al. (La Paz, 2009) |
| Kempff et al. (La Paz, 2009) |
| Wilson (2001) |
| アルセオスバルト (1989) +1 other reference |
| Jiménez-Franco et al. (2018) +1 other reference |
| Jiménez-Franco et al. (2018) | |
| Salomon Rivas y Federico Ahlfeld (1998) |
| Salomon Rivas y Federico Ahlfeld (1998) | |
| Dill (1998) | |
| PXRD by John Attard |
| Federico Ahlfeld and Alejandro Schneider-Scherbina (1964) |
| Federico Ahlfeld and Alejandro Schneider-Scherbina (1964) |
| Osvaldo R. Arce Burgoa (2007) +1 other reference |
| Dr Fritz Berndt collection (not analyzed) |
| Kempff et al. (La Paz, 2009) | |
| Sillitoe et al. (1998) |
Brazil | |
| A. C. Bastos Neto et al. (2009) |
| Atencio et al. (2004) |
Bulgaria | |
| Hikov et al. (2011) |
| Moritz et al. (2004) |
| Singer et al. (2008) +2 other references |
| Bogdanov et al. (2004) |
| Hikov (2004) +1 other reference | |
| HIKOV et al. (APS) +1 other reference |
| Georgieva +3 other references |
| www.geologija-revija.si (n.d.) |
Canada | |
| albite alunite andalusite andesine ... |
| Singer et al. (2008) |
| Singer et al. (2008) |
| Singer et al. (2008) |
| Duuring et al. (2009) |
| Duuring et al. (2009) | |
| Grice et al. (1977) |
| personal correspondence with Giles Peatfield (see comments in description) |
| Parrish (1977) |
| Sparkes et al. (2016) |
| O'Reilly et al. (1982) |
| Richardson (1988) |
| Reiner Mielke 2014 |
| Tarassoff et al. (2006) |
| Nadeau et al. (2015) |
| Reid et al. (2016) |
| Adlakha et al. (2013) +1 other reference | |
| Cloutier et al. (2009) | |
| Knipping (1974) | |
| Boulanger (2012) | |
| gac.esd.mun.ca (n.d.) | |
Chile | |
| Ossandón et al. (2001) |
| Maksaev (2006) |
| Gröpper et al. (1991) |
| Oviedo et al. (1991) |
| Thompson et al. (2004) +1 other reference |
| Singer et al. (2008) | |
| Singer et al. (2008) |
| Economic Geology +4 other references | |
| Singer et al. (2008) |
| Deyell et al. (2005) |
| Singer et al. (2008) |
| - (2003) |
| - (2003) +1 other reference | |
| Singer et al. (2008) | |
China | |
| Leifu Ren (1988) |
| Zheng et al. (2023) | |
| Tao Chen et al. (2008) | |
| Zhu Yulin (2000) +1 other reference | |
| Zhu Yulin (2000) |
| Duan et al. (2022) |
| Tianjun Gao and Rensheng Huang (1998) | |
| Tianjun Gao and Rensheng Huang (1998) | |
| Tianjun Gao and Rensheng Huang (1998) | |
| So et al. (1998) +3 other references | |
| Jinyan Yao (1994) |
| Jinzhang Zhang (2013) | |
| Jinzhang Zhang (2013) | |
| Jiajun Liu and Minghua Zheng (1994) +1 other reference |
| Huaying Liang et al. (2007) +1 other reference |
| Jinyan Yao (1994) |
| Shixian Liu (1983) |
| Jianjin Cao (2000) |
| Lin Niu (1994) |
| Xinyu Cao and Tongjiang Tang (1986) |
| Josef Vajdak (2008) |
| Zou et al. (2022) |
| www.portergeo.com.au (2007) |
| Peters et al. (2007) |
| Yu Chen et al. (1984) |
| Zhang Zhong et al. (1998) |
| Kehua Yin (2009) |
| Shande Zhang (1985) |
| Qin et al. (2022) |
| Chuanyi Yang (1985) +1 other reference | |
| Guangmo Liu and Houming Jian (1983) |
| Liqing Zhao et al. (2002) |
| Lijun Guo et al. (2002) +2 other references |
| Jidong Guan and Xiaohong Chai (2004) +1 other reference |
| Dahlkamp et al. (2009) |
| Dahlkamp et al. (2009) |
| Singer et al. (2002) |
| Chuanming Li (1986) |
| Rengui Wu and Dagan Yu (2000) |
| Dahlkamp et al. (2009) |
| Dahlkamp et al. (2009) | |
| Zheng Xia and Ningke Zhang (1986) |
| Dahlkamp (2009) |
| Wenwei Lin (1987) |
| Shihong Tian et al. (2009) |
| Shihong Tian et al. (2009) | |
| Defeng Hui and Naiwu Zhu (2001) +2 other references |
| Yuling Xie et al. (2000) |
| Lizi Chen et al. (2011) |
| Fuxin Zhang and Jianqin Ma (1999) +1 other reference | |
| Fuxin Zhang and Ping Shen (1996) +1 other reference | |
| Zeng Qingdong et al. (2002) |
| Bingwen Jia and Linshan Hou (1987) |
| wrgis.wr.usgs.gov (2004) |
| wrgis.wr.usgs.gov (2004) | |
| Su Sun (1993) |
| De'an Zhu (1995) +1 other reference | |
| De'an Zhu (1995) | |
| Liu et al. (2024) |
| WANG et al. (2014) +2 other references | |
| Yang et al. (2024) | |
| Zengqian Hou et al. (2007) |
| Bingyu Zhu et al. (2009) |
| Long Xiao et al. (2002) +1 other reference | |
| Pin'an Wang (2001) |
| Zhusen Yang et al. (2000) +1 other reference |
| Biao Fang et al. (2008) |
| Jianji Tian et al. (2010) |
| Wenqing Liu et al. (1987) |
| Shen Zhongyue and Ye Ying (1996) |
| Zhou et al. (2022) |
| Zhou et al. (2022) | |
Czech Republic | |
| Sýkorová et al. (2016) |
| Lapis 2000 (4) | |
| Zacek et al. (1995) | |
| Petr Paulis (2003) | |
| Žáček | |
| Povondra et al. (eds.) +1 other reference |
| - (n.d.) |
| Lapis 2002 (7/8) | |
| Sejkora et al. (2006) |
| Sejkora et al. (2006) |
| Krejčí Kotlánová et al. (2024) |
| Sejkora (1998) | |
| Sejkora et al. (2013) |
Ecuador | |
| Singer et al. (2008) |
Finland | |
| Joel Dyer collection |
| Joel Dyer collection |
France | |
| • Martin et al. (2004) |
| Le Règne mineral revue number 114 +1 other reference |
| De Ascençao Guedes et al. (2012) |
| R. Pierrot |
| |
| Georges Favreau collection |
| [Le Cahier des Micromonteurs |
| Queneau (n.d.) |
| BERBAIN et al. (2010) |
| Le Cahier des Micromonteurs |
| Moëlo et al. (2006) |
| Georges FAVREAU collection & EDX ... +1 other reference |
Georgia | |
| Bukiya et al. (1971) |
| Gugushvili et al. (2002) |
| Kekelia et al. (2008) |
| Gruzdev et al. (1975) +2 other references |
Germany | |
| Walenta (1992) |
| Wittern (2001) |
| |
| Weiß (1990) |
| Wittern (2001) |
| Weiß (1990) |
| Wittern (2001) |
| Henrich et al. (2019) |
| 54 +1 other reference |
| Wittern (2001) |
| Maas (1977) |
| Graf et al. (1982) |
| Vetter et al. (1993) |
| Weiß (1990) |
| Weiß (1990) |
| Weiß (1990) +1 other reference |
| Weiß (1990) |
| |
| Weiß (1990) |
| Weiß (1990) |
| Vetter et al. (1991) |
| Henrich (2007) |
| Lapis (2) |
| Müller (2013) |
| Krupp (1989) |
| Lapis 33 (12) |
| Graf et al. (1991) |
| Gerhard Möhn collection |
| Weiß (1990) |
| Weiß (1990) |
| |
| Weiß (1990) |
| in the collection of Christof Schäfer |
| Möhn et al. (07/2020) |
| Lapis 30 (7/8) | |
| Wittern (2001) |
| Mineralien-Welt (2) +1 other reference |
| Wittern (2001) |
| T. Witzke & F. Rüger: Lapis 1998 (7/8) |
| T. Witzke & F. Rüger: Lapis 1998 (7/8) | |
| 54. +1 other reference |
| Ullrich (2018) |
Greece | |
| Rieck et al. (2022) |
| Skarpelis (1999) |
| Alteration et al. (Sappes) +1 other reference |
| Papoulis et al. (2005) |
| Grosche et al. (2023) |
Honduras | |
| Mattioli et al. (2014) |
Hungary | |
| |
| |
| Mineral Species of Hungary |
| Koch: Minerals of Hungary | |
| Koch: Mierals of Hungary |
| |
| |
| Földessy et al. (2008) |
| Kovács | |
| Szakáll et al. (1996) | |
India | |
| Deans et al. (1972) +9 other references |
| Nayak et al. (2024) |
| Raju +1 other reference |
Indonesia | |
| Mulja et al. (2022) |
| Idrus et al. (2015) |
| www.pdac.ca (2003) |
| van Leeuwen et al. (1994) |
| Scher et al. (2013) |
| Tumpangpitu porphyry-high sulphidation epithermal deposit et al. (Trans. Inst. Min. Metall. B) +1 other reference | |
| Davies (2008) |
| Singer et al. (2008) |
| www.newcrest.com.au (2017) |
| King et al. (2014) |
| King et al. (2014) | |
| Turner et al. (1994) |
| Sweetapple et al. (2014) |
| Al Hakim et al. (2017) |
| Tun et al. (2015) |
| Verdiansyah et al. (2022) |
| Burrows et al. (2020) |
| Singer et al. (2008) |
| Abidin et al. (2014) |
Iran | |
| Fazli et al. (2022) |
| BAZARGANI-GUILANI et al. (2008) |
Italy | |
| Balenzano F. (1981) | |
| Balenzano F. (1981) |
| Balenzano F. (1981) | |
| Balenzano F. (1981) | |
| Balenzano F. (1981) |
| Balenzano F. (1981) | |
| Balenzano F. (1981) | |
| Balenzano F. (1981) | |
| Adorni et al. (2010) |
| Bortolozzi et al. (2015) |
| Mattias et al. (1979) +2 other references |
| Lombardi et al. (1979) +1 other reference | |
| Analysed by Dr Giuseppetti (comm. Enrico Bonacina) |
| Bortolozzi (n.d.) |
| Parola et al. (2023) +1 other reference |
| Ambrino et al. (2008) |
| Campostrini (2001) |
| Lapis (10) |
| Mattioli V. (1979) +1 other reference |
| Mattioli (1979) +1 other reference | |
| Mattioli V. (1979) +1 other reference | |
| Fernando Caboni et al. (2023) |
| Fernando Caboni et al. (2024) |
| Fernando Caboni et al. (2024) +1 other reference | |
| collect from authors +1 other reference |
| Bortolozzi (n.d.) |
| Bortolozzi (n.d.) |
| Ferretti P. et al. (Lavis, Trentino-Alto Adige) |
| Canal et al. (2012) |
| Raman Spectroscopy by Ivano Rocchetti |
| Bortolozzi et al. (2013) |
| Bortolozzi (n.d.) |
| October 2021 Micro 19 (3-2021) +2 other references | |
| SEM/EDS analysis by AMI SIUK | |
| Fabio Tosato +3 other references | |
| Dill (1979) |
| Boscardin M. et alii. "I minerali nel Vicentino" et al. (Vicenza) |
| Pegoraro et al. (1997) +2 other references |
| Lapis (2) +1 other reference |
| Pegoraro S. (2014) | |
| Boscardin M. et al. (2011) |
Japan | |
| INOUE et al. (1991) |
| Dr. Kameki Kinoshita collection (curated at Geological Survey of Japan) |
| 米田哲朗. (1989) |
| Shimizu +1 other reference |
| Watanabe et al. (1996) |
| Myint (1996) |
| Morishita et al. (2019) |
| Econ Geol (1989) | |
| Kawano et al. (1991) | |
| ... +1 other reference |
| ... +1 other reference |
| Fujii et al. (1971) |
| Fujii et al. (1971) |
| Dr. Yohachiro Okamoto collection (curated at Geological Survey museum, Japan) |
| Yamada (2004) |
Kazakhstan | |
| Jeremolenko (2002) |
| Singer et al. (2008) |
| Dill (1999) |
| Singer et al. (2008) |
Kosovo | |
| Palinkaš +6 other references |
Kyrgyzstan | |
| Kolesar et al. (1993) |
| Kolesar et al. (1993) | |
| |
| Djenchuraeva et al. (2008) |
Laos | |
Luxembourg | |
| Philippo et al. (2007) |
Malaysia | |
| Percival et al. (1990) |
| Yajima (1960) | |
| Wolfram Dieter Schuh (1993) | |
| Caisheng Zhao et al. (2004) +1 other reference |
Mexico | |
| Marcus Origileri |
| Sotelo (2016) |
| Sotelo (2016) | |
| Anisimov et al. (2001) |
| Camprubí et al. (1) |
| Clay Miner. 29:452-453 (1981) | |
| Braith et al. (2001) +2 other references |
| www.alamosgold.com (2013) |
| Berrocal-Lopez +1 other reference |
Mongolia | |
| RPMGlobal (2018) |
| Fengjun Nie et al. (2004) +1 other reference |
| Economic Geology September 2001 v. 96 ... |
| Economic Geology +5 other references | |
| Kim et al. (2017) |
| Singer et al. (2008) |
Morocco | |
| Barral et al. (2008) |
Myanmar | |
| Soonthorntantikul et al. (2017) |
| Mitchell et al. (2008) |
Netherlands | |
| T.G. Nijland |
| T.G. Nijland | |
| T.G. Nijland | |
| |
New Zealand | |
| Burgess (1978) |
| Singh (2015) |
| Chambefort et al. (2017) |
| Railton et al. (1990) |
| Railton et al. (1990) |
| Christie et al. (2007) |
Nicaragua | |
| Hynek et al. (2013) |
Norway | |
| Nordli et al. (1997) |
| Gunnar Raade (1969) +1 other reference |
| Husdal (2023) |
| Harald Folvik XRD NMH |
| Berg et al. (2003) |
Panama | |
| Yang et al. (1997) |
| I. Corral et al. (2010) +2 other references | |
Papua New Guinea | |
| Espi et al. (2007) |
| Rinne et al. (2018) |
| Singer et al. (2008) | |
| Singer et al. (2005) |
| Singer et al. (2005) | |
| Singer et al. (2008) |
Peru | |
| Rainbow et al. (2005) |
| Longo et al. (2005) |
| Lewis Jr (1964) |
| Dill et al. (1997) |
| Singer et al. (2008) |
| Hanneman (2014) |
| Benites et al. (2021) +1 other reference |
| Graton +1 other reference |
| 7th Biennial +1 other reference |
| Bendezú et al. (2009) |
| Mineralium Deposita September 2003 +2 other references | |
| Dubé et al. (2014) | |
Philippines | |
| Singer et al. (2008) |
| Singer et al. (2008) |
| Villaplaza et al. (2017) |
| Singer et al. (2008) |
| Singer et al. (2008) |
| Singer et al. (2008) |
| Singer et al. (2008) |
Poland | |
| Dan Costian collection & photo-780123 |
| Janeczek et al. (1991) |
| Mineralogisches Museum Bonn specimen. |
| Eligiusz Szełęg private collection |
| Lis et al. (1986) | |
| Wojciech Czapliński | |
| Lis et al. (1986) |
| Lis et al. (1986) | |
| Lis et al. (1986) |
| Lis et al. (1986) |
| Salwa (2019) |
Portugal | |
| Pedro Alves collection and analytical ... |
| Pedro Alves collection and analytical ... |
| Pedro Alves collection and analytical ... |
| Pedro Alves analytical data. |
Romania | |
| Mineralium Deposita (2004) +1 other reference |
| Marincea +4 other references |
| Onac et al. (1995) |
| Tamas et al. (2003) +1 other reference |
| www.minerals-of-the-carpathians |
Russia | |
| Pekov I.V. et al. (2010) +1 other reference |
| Pekov et al. (2010) |
| Pavlova et al. (2009) |
| Pavlova et al. (2009) |
| Pavlova et al. (2009) |
| Pavlova et al. (2009) | |
| International Geology Review Volume 19 | |
| Pavlova et al. (2009) |
| Ripp et al. (1996) +1 other reference |
| Bortnikov et al. (2004) |
| Volkov et al. (2011) | |
| Yakich et al. (2021) |
| V.A. Kovalenker (2005) +1 other reference |
| Sergeeva et al. (2019) |
| Bukanov et al. (2012) |
| ... |
| Grant et al. (2001) |
| Goryachev et al. (2011) |
| Goryachev et al. (2011) | |
| V. Yu. Fridovsky et al. (2014) |
| Bortnikov et al. (2010) | |
| Goryachev et al. (2011) | |
| Bortnikov et al. (2007) +1 other reference |
| Nokleberg (2005) |
| Pal’yanova et al. (2016) |
| USGS Open File Report 2005-1252 p215ff |
| [Mineralien Welt 6/92:62] |
| Laverov et al. (2008) |
Serbia | |
| Singer et al. (2008) |
| Zivanovic (2019) |
Slovakia | |
| Kozák J. et al. (2017) |
| Koděra P. et al. (2008) +1 other reference |
| Koděra (1986) | |
| Miškovic J. (1990) |
| Koděra (1986) |
| Ďuďa (1993) |
| Bacsó |
| Bacsó |
| Koděra (1986) |
| Ďuďa R. et al. ( Kotterbach ) | |
| Koděra (1986) | |
| Hurný J. (1974) | |
| Koděra (1986) |
| Ďuďa R. |
| Bačo |
| Koděra (1986) |
| Pauliš |
| Koděra (1986) |
| Ďuďa |
| Koděra (1986) |
Slovenia | |
| Albrecht von Quadt et al. (2007) |
South Africa | |
| Cairncross et al. (1995) |
| Cairncross et al. (1995) +1 other reference |
South Korea | |
| Cho et al. (1994) | |
| Econ Geol (1984) |
| "Exploration and utilization of the ... |
| Kim et al. (1991) |
Spain | |
| P. Sanger-von Oepen (1990) |
| Calvo Rebollar (2014) | |
| Rewitzer et al. (2018) |
| M.D. Ruiz Cruz (Betic Cordilleras, Spain) |
| Perona et al. (2018) |
| Saupe (1990) |
| Jordi Fabre | |
| Alfredo Petrov |
| Joan Rosell |
Sweden | |
| Pieslinger (2023) |
| Norin (1949) |
| Sandström (2008) |
Switzerland | |
| Hofmann et al. (2014) +1 other reference |
| Hofmann et al. (2014) |
| Peters (1968) +2 other references |
| Soom et al. (1988) +1 other reference |
| Deicha et al. (1960) +2 other references |
| Hofmann et al. (2014) |
| Graeser et al. (1974) +2 other references |
| Chukanov et al. (2018) |
| Cuchet et al. (2012) |
| Stalder et al. (1998) |
| |
Taiwan | |
| L. P. Tan (1993) +1 other reference |
| Lin Szu Bin +2 other references |
| Li et al. (2000) |
Tajikistan | |
| Pavlova et al. (2009) |
| Pavlova et al. (2009) | |
Turkey | |
| |
| Oygür (1997) |
| Yigit (2012) |
| Yigit (2012) |
| Yigit (2012) |
| Yigit (2012) |
| Smith et al. (2014) | |
| Yigit (2012) |
| Huseyin Yilmaz et al. (2010) +1 other reference | |
| Yigit (2012) | |
| Yigit et al. (2000) |
| Singer et al. (2008) |
| Hanilçi +5 other references |
UK | |
| Fitch et al. (2022) |
| Golley et al. (1995) |
| Golley et al. (1995) |
| Golley et al. (1995) |
| Golley et al. (1995) | |
| Golley et al. (1995) |
| Day (1999) |
| [Specimen in the Natural History Museum | |
| Day (1999) |
| |
| John Sobolewski collection |
| Hubbard et al. (2001) |
| |
| Ian Jones collection |
| Day (1999) |
| Ian Jones collection |
| Sorrell (n.d.) |
| |
| Day (1999) |
| |
| Chamosite confirmed by XRD at the ... |
| |
| Ian Jones collection |
Ukraine | |
| Alexander I. Tischenko (1996) |
| Alexander I. Tischenko (1996) | |
| Popov S.P. Mineralogy of the Crimea (1938) | |
| Tischenko Alexander |
| Geologiya rtutnyhmestorogdeniy i proyavleniy Ukrainy (Geology of mercurial deposits and ore occurences in Ukraine) |
| A. Tischenko. Minerals of the Crimea - ... |
| Geologiya SSSR (The geology of USSR) |
| Popov S.P. Mineralogy of the Crimea (1938) | |
| Möckel et al. (1992) |
| Dmitry Tonkacheev | |
| Dobrovolskaya T.I. (2004) |
| Econ Geol (1994) +1 other reference |
| O.K.Babynin et al. (2006) | |
| Lyckberg et al. (2009) |
USA | |
| Cook et al. (1982) |
| - (2008) |
| - (2008) | |
| - (2008) |
| Runnells (1964) |
| Kelley et al. (2022) |
| Am Min 49:158-165 |
| - (2008) |
| - (2005) | |
| Nye (1968) +1 other reference |
| Anthony et al. (1995) | |
| Michael Cline Collection |
| Singer et al. (2005) |
| Anthony et al. (1995) | |
| Winant (2010) +1 other reference |
| MRDS database Dep ID #10026734 +1 other reference |
| Rocks & Min.:63:107 +1 other reference |
| Rocks & Min.:63:107 +1 other reference | |
| Rocks & Min.:63:107 +2 other references | |
| Rocks & Min.:63:108. |
| Rocks & Min.:63:107 +1 other reference |
| Rocks and Minerals (1976) |
| Rocks & Min.: 63: 109. | |
| - (2005) |
| Rocks & Min.: 63:110. | |
| - (2005) | |
| Rocks & Min.:63:113 +1 other reference |
| Rocks & Min.:63:113 +1 other reference | |
| Rocks & Min.: 63:113. | |
| Rocks & Min.:63:112 +1 other reference |
| Rocks & Min.:63:115 +1 other reference |
| Rocks & Min.:63:115 +1 other reference |
| Rocks & Min.:63:115 +1 other reference | |
| - (2005) | |
| Clardy et al. (1976) +1 other reference | |
| Rocks & Min.:63:115 +1 other reference | |
| Rocks & Min.:63:115 +1 other reference | |
| - (2005) | |
| Rocks & Min.:63:115 +1 other reference |
| Rocks & Min.:63:115 +1 other reference | |
| Rocks & Min.:63:115 +1 other reference | |
| Rocks & Min.: 63:115. | |
| Rocks & Min.: 63:118. |
| Rocks & Min.: 63:118. | |
| Rocks & Min.: 63:118. | |
| Rocks & Min.: 63:118. |
| Rocks & Min.: 63:118. |
| Rocks & Min.:63:115. | |
| Rocks & Min.: 63:115. | |
| Rocks & Min.: 63:118. | |
| - (2005) | |
| Rocks & Min.: 63:118. | |
| Rocks & Min.: 63: 115. |
| Rocks & Min.: 63:118. | |
| Rocks & Min.: 63:118. |
| Rocks & Min.: 63:118. | |
| Howard (2007) | |
| Rocks & Min.: 63:122 +1 other reference |
| Rocks & Min.: 63:122. | |
| McNeil et al. (1991) |
| Rocks & Min.: 63:122. | |
| Howard (1987) +1 other reference | |
| Rocks & Min.:63:124 +1 other reference |
| - (2005) |
| Robert G. Lee et al. (2005) |
| Lovering et al. (1950) |
| Eckel et al. (1997) | |
| Eckel et al. (1997) |
| Eckel et al. (1997) | |
| Eckel et al. (1997) |
| Eckel et al. (1997) | |
| Eckel et al. (1997) |
| Eckel et al. (1997) |
| Eckel et al. (1997) | |
| Eckel et al. (1997) |
| - (2005) |
| - (2005) | |
| - (2005) |
| - (2005) | |
| - (2005) | |
| - (2005) | |
| USGS Bull 1434 |
| - (2005) | |
| Eckel et al. (1997) |
| Eckel et al. (1997) | |
| Min Rec (1986) |
| Rocks & Min.:62:9 +3 other references |
| Collector's Edge Minerals Inc |
| Min News 20:9 pp1 | |
| Eckel et al. (1997) |
| Eckel et al. (1997) |
| Rocks & Minerals 71:2 pp94-101 |
| USGS Prof. Paper 750C +1 other reference | |
| Eckel et al. (1997) |
| Rocks & Min.: 70:398 |
| Schooner (circa 1980s) |
| Graves Mountain and Magruder Mine +1 other reference |
| - (2005) |
| Econ Geol (1994) |
| Econ Geol (1994) |
| Lininger (1994) |
| Gleba (2008) |
| Carlson et al. (2007) |
| ... | |
| ... | |
| Heinrich et al. (2004) |
| ... | |
| Heinrich et al. (2004) | |
| Heinrich et al. (2004) |
| Morris Jr. (1983) |
| Heinrich et al. (2004) | |
| Heinrich et al. (2004) | |
| Sherwood et al. (1998) |
| - (2005) |
| - (2005) |
| Sherwood et al. (1998) +1 other reference |
| - (2005) | |
| Rocks & Min. Mar. 1998 +2 other references | |
| Econ Geol (1986) | |
| 355-376 +1 other reference |
| Sherwood et al. (1998) |
| Sherwood et al. (1998) +1 other reference |
| 355-376 +3 other references |
| 355-376 +2 other references |
| - (2005) | |
| - (2005) |
| - (2005) |
| - (2005) |
| AmMin 21:457 | |
| - (2005) |
| Sherwood et al. (1998) | |
| - (2005) | |
| Economic Geology (1996) +1 other reference |
| Anaconda Mining Company Collection |
| The Mineralogy of The Butte District +1 other reference | |
| Castor et al. (2004) |
| Nickel Deposits in Cottonwood Canyon et al. (1939) | |
| Smith et al. (2013) |
| Castor et al. (2004) | |
| - (2005) | |
| Castor et al. (2004) |
| King (n.d.) |
| U.S. GEOLOGICAL SURVEY Open-File Report ... |
| - (2005) | |
| Econ Geol (1992) |
| - (2005) | |
| - (2005) | |
| Castor et al. (2004) | |
| - (2005) |
| Osterberg (1990) |
| Clark (2012) |
| Econ Geol (1994) |
| Castor et al. (2004) |
| Castor et al. (2004) |
| Castor et al. (2004) |
| - (2005) | |
| Castor et al. (2004) |
| Castor et al. (2004) | |
| Castor et al. (2004) | |
| Tom Mortimer collection no. 1886 (reference added by Peter Cristofono) |
| USGS Bull 1451 |
| Northrop et al. (1996) |
| Polyak +1 other reference |
| - (2005) |
| NMBMMR Bull 81 Summary of the Mineral ... |
| - (2005) |
| Northrop et al. (1996) | |
| Northrop et al. (1996) |
| [Mineralogical Record 30:337] |
| Walter et al. (2013) |
| Espenshade et al. (1960) |
| Am Min (1948) |
| Tom Loomis specimen +2 other references |
| Collected by James J. "Skip" Colflesh | |
| Petersen et al. (2001) |
| American Mineralogist |
| Bullock (1981) |
| - (2005) | |
| - (2005) +1 other reference | |
| Alunite Ridge |
| - (2005) +1 other reference | |
| Journal of Geosciences (2015) +1 other reference |
| Kampf et al. (2022) | |
| Bullock (1981) |
| Bullock (1981) | |
| Singer et al. (2008) |
| Bullock (1981) | |
| Dietrich (1990) |
| Dietrich (1990) |
| Dietrich (1990) |
| Dietrich (1990) |
| Rye et al. (2003) |
| Cannon (1975) |
| Cordua (1998) |
| R&M 73:11-12 pp 378-399 Wisconsin ... |
| 2009 Portland GSA Annual Meeting (18-21 October 2009) +1 other reference |
Uzbekistan | |
| Rustam Koneev et al. (2005) +1 other reference |
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Mas d'Alary opencast mine, Lodève, Lodève, Hérault, Occitanie, France