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Chalcocite

A valid IMA mineral species - grandfathered
This page kindly sponsored by Mark Kucera
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About ChalcociteHide

Formula:
Cu2S
Colour:
Blue black, gray, black, black gray, or steel gray
Lustre:
Metallic, Sub-Metallic
Hardness:
2½ - 3
Specific Gravity:
5.5 - 5.8
Crystal System:
Monoclinic
Name:
Named chalcosine in 1832 by François Sulpice Beudant from Greek, "chalkos", copper. This mineral was known by a wide variety of names previously. In 1868, James D. Dana and George J. Brush renamed this material "chalcocite".
Dimorph of:
Chalcocite-Yarrowite Series.

A secondary mineral in or near the oxidized zone of copper sulfide deposits. Hexagonal above 105°C ('High-chalcocite').
Easily confused with djurleite.
Chalcocite easily converts to djurleite under the electron beam through the rearrangement of Cu atoms (Pósfai and Buseck, 1994).

Small amounts of the Cu2S phase may deposit from supersaturated volcanic gas, as shown in an experiment (Africano et al., 2002; 300-700oC deposition range for this particular experiment).

Compare UM2003-43-S:CuFePdPt.

Often forms mixtures with anilite, covellite, digenite, djurleite, spionkopite, and or yarrowite.


Unique IdentifiersHide

Mindat ID:
962
Long-form identifier:
mindat:1:1:962:7
GUID
(UUID V4):
257d85fc-11ac-49a4-a01e-8c50676cfae3

IMA Classification of ChalcociteHide

Approved, 'Grandfathered' (first described prior to 1959)

Classification of ChalcociteHide

2.BA.05

2 : SULFIDES and SULFOSALTS (sulfides, selenides, tellurides; arsenides, antimonides, bismuthides; sulfarsenites, sulfantimonites, sulfbismuthites, etc.)
B : Metal Sulfides, M: S > 1: 1 (mainly 2: 1)
A : With Cu, Ag, Au
2.4.7.1

2 : SULFIDES
4 : AmBnXp, with (m+n):p = 2:1
3.1.1

3 : Sulphides, Selenides, Tellurides, Arsenides and Bismuthides (except the arsenides, antimonides and bismuthides of Cu, Ag and Au, which are included in Section 1)
1 : Sulphides etc. of Cu

Mineral SymbolsHide

As of 2021 there are now IMA–CNMNC approved mineral symbols (abbreviations) for each mineral species, useful for tables and diagrams.

Please only use the official IMA–CNMNC symbol. Older variants are listed for historical use only.

SymbolSourceReference
CcIMA–CNMNCWarr, L.N. (2021). IMA–CNMNC approved mineral symbols. Mineralogical Magazine, 85(3), 291-320. doi:10.1180/mgm.2021.43
CcKretz (1983)Kretz, R. (1983) Symbols of rock-forming minerals. American Mineralogist, 68, 277–279.
CcSiivolam & Schmid (2007)Siivolam, J. and Schmid, R. (2007) Recommendations by the IUGS Subcommission on the Systematics of Metamorphic Rocks: List of mineral abbreviations. Web-version 01.02.07. IUGS Commission on the Systematics in Petrology. download
CctWhitney & Evans (2010)Whitney, D.L. and Evans, B.W. (2010) Abbreviations for names of rock-forming minerals. American Mineralogist, 95, 185–187 doi:10.2138/am.2010.3371
CcThe Canadian Mineralogist (2019)The Canadian Mineralogist (2019) The Canadian Mineralogist list of symbols for rock- and ore-forming minerals (December 30, 2019). download

Pronunciation of ChalcociteHide

Pronunciation:
PlayRecorded byCountry
Jolyon RalphUnited Kingdom

Physical Properties of ChalcociteHide

Metallic, Sub-Metallic
Transparency:
Opaque
Colour:
Blue black, gray, black, black gray, or steel gray
Streak:
Blackish lead gray
Hardness:
2½ - 3 on Mohs scale
Hardness:
VHN100=84 - 87 kg/mm2 - Vickers
Tenacity:
Brittle
Cleavage:
Poor/Indistinct
Indistinct on (110)
Fracture:
Conchoidal
Comment:
Somewhat sectile
Density:
5.5 - 5.8 g/cm3 (Measured)    5.8 g/cm3 (Calculated)

Optical Data of ChalcociteHide

Anisotropism:
Weak
Reflectivity:
WavelengthR1R2
400nm37.0%36.8%
420nm37.8%37.4%
440nm37.7%37.6%
460nm37.0%37.2%
480nm36.2%36.2%
500nm35.6%35.4%
520nm34.7%34.4%
540nm33.7%33.5%
560nm32.5%32.5%
580nm32.1%31.8%
600nm31.3%31.2%
620nm30.8%30.7%
640nm30.0%30.0%
660nm29.5%30.0%
680nm29.2%29.7%
700nm29.0%29.6%

Reflectance graph
Graph shows reflectance levels at different wavelengths (in nm). Top of box is 100%. Peak reflectance is 37.8%.
R1 shown in black, R2 shown in red

Chemistry of ChalcociteHide

Mindat Formula:
Cu2S
Common Impurities:
Fe

Crystallography of ChalcociteHide

Crystal System:
Monoclinic
Class (H-M):
2/m - Prismatic
Space Group:
P21/b
Setting:
P21/c
Cell Parameters:
a = 15.246(4) Å, b = 11.884(2) Å, c = 13.494(3) Å
β = 116.35(1)°
Ratio:
a:b:c = 1.283 : 1 : 1.135
Unit Cell V:
2,190.86 ų (Calculated from Unit Cell)
Z:
48
Twinning:
Common on {110} yielding pseudohexagonal stellate forms. Also on {032}, {112}.
Comment:
May be point group m and space group Pc; other monoclinic cell given: a = 11.82, b = 27.05, c = 13.43, β = 90°.

Crystallographic forms of ChalcociteHide

Crystal Atlas:
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Chalcocite no.48 - Goldschmidt (1913-1926)
Chalcocite - Penetration twin on {032}
Chalcocite - Multiple twin on {110}
3d models and HTML5 code kindly provided by www.smorf.nl.

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Crystal StructureHide

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IDSpeciesReferenceLinkYearLocalityPressure (GPa)Temp (K)
0000864ChalcociteTomeoka K, Ohmasa M (1982) The modulated structure of cubic Cu9BiS6 the alpha phase American Mineralogist 67 360-37219820293
0006938ChalcociteWill G, Hinze E, Abdelrahman A R M (2002) Crystal structure analysis and refinement of digenite, Cu1.8S, in the temperature range 20 to 500 C under controlled sulfur partial pressure European Journal of Mineralogy 14 591-5982002synthetic0293
0010817ChalcociteEvans H T (1979) The crystal structures of low chalocite and djurleite Zeitschrift fur Kristallographie 150 299-3201979Bristol Connecticut, USA0293
0019202ChalcociteEvans H T (1971) Crystal structure of low chalcocite Nature Physical Science 232 69-701971Bristol, Connecticut, USA0293
CIF Raw Data - click here to close

X-Ray Powder DiffractionHide

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Radiation - Copper Kα
Data Set:
Data courtesy of RRUFF project at University of Arizona, used with permission.
Powder Diffraction Data:
d-spacingIntensity
8.485 Å(2)
6.379 Å(3)
4.668 Å(2)
4.239 Å(4)
3.855 Å(3)
3.817 Å(3)
3.779 Å(2)
3.735 Å(25)
3.599 Å(13)
3.577 Å(2)
3.558 Å(2)
3.373 Å(3)
3.336 Å(6)
3.315 Å(18)
3.276 Å(35)
3.188 Å(18)
3.171 Å(2)
2.7256 Å(35)
3.158 Å(25)
3.121 Å(2)
3.054 Å(13)
2.9516 Å(18)
2.9328 Å(13)
2.8860 Å(6)
2.8686 Å(4)
2.8628 Å(3)
2.8267 Å(2)
2.7648 Å(13)
2.7318 Å(9)
2.7256 Å(35)
2.6973 Å(2)
2.6675 Å(18)
2.6504 Å(3)
2.6432 Å(4)
2.6204 Å(18)
2.6110 Å(2)
2.5621 Å(6)
2.5329 Å(13)
2.5273 Å(18)
2.4772 Å(18)
2.4698 Å(4)
2.4616 Å(2)
2.4490 Å(2)
2.4074 Å(50)
2.4030 Å(70)
2.3996 Å(35)
2.3725 Å(4)
2.366 Å(3)
2.3303 Å(25)
2.2424 Å(13)
2.2183 Å(3)
2.2122 Å(4)
2.2097 Å(35)
2.1821 Å(6)
2.1375 Å(3)
2.1261 Å(3)
2.1197 Å(9)
2.0969 Å(3)
2.0930 Å(2)
2.0470 Å(3)
2.0277 Å(6)
2.0108 Å(9)
2.0025 Å(4)
1.9920 Å(3)
1.9886 Å(4)
1.9812 Å(9)
1.9746 Å(70)
1.9610 Å(4)
1.9513 Å(13)
1.9211 Å(2)
1.9110 Å(6)
1.9088 Å(6)
1.8942 Å(4)
1.8811 Å(70)
1.8800 Å(100)
Comments:
ICDD 33-490. Low chalcocite. XRD similar to djurleite.

Geological EnvironmentHide

Synonyms of ChalcociteHide

Other Language Names for ChalcociteHide

Varieties of ChalcociteHide

DucktowniteBlackish chalcocite coating or enclosing crystals or grains of pyrite; an encrustation pseudomorph of pyrite.

Originally described from Ducktown mine, Ducktown, Ducktown District, Polk Co., Tennessee, USA.
Harrisite (of Dana)Pseudomorph of chalcocite after galena.
At the Osarizawa mine, Japan, djurleite pseudos after galena were also called "harrisite" (Alfredo Petrov).

Note that Harrisite is also a rock name.
Para-KupferglanzParamorphs of Chalcocite after High-Chalcocite
Silver-bearing ChalcociteA silver-bearing variety of chalcocite.
Probably a mixture.

Relationship of Chalcocite to other SpeciesHide

Other Members of this group:
DigeniteCu9S5Trig. 3m (3 2/m) : R3m
DjurleiteCu31S16Mon. 2/m
RoxbyiteCu9S5Tric. 1 : P1
YarrowiteCu9S8Trig. 3m (3 2/m) : P3m1
Structurally related to group(s):
Forms a series with:

Common AssociatesHide

Associated Minerals Based on Photo Data:
357 photos of Chalcocite associated with QuartzSiO2
343 photos of Chalcocite associated with ChalcopyriteCuFeS2
330 photos of Chalcocite associated with BorniteCu5FeS4
294 photos of Chalcocite associated with PyriteFeS2
284 photos of Chalcocite associated with MalachiteCu2(CO3)(OH)2
208 photos of Chalcocite associated with CalciteCaCO3
132 photos of Chalcocite associated with DjurleiteCu31S16
131 photos of Chalcocite associated with SilverAg
111 photos of Chalcocite associated with CovelliteCuS
94 photos of Chalcocite associated with GalenaPbS

Related Minerals - Strunz-mindat GroupingHide

2.BA.Orileyite(Fe,Cu)2As
2.BA.AlburniteAg8GeTe2S4Iso.
2.BA.DzierżanowskiteCaCu2S2Trig. 3m (3 2/m) : P3m1
2.BA.MakotoiteAg12(Cu3Au)S8Trig. 3m (3 2/m) : R3c
2.BA.XuwenyuaniteAg9Fe3+Te2S4Iso. 4 3m : F4 3m
2.BA.05DjurleiteCu31S16Mon. 2/m
2.BA.05GeeriteCu8S5Trig. 3
2.BA.05RoxbyiteCu9S5Tric. 1 : P1
2.BA.10AniliteCu7S4Orth. mmm (2/m 2/m 2/m) : Pnma
2.BA.10DigeniteCu9S5Trig. 3m (3 2/m) : R3m
2.BA.15BorniteCu5FeS4Orth. mmm (2/m 2/m 2/m) : Pbca
2.BA.20BellidoiteCu2SeTet. 4/m : P42/n
2.BA.20BerzelianiteCu2-xSe (x ≈ 0.12)Iso. m3m (4/m 3 2/m) : Fm3m
2.BA.25AthabascaiteCu5Se4Orth.
2.BA.25UmangiteCu3Se2Tet. 4 2m : P4 21m
2.BA.30RickarditeCu7Te5Orth. mmm (2/m 2/m 2/m) : Pmmn
2.BA.30WeissiteCu2-xTeHex. 6/mmm (6/m 2/m 2/m) : P6/mmm
2.BA.35AcanthiteAg2SMon. 2/m : P21/m
2.BA.35SpryiteAg8(As3+0.5As5+0.5)S6Orth. mm2 : Pna21
2.BA.40MckinstryiteAg5-xCu3+xS4Orth. mmm (2/m 2/m 2/m) : Pnma
2.BA.40StromeyeriteAgCuSOrth. mmm (2/m 2/m 2/m)
2.BA.40dUM2003-13-S:AgAuCuAg6AuCu2S5
2.BA.42HoneaiteAu3TlTe2 Orth. mmm (2/m 2/m 2/m) : Pbcm
2.BA.45JalpaiteAg3CuS2Tet. 4/mmm (4/m 2/m 2/m) : I41/amd
2.BA.45KuriliteAg8Te3SeTrig. 3 : R3
2.BA.45SelenojalpaiteAg3CuSe2Tet. 4/mmm (4/m 2/m 2/m) : I41/amd
2.BA.47Spiridonovite(Cu1-xAgx)2TeTrig. 3m (3 2/m) : P3c1
2.BA.50EucairiteAgCuSeOrth.
2.BA.50WuyanzhiiteCu2STet. 4 2 2 : P43 21 2
2.BA.52ArgentiteAg2SIso.
2.BA.55AguilariteAg4SeSMon. 2/m
2.BA.55NaumanniteAg2SeOrth. 2 2 2 : P21 21 21
2.BA.60CervelleiteAg4TeSMon. 2/m
2.BA.60HessiteAg2TeMon. 2/m : P21/b
2.BA.60ChenguodaiteAg9Fe3+Te2S4Orth.
2.BA.65Henryite(Cu,Ag)3+xTe2 , with x ~ 0.40 Iso. m3m (4/m 3 2/m) : Fd3c
2.BA.65StütziteAg5-xTe3, x = 0.24-0.36Hex. 6 : P6
2.BA.70ArgyroditeAg8GeS6Orth. mm2 : Pna21
2.BA.70CanfielditeAg8SnS6Orth. mm2
2.BA.70Putzite(Cu4.7Ag3.3)GeS6Iso. 4 3m : F4 3m
2.BA.75FischesseriteAg3AuSe2Iso. 4 3 2 : I41 3 2
2.BA.75Penzhinite(Ag,Cu)4Au(S,Se)4Hex. 6 2 2 : P63 2 2
2.BA.75PetrovskaiteAuAgSMon.
2.BA.75PetziteAg3AuTe2Iso. 4 3 2 : I41 3 2
2.BA.75UytenbogaardtiteAg3AuS2Trig. 3m (3 2/m) : R3c
2.BA.80Bezsmertnovite(Au,Ag)4Cu(Te,Pb)Orth.
2.BA.80BilibinskitePbCu2Au3Te2Iso.
2.BA.80Bogdanovite(Au,Te,Pb)3(Cu,Fe)Iso.

Fluorescence of ChalcociteHide

Not fluorescent in UV

Other InformationHide

Health Risks:
No information on health risks for this material has been entered into the database. You should always treat mineral specimens with care.

Chalcocite in petrologyHide

An essential component of rock names highlighted in red, an accessory component in rock names highlighted in green.

Internet Links for ChalcociteHide

References for ChalcociteHide

Localities for ChalcociteHide

This map shows a selection of localities that have latitude and longitude coordinates recorded. Click on the symbol to view information about a locality. The symbol next to localities in the list can be used to jump to that position on the map.

Locality ListShow

This section is currently hidden. Click the show button to view.
 
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