Hoffman, P. F. (1998) A Neoproterozoic Snowball Earth. Science, 281 (5381). 1342-1346 doi:10.1126/science.281.5381.1342

References Listed

These are the references the publisher has listed as being connected to the article. Please check the article itself for the full list of references which may differ. Not all references are currently linkable within the Digital Library.

	Knoll, Andrew H. (1991) End of the Proterozoic Eon. Scientific American, 265 (4) 64-73 doi:10.1038/scientificamerican1091-64
	Knoll, Andrew H., Walter, Malcolm R. (1992) Latest Proterozoic stratigraphy and Earth history. Nature, 356 (6371). 673-678 doi:10.1038/356673a0
	Knoll, Andrew H. (1992) Biological and Biogeochemical Preludes to the Ediacaran Radiation. In Topics in Geobiology. Springer US. p.53-84. doi:10.1007/978-1-4899-2427-8_3
	Bond, Gerard C., Nickeson, Peter A., Kominz, Michelle A. (1984) Breakup of a supercontinent between 625 Ma and 555 Ma: new evidence and implications for continental histories. Earth and Planetary Science Letters, 70 (2) 325-345 doi:10.1016/0012-821x(84)90017-7
	HOFFMAN, P. F. (1991) Did the Breakout of Laurentia Turn Gondwanaland Inside-Out?. Science, 252 (5011). 1409-1412 doi:10.1126/science.252.5011.1409
	Dalziel, I W D (1992) Antarctica; A Tale of Two Supercontinents?. Annual Review of Earth and Planetary Sciences, 20. 501-526 doi:10.1146/annurev.ea.20.050192.002441
	Powell, C. McA., Li, Z. X., McElhinny, M. W., Meert, J. G., Park, J. K. (1993) Paleomagnetic constraints on timing of the Neoproterozoic breakup of Rodinia and the Cambrian formation of Gondwana. Geology, 21 (10) 889 doi:10.1130/0091-7613(1993)021<0889:pcotot>2.3.co;2
	Weil, Arlo B, Van der Voo, Rob, Mac Niocaill, Conall, Meert, Joseph G (1998) The Proterozoic supercontinent Rodinia: paleomagnetically derived reconstructions for 1100 to 800 Ma. Earth and Planetary Science Letters, 154 (1) 13-24 doi:10.1016/s0012-821x(97)00127-1
	Harland, W. B. (1964) Critical evidence for a great infra-Cambrian glaciation. Geologische Rundschau, 54 (1) 45-61 doi:10.1007/bf01821169
	M. J. Hambrey and W. B. Harland Earth's Pre-Pleistocene Glacial Record (Cambridge Univ. Press Cambridge 1981).
	Young, Grant M. (1995) Are Neoproterozoic glacial deposits preserved on the margins of Laurentia related to the fragmentation of two supercontinents?. Geology, 23 (2) 153 doi:10.1130/0091-7613(1995)023<0153:angdpo>2.3.co;2
	Roberts, J. D. (1976) Late Precambrian Dolomites, Vendian Glaciation, and Synchroneity of Vendian Glaciations. The Journal of Geology, 84 (1) 47-63 doi:10.1086/628173
	Aitken J. D., Bull. Geol. Surv. Can. 404, 1 (1991);
	; I. J. Fairchild in Sedimentology Review 1 V. P. Wright Ed. (Blackwell Oxford 1993) pp. 1–16.
	Kennedy, M. J. (1996) Stratigraphy, sedimentology, and isotopic geochemistry of Australian Neoproterozoic postglacial cap dolostones; deglaciation, delta 13 C excursions, and carbonate precipitation. Journal of Sedimentary Research, 66 (6) 1050-1064 doi:10.2110/jsr.66.1050
	Although Phanerozoic cool-water skeletal carbonates are not uncommon [N. P. James and J. A. D. Clarke Cool-Water Carbonates (Society for Sedimentary Geology Tulsa OK 1997)] the inverse solubility of CaCO 3 with temperature mitigates against such an origin for inorganic carbonates with abundant aragonitic sea-floor cements which are typical of Neoproterozoic postglacial cap carbonates [
	PERYT, T. M., HOPPE, A., BECHSTADT, T., KOSTER, J., PIERRE, C., RICHTER, D. K. (1990) Late Proterozoic aragonitic cement crusts, Bambui Group, Minas Gerais, Brazil. Sedimentology, 37 (2). 279-286 doi:10.1111/j.1365-3091.1990.tb00959.x
	H. Martin The Precambrian Geology of South West Africa and Namaqualand (Precambrian Research Unit University of Cape Town Cape Town South Africa 1965);
	Dorr, John Van N. (1973) Iron-Formation in South America. Economic Geology, 68 (7) 1005-1022 doi:10.2113/gsecongeo.68.7.1005
	Young, Grant M. (1976) Iron-formation and glaciogenic rocks of the Rapitan Group, Northwest Territories, Canada. Precambrian Research, 3 (2) 137-158 doi:10.1016/0301-9268(76)90030-9
	Knoll, A. H., Hayes, J. M., Kaufman, A. J., Swett, K., Lambert, I. B. (1986) Secular variation in carbon isotope ratios from Upper Proterozoic successions of Svalbard and East Greenland. Nature, 321 (6073). 832-838 doi:10.1038/321832a0
	Kaufman, Alan J, Hayes, J.M, Knoll, Andrew H, Germs, Gerard J.B (1991) Isotopic compositions of carbonates and organic carbon from upper Proterozoic successions in Namibia: stratigraphic variation and the effects of diagenesis and metamorphism. Precambrian Research, 49 (3) 301-327 doi:10.1016/0301-9268(91)90039-d
	Kaufman A. J., Knoll A. H., ibid. 73, 27 (1995);
	. The carbon isotopic compositions of carbonates were determined according to procedures described in these references and in (11) and were reported as δ 13 C values relative to Vienna Pee Dee belemnite in units per mil defined as [( R sample / R standard ) − 1] × 10 3 where R = 13 C/ 12 C.
	Kaufman, A. J., Knoll, A. H., Narbonne, G. M. (1997) Isotopes, ice ages, and terminal Proterozoic earth history. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 94 (13) 6600-6605 doi:10.1073/pnas.94.13.6600
	Buick, Roger, Des Marais, David J., Knoll, Andrew H. (1995) Stable isotopic compositions of carbonates from the Mesoproterozoic Bangemall group, northwestern Australia. Chemical Geology, 123 (1) 153-171 doi:10.1016/0009-2541(95)00049-r
	Kah L. C., Bartley J. K., Geol. Soc. Am. Abstr. Programs 29, 115 (1997);
	Brasier, M. D., Lindsay, J. F. (1998) A billion years of environmental stability and the emergence of eukaryotes: New data from northern Australia. Geology, 26 (6) 555 doi:10.1130/0091-7613(1998)026<0555:abyoes>2.3.co;2
	Holser, W. T. (1984) Gradual and Abrupt Shifts in Ocean Chemistry During Phanerozoic Time. In Patterns of Change in Earth Evolution. Springer Berlin Heidelberg. p.123-143. doi:10.1007/978-3-642-69317-5_8
	Schmidt, Phillip W., Williams, George E. (1995) The Neoproterozoic climatic paradox: Equatorial palaeolatitude for Marinoan glaciation near sea level in South Australia. Earth and Planetary Science Letters, 134 (1) 107-124 doi:10.1016/0012-821x(95)00106-m
	Sohl L. E., Geol. Soc. Am. Abstr. Programs 29, 195 (1997);
	Park, John K. (1997) Paleomagnetic evidence for low-latitude glaciation during deposition of the Neoproterozoic Rapitan Group, Mackenzie Mountains, N.W.T., Canada. Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences, 34 (1) 34-49 doi:10.1139/e17-003
	P. F. Hoffman A. J. Kaufman G. P. Halverson GSA Today 8 (5) 1 (1998).
	Rampino, Michael R. (1994) Tillites, Diamictites, and Ballistic Ejecta of Large Impacts. The Journal of Geology, 102 (4) 439-456 doi:10.1086/629685
	Williams, G. E. (1975) Late Precambrian glacial climate and the Earth's obliquity. Geological Magazine, 112 (5) 441-465 doi:10.1017/s0016756800046185
	; Earth Sci. Rev. 34 1 (1993).
	J. L. Kirschvink [in The Proterozoic Biosphere J. W. Schopf and C. Klein Eds. (Cambridge Univ. Press New York 1992) pp. 51–52] extended an idea originally proposed by W. B. Harland (3).
	Miller, R.McG. (1997) Chapter 11 The owambo basin of northern namibia. In Sedimentary Basins of the World. Elsevier. p.237-268. doi:10.1016/s1874-5997(97)80014-7
	Hoffmann K. H., Prave A. R., Communs. Geol. Surv. Namibia 11, 47 (1996).
	Meert, J (1995) Paleomagnetic investigation of the Neoproterozoic Gagwe lavas and Mbozi complex, Tanzania and the assembly of Gondwana. Precambrian Research, 74 (4) 225-244 doi:10.1016/0301-9268(95)00012-t
	Meert, Joseph G., Van Der Voo, Rob (1996) Paleomagnetic and40Ar/39Ar Study of the Sinyai Dolerite, Kenya: Implications for Gondwana Assembly. The Journal of Geology, 104 (2) 131-142 doi:10.1086/629810
	Discussions of diagenesis in Neoproterozoic carbonates and descriptions of methods for screening samples before isotopic analysis are contained in (10) and (11).
	Kennedy M. J., Prave A. R., Hoffmann K. H., Geol. Soc. Am. Abstr. Programs 29, 196 (1997).
	Kump, Lee R. (1991) Interpreting carbon-isotope excursions: Strangelove oceans. Geology, 19 (4) 299 doi:10.1130/0091-7613(1991)019<0299:icieso>2.3.co;2
	Des Marais, David J., Moore, James G. (1984) Carbon and its isotopes in mid-oceanic basaltic glasses. Earth and Planetary Science Letters, 69 (1) 43-57 doi:10.1016/0012-821x(84)90073-6
	Caldeira, Ken, Kasting, James F. (1992) Susceptibility of the early Earth to irreversible glaciation caused by carbon dioxide clouds. Nature, 359 (6392). 226-228 doi:10.1038/359226a0
	. The time required to achieve meltback would be less if the ice surface became darkened by volcanic ash. However the effect of ash accumulation would be countered by hoarfrost formation that originated from volcanic outgassed H 2 O. Caldeira and Kasting reported the possibility of irreversible icehouse conditions due to the formation of CO 2 clouds as did Kirschvink (17) but it now appears that cooling actually may be limited by CO 2 clouds [
	Forget, F. (1997) Warming Early Mars with Carbon Dioxide Clouds That Scatter Infrared Radiation. Science, 278 (5341). 1273-1276 doi:10.1126/science.278.5341.1273
	Williams, Stanley N, Schaefer, Stephen J, Marta Lucia Calvache, V, Lopez, Dina (1992) Global carbon dioxide emission to the atmosphere by volcanoes. Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta, 56 (4) 1765-1770 doi:10.1016/0016-7037(92)90243-c
	Caldeira, Ken (1991) Continental-pelagic carbonate partitioning and the global carbonate-silicate cycle. Geology, 19 (3) 204 doi:10.1130/0091-7613(1991)019<0204:cpcpat>2.3.co;2
	Elderfield, H., Schultz, A. (1996) Mid-Ocean Ridge Hydrothermal Fluxes and the Chemical Composition of the Ocean. Annual Review of Earth and Planetary Sciences, 24. 191-224 doi:10.1146/annurev.earth.24.1.191
	McDuff, Russell E., Gieskes, Joris M. (1976) Calcium and magnesium profiles in DSDP interstitial waters: Diffusion or reaction?. Earth and Planetary Science Letters, 33 (1) 1-10 doi:10.1016/0012-821x(76)90151-5
	Morse, John W., Bender, Michael L. (1990) Partition coefficients in calcite: Examination of factors influencing the validity of experimental results and their application to natural systems. Chemical Geology, 82. 265-277 doi:10.1016/0009-2541(90)90085-l
	Sea-floor crystal fans pseudomorphic after aragonite (not ikaite) and reeflike in overall construction occur locally in the Maieberg cap carbonate (G. Soffer personal communication).
	Analysis of tidal rhythmites indicates ∼400 solar days in the late Neoproterozoic year [
	Williams, George E. (1990) Tidal rhythmites: Key to the history of the Earth's rotation and the lunar orbit. Journal of Physics of the Earth, 38 (6) 475-491 doi:10.4294/jpe1952.38.475
	Sonett, C. P., Kvale, E. P., Zakharian, A., Chan, M. A., Demko, T. M. (1996) Late Proterozoic and Paleozoic Tides, Retreat of the Moon, and Rotation of the Earth. Science, 273 (5271). 100-104 doi:10.1126/science.273.5271.100
	Grotzinger, John P., Knoll, Andrew H. (1995) Anomalous Carbonate Precipitates: Is the Precambrian the Key to the Permian?. PALAIOS, 10 (6) 578 doi:10.2307/3515096
	Knoll, A. H., Bambach, R. K., Canfield, D. E., Grotzinger, J. P. (1996) Comparative Earth History and Late Permian Mass Extinction. Science, 273 (5274). 452-457 doi:10.1126/science.273.5274.452
	Marshall, Hal G., Walker, James C. G., Kuhn, William R. (1988) Long-term climate change and the geochemical cycle of carbon. Journal of Geophysical Research, 93. 791 doi:10.1029/jd093id01p00791
	HAY, WILLIAM W., BARRON, ERIC J., THOMPSON, STARLEY L. (1990) Global atmospheric circulation experiments on an Earth with polar and tropical continents. Journal of the Geological Society, 147 (5) 749-757 doi:10.1144/gsjgs.147.5.0749
	Crowley, Thomas J., Baum, Steven K. (1993) Effect of decreased solar luminosity on late Precambrian ice extent. Journal of Geophysical Research, 98. 16723 doi:10.1029/93jd01415
	Not Yet Imported: Marine Chemistry - journal-article : 10.1016/0304-4203(95)00008-F If you would like this item imported into the Digital Library, please contact us quoting Journal ID 55242
	Melezhik, V. A. (1994) A World-Wide 2.2-2.0 Ga-Old Positive δ13Ccarb Anomaly as a Phenomenon in Relation to the Earth's Major Palaeoenviromental Changes. Mineralogical Magazine, 58 (2) 593-594 doi:10.1180/minmag.1994.58a.2.45
	Evans, D. A., Beukes, N. J., Kirschvink, J. L. (1997) Low-latitude glaciation in the Palaeoproterozoic era. Nature, 386 (6622). 262-266 doi:10.1038/386262a0
	Van Cappellen, Philippe, Ingall, Ellery D. (1994) Benthic phosphorus regeneration, net primary production, and ocean anoxia: A model of the coupled marine biogeochemical cycles of carbon and phosphorus. Paleoceanography, 9 (5). 677-692 doi:10.1029/94pa01455
	Canfield, Donald E., Teske, Andreas (1996) Late Proterozoic rise in atmospheric oxygen concentration inferred from phylogenetic and sulphur-isotope studies. Nature, 382 (6587). 127-132 doi:10.1038/382127a0
	Carpenter, Scott J., Lohmann, Kyger C. (1997) Carbon isotope ratios of Phanerozoic marine cements: Re-evaluating the global carbon and sulfur systems. Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta, 61 (22) 4831-4846 doi:10.1016/s0016-7037(97)00361-x
	Vidal, Gonzalo, Moczydłowska-Vidal, Małgorzata (1997) Biodiversity, speciation, and extinction trends of Proterozoic and Cambrian phytoplankton. Paleobiology, 23. 230-246 doi:10.1017/s0094837300016808
	Knoll, A. H. (1994) Proterozoic and early Cambrian protists: evidence for accelerating evolutionary tempo. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 91 (15) 6743-6750 doi:10.1073/pnas.91.15.6743
	Not Yet Imported: Antarctic Research Series - book : 10.1029/AR059 If you would like this item imported into the Digital Library, please contact us quoting Book ID 0875908306
	Nealson, Kenneth H. (1997) The limits of life on Earth and searching for life on Mars. Journal of Geophysical Research: Planets, 102. 23675-23686 doi:10.1029/97je01996
	Knoll, A. (1992) The early evolution of eukaryotes: a geological perspective. Science, 256 (5057). 622-627 doi:10.1126/science.1585174
	Not Yet Imported: Annual Review of Genetics - journal-article : 10.1146/annurev.ge.21.120187.002201 If you would like this item imported into the Digital Library, please contact us quoting Journal ID 5357
	; K. J. Niklas The Evolutionary Biology of Plants (Univ. of Chicago Press Chicago 1997).
	Hofmann, H. J., Narbonne, G. M., Aitken, J. D. (1990) Ediacaran remains from intertillite beds in northwestern Canada. Geology, 18 (12) 1199 doi:10.1130/0091-7613(1990)018<1199:erfibi>2.3.co;2
	We thank S. Bowring J. Edmond B. Farrell M. Delaney J. Grotzinger A. Knoll J. Marshall M. McElroy and P. Myrow for discussions. B. Holtzman G. Hu A. Maloof A. Prave G. Soffer and D. Sumner contributed to fieldwork. The manuscript benefited from comments by K. Caldeira L. Derry D. Erwin L. Kump and an anonymous reviewer. This work was supported by NSF grants EAR 95-06769 EAR 95-10339 EAR 96-30928 EAR 96- 14070 and OCE 97-33688; the National Sciences and Engineering Research Council of Canada; the Canadian Institute of Advanced Research; Harvard University; the University of Maryland; and the Geological Survey of Namibia.

See Also

These are possibly similar items as determined by title/reference text matching only.

	Rakitzis, T. P. (1998) Photofragment Helicity Caused by Matter-Wave Interference from Multiple Dissociative States. Science, 281 (5381). 1346-1349 doi:10.1126/science.281.5381.1346
	Harper, J. T. (1998) Three-Dimensional Deformation Measured in an Alaskan Glacier. Science, 281 (5381). 1340-1342 doi:10.1126/science.281.5381.1340
	Galibert, F. (1998) A "Humouse" Project. Science, 281 (5381). 1285 doi:10.1126/science.281.5381.1285g
	Denton III, F. R. (1998) Beetle Juice. Science, 281 (5381). 1285 doi:10.1126/science.281.5381.1285d
	Sutman, F. X. (1998) Learning from Others. Science, 281 (5381). 1285 doi:10.1126/science.281.5381.1285f
	Merz, J. F. (1998) Testing for Alzheimer's. Science, 281 (5381). 1285 doi:10.1126/science.281.5381.1285i
	(1999) Considering a Neoproterozoic Snowball Earth. Science, 284 (5417). 1085 doi:10.1126/science.284.5417.1085p
	(1998) Inside a Glacier. Science, 281 (5381). 1249 doi:10.1126/science.281.5381.1249e
	(1998) Science Online. Science, 281 (5381). 1247 doi:10.1126/science.281.5381.1247e
	Schaeffer, A. (1998) Retro-Laser. Science, 281 (5381). 1285 doi:10.1126/science.281.5381.1285b
	(1998) Hot Picks. Science, 281 (5381). 1247 doi:10.1126/science.281.5381.1247b