Bada, J. L. (1998) A Search for Endogenous Amino Acids in Martian Meteorite ALH84001. Science, 279 (5349). 362-365 doi:10.1126/science.279.5349.362

References Listed

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	In 1970 the Murchison meteorite was reported to contain endogenous amino acids based on the observation that amino acids having a chiral C were racemic ( d / l ratio = 1.0) within the limits of the measurements [
	KVENVOLDEN, KEITH, LAWLESS, JAMES, PERING, KATHERINE, PETERSON, ETTA, FLORES, JOSE, PONNAMPERUMA, CYRIL, KAPLAN, I. R., MOORE, CARLETON (1970) Evidence for Extraterrestrial Amino-acids and Hydrocarbons in the Murchison Meteorite. Nature, 228 (5275). 923-926 doi:10.1038/228923a0
	Kvenvolden, K. A., Lawless, J. G., Ponnamperuma, C. (1971) Nonprotein Amino Acids in the Murchison Meteorite. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 68 (2) 486-490 doi:10.1073/pnas.68.2.486
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	]. Subsequent analyses of Murchison indicated that some protein amino acids showed an apparent enrichment in the l enantiomers but this was considered to be the result of terrestrial contamination rather than from some sort of abiotic enantiomeric resolution or enrichment process [
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	]. Recently J. R. Cronin and S. Pizzarello [ Science 275 951 (1997)] found small l enantiomeric excesses (5 to 10%) in Murchison nonprotein amino acids not associated with terrestrial biochemistry. In general whether the exclusive use of l amino acids in terrestrial biology was preordained or simply a matter of chance selection is still a matter of debate.
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	; L. D'hendecourt Astron. Soc. Pac. Conf. Ser. 122 129 (1997).
	In the analytical method used amino acids were derivatized by OPA/NAC ( o -phthaldialdehyde/ N -acetyl l -cysteine both obtained from Fisher). The derivatives were separated by reversed-phase HPLC with fluorescence detection and identified by comparison of retention times with standards [
	Zhao, Meixun, Bada, Jeffrey L. (1989) Extraterrestrial amino acids in Cretaceous/Tertiary boundary sediments at Stevns Klint, Denmark. Nature, 339 (6224). 463-465 doi:10.1038/339463a0
	; J. Chromatogr. A690 55 (1995);
	McDonald, Gene D., Bada, Jeffrey L. (1995) A search for endogenous amino acids in the Martian meteorite EETA79001. Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta, 59 (6) 1179-1184 doi:10.1016/0016-7037(95)00033-v
	Brinton K. L. F., Bada J. L., ibid. 60, 349 (1996);
	; K. L. F. Brinton et al. Origins Life Evol. Biosphere in press]. The reaction of α-dialkyl amino acids such as α-aminoisobutyric acid (AIB) with the OPA/NAC reagent requires longer to reach completion. Thus we carried out derivatizations for 1 and 15 min to provide an additional way to confirm the presence of these amino acids.
	The pieces were from split 251 parent 65 (for the sampling diagram see ). These pieces were selected by the meteorite curator at the Johnson Space Center (M. Lindstrom) for this study because they were enriched in carbonate globules. Before analysis we inspected each piece with a microscope and found that they contained numerous pale amber colored dark rimmed globules similar in appearance to the photograph of ALH84001 carbonate concretions published by J. W. Valley et al. [ Science 275 1633 (1997)]. The combined weights of the 1 M HCl–soluble residues [extracts A and B described in (12)] indicate that carbonates make up about 1 to 2% by weight of the bulk meteorite in our ALH84001 sample which is in agreement with the carbonate amounts reported by others [for example see
	Mittlefehldt, David W. (1994) ALH84001, a cumulate orthopyroxenite member of the martian meteorite clan. Meteoritics, 29 (2) 214-221 doi:10.1111/j.1945-5100.1994.tb00673.x
	and
	Treiman A. H., ibid. 30, 294 (1995)].
	All glassware and tools used were annealed overnight at 500°C. The vial received from the Antarctic Meteorite Laboratory curator containing the allocated sample of ALH84001 (consisting of nine separate chunks) was opened in a positive pressure (1-μm filtered air) clean room. Individual fragments were crushed in a mortar and pestle and the crushed material was split into two samples and transferred into preweighed test tubes and weighed again. To remove surface contaminants we rinsed the samples with double-distilled H 2 O at room temperature. The H 2 O was removed (analyses indicated that there were no significant amino acid levels above blanks) then 1 ml of 1 M HCl (double distilled) was added and the sample left at room temperature overnight. The next day the sample was centrifuged and one-third of the 1 M HCl supernatant was placed in a tube dried under vacuum weighed and desalted with Bio-Rad AG50W-X8 cation exchange resin before amino acid analysis to determine free amino acids (this is extract A). The remaining two-thirds of the supernatant was placed in another tube dried under vacuum weighed and then subjected to vapor-phase HCl hydrolysis at 150°C for 3 hours [
	Not Yet Imported: The Journal of Biochemistry - journal-article : 10.1093/oxfordjournals.jbchem.a122209 If you would like this item imported into the Digital Library, please contact us quoting Journal ID 79422
	; R. G. Keil and D. L. Kirchman Mar. Chem. 33 243 (1991)]. The sample was then dried under vacuum and desalted for amino acid analysis to determine bound amino acids (this is extract B). The undissolved residue from the 1 M HCl extraction was dried weighed again and subjected to vapor-phase HCl hydrolysis as described above. After removal of HCl under vacuum the sample was extracted with 1 ml of water and both supernatant and residue were dried and weighed. The water extract was then desalted and analyzed to determine amino acids not associated with carbonate in the original sample (this is extract C). All the final desalted residues from each of the extracts were suspended in 50 μl and analyzed by the HPLC OPA/NAC method described in (10). A diagram of the processing procedure will be provided on request.
	Brinton, Karen L.F., Bada, Jeffrey L. (1996) A reexamination of amino acids in lunar soils: Implications for the survival of exogenous organic material during impact delivery. Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta, 60 (2) 349-354 doi:10.1016/0016-7037(95)00404-1
	. The d / l ratios of aspartic acid and alanine indicate that even in pristine lunar soils some of the detected amino acids are terrestrial contaminants. In addition the detected endogenous amino acids in lunar soils are apparently not actually present in the soil itself but are generated from a soil component (HCN?) during sample processing.
	KVENVOLDEN, KEITH, LAWLESS, JAMES, PERING, KATHERINE, PETERSON, ETTA, FLORES, JOSE, PONNAMPERUMA, CYRIL, KAPLAN, I. R., MOORE, CARLETON (1970) Evidence for Extraterrestrial Amino-acids and Hydrocarbons in the Murchison Meteorite. Nature, 228 (5275). 923-926 doi:10.1038/228923a0
	Kvenvolden, K. A., Lawless, J. G., Ponnamperuma, C. (1971) Nonprotein Amino Acids in the Murchison Meteorite. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 68 (2) 486-490 doi:10.1073/pnas.68.2.486
	Cronin, J.R., Pizzarello, S. (1983) Amino acids in meteorites. Advances in Space Research, 3. 5-18 doi:10.1016/0273-1177(83)90036-4
	For example see
	Scott, Edward R. D., Yamaguchi, Akira, Krot, Alexander N. (1997) Petrological evidence for shock melting of carbonates in the martian meteorite ALH84001. Nature, 387 (6631). 377-379 doi:10.1038/387377a0
	and references therein.
	Because the total amount of d -alanine detected in the extracts was only around 10 – 12 mol or less we were unable to confirm peak identification using HPLC and mass spectrometry.
	Mittlefehldt, David W, Lindstrom, Marilyn M (1991) Generation of abnormal trace element abundances in Antarctic eucrites by weathering processes. Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta, 55 (1) 77-87 doi:10.1016/0016-7037(91)90401-p
	E. K. Gibson Jr. and F. F. Andrawes Proc. Lunar Planet. Sci. Conf. 12 1223 (1980).
	G. K. A. Oswald and G. de
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	Ellis Evans J. C., Wynn-Williams D., ibid. 381, 644 (1996);
	; A. P. Kapitsa et al. ibid. p. 684.
	Radiocarbon and stable C isotopic measurements have shown that ALH84001 carbonates especially those in the size range <250 μm have experienced various amounts of terrestrial alteration [
	Jull, A. J. T., Eastoe, C. J., Cloudt, S. (1997) Isotopic composition of carbonates in the SNC meteorites, Allan Hills 84001 and Zagami. Journal of Geophysical Research: Planets, 102. 1663-1669 doi:10.1029/96je03111
	Jull, A. J. (1998) Isotopic Evidence for a Terrestrial Source of Organic Compounds Found in Martian Meteorites Allan Hills 84001 and Elephant Moraine 79001 . Science, 279 (5349). 366-369 doi:10.1126/science.279.5349.366
	We thank the Meteorite Steering Group in association with NSF NASA and the Smithsonian Institution as well as the meteorite curator M. Lindstrom at the NASA Johnson Space Center for providing the samples. We thank K. Kvenvolden and H. Craig for providing the Murchison and Allan Hills ice samples K. Brinton for helpful discussions and J. Higbee for encouragement. Collection of the Allan Hills ice samples was supported by NSF Polar Programs grant DPP91-18494 to H. Craig. Supported by grants from the NASA Ancient Martian Meteorite Research Program and the NASA Specialized Center for Research and Training in Exobiology at University of California at San Diego.

See Also

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	McDonald, Gene D., Bada, Jeffrey L. (1995) A search for endogenous amino acids in the Martian meteorite EETA79001. Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta, 59 (6) 1179-1184 doi:10.1016/0016-7037(95)00033-v
	Borg, L. E. (1999) The Age of the Carbonates in Martian Meteorite ALH84001. Science, 286 (5437). 90-94 doi:10.1126/science.286.5437.90
	Kirschvink, J. L., Maine, A. T., Vali, H. (1997) Paleomagnetic Evidence of a Low-Temperature Origin of Carbonate in the Martian Meteorite ALH84001. Science, 275 (5306). 1629-1633 doi:10.1126/science.275.5306.1629
	Becker, Luann, Popp, Brian, Rust, Terri, Bada, Jeffrey L (1999) The origin of organic matter in the Martian meteorite ALH84001. Earth and Planetary Science Letters, 167 (1) 71-79 doi:10.1016/s0012-821x(99)00014-x
	Scott, E.R.D., Krot, A.N., Yamaguchi, A. (July 1998) Carbonates in fractures of martian meteorite ALH84001: Petrologic evidence for impact origin. Meteoritics & Planetary Science, 33(4), 709-719 (July 1998).
	Jull, A. J. (1998) Isotopic Evidence for a Terrestrial Source of Organic Compounds Found in Martian Meteorites Allan Hills 84001 and Elephant Moraine 79001 . Science, 279 (5349). 366-369 doi:10.1126/science.279.5349.366
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	McKay, D. S., Gibson, E. K., Thomas-Keprta, K. L., Vali, H., Romanek, C. S., Clemett, S. J., Chillier, X. D. F., Maechling, C. R., Zare, R. N. (1996) Search for Past Life on Mars: Possible Relic Biogenic Activity in Martian Meteorite ALH84001. Science, 273 (5277). 924-930 doi:10.1126/science.273.5277.924