Martínez Frías, J., Garcia Guinea, J., López Ruiz, J., & Reynolds, G. A. (1992). Discovery of fossil fumaroles in Spain. Economic Geology, 87(2), 444-446.

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	*Martinez Frias, J., Garcia Guinea, J., Lopez Ruiz, J., Reynolds, George A. (1992) Discovery of fossil fumaroles in Spain. Economic Geology, 87 (2) 444-446 doi:10.2113/gsecongeo.87.2.444*	Journal (article/letter/editorial)
	87, 1992, pp. 444 446 DISCOVERY OF FOSSIL FUMAROLES IN SPAIN J. MM•TiNV, Z F•tiAS, InstitutoAndaluzde...Cientificas, Universidad de Granada,sin 18002,Granada,Spain J. GARCIA GUINEA,J. LOPEZRuIz, MuseoNacionalde...Madrid, Spain AND GEORGE A. I•EYNOLDS GEORO,Geophysical ExplorationConsultants, Madrid, Spain A fossil...(1986), fromthe Silvermines basin(Almeria,southeast Spain).It isof specialinter- regionscan be distinguished...evident. the Herrerlas mine, in the district of Cuevas de A1Three typesof individualvent structurescan
	Papike, J. J., Keith, T.e.c., Spilde, M. N., Galbreath, K. C., Shearer, C. K., Laul, J. C. (1991) Geochemistry and mineralogy of fumarolic deposits, Valley of Ten Thousand Smokes, Alaska: Bulk chemical and mineralogical evolution of dacite-rich protolith. American Mineralogist, 76 (9-10) 1662-1673	Journal (article/letter/editorial)
	Colorado80402,U.S.A. AssrRAcr Samples from a fossil fumarole originating in the 1912 ash-flow tuffin...samplesof encrustedfallout from the shallow part of the fossil fumarole were interpreted using the isocon method...standard composition for the protolith in this fossil fumarole, mass was conserved during the alteration...Cr, Ni, As, Sb, Au, Br in various parts of the fossil fumarole. Some of these were during the high-temperature...F activity, smectite, magnetite, hematite, and goethite reflecting oxidation and hydration reactions.
	*Papike, J.J. (1992) The valley of ten thousand Smokes, Katmai, Klaska: A unique geochemistry laboratory. Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta, 56 (4) 1429-1449 doi:10.1016/0016-7037(92)90214-4*	Journal (article/letter/editorial)
	eruption in nearly twenty centuries. Spectacular fumaroles developed in the ash-flow sheet prompting Robert...investigation of the Novarupta Vent and fissure fumaroles present in the ash-flow sheet. Novarupta Vent...As, Sb, and Au in various portions of the fossil fumaroles. These enrichments correlate well with those...and ZIES ( 1923). Heat to generate and sustain fumaroles was provided by the ash-flow sheet. Abundant meteoric...flowing into and over the tuff helped sustain the fumaroles but also hastened their cooling. The fumarolic
	Holt, Elizabeth Warner (2002) 18O/16O evidence for an early, short-lived (∼10 yr), fumarolic event in the Topopah Spring Tuff near the proposed high-level nuclear waste repository within Yucca Mountain, Nevada, USA. Earth and Planetary Science Letters, 201 (3) 559-573 doi:10.1016/s0012-821x(02)00735-5	Journal (article/letter/editorial)
	V. All rights reserved. Keywords: O-18/O-16; fumaroles; Yucca Mountain; hydrothermal processes 1. Introduction...guided by the results of previous studies of fossil fumaroles in ash-£ow tu¡s, which indicate that any fumarolic...re£ects an abundance of disseminated hematite and/or goethite. In contrast to Site HV and Site FR, the upper...identical to that displayed by 18 O/16 O data from fossil fumaroles in the Valley of Ten Thousand Smokes, Alaska...signature is analogous to that displayed by fossil fumaroles in the Bishop Tu¡ and C Fig. 3. N18 O-depth
	Dill, H. G., Bosse, H.- R., Kassbohm, J. (2000) Mineralogical and Chemical Studies of Volcanic-RelatedArgillaceous Industrial Minerals of the Central American Cordillera(Western El Salvador) Economic Geology, 95 (3) 517-538 doi:10.2113/gsecongeo.95.3.517	Journal (article/letter/editorial)
	were taken from the mineralized zones in open-pit mines. Quantitative investigation of samples containing...alunogen, APS minerals Rare Aluminite, quartz, goethite, smectite Alunite, APS minerals, feldspar, quartz...is associated with structurally controlled fossil fumaroles. Both deposits are in an area underlain by...fluctuates. In Agua Shuca, only trace amounts of goethite (α FeOOH) have been discovered. Contrary to this...decomposition of pyrite. Pyrite replacement by goethite and lepidocrocite coincides with the onset of
	Childress, Tristan, Simon, Adam C., Reich, Martin, Barra, Fernando, Bilenker, Laura D., La Cruz, Nikita L., Bindeman, Ilya N., Ovalle, J. Tomás (2020) Triple Oxygen (δ18O, Δ17O), Hydrogen (δ2H), and Iron (δ56Fe) Stable Isotope Signatures Indicate a Silicate Magma Source and Magmatic-Hydrothermal Genesis for Magnetite Orebodies at El Laco, Chile. Economic Geology, 115 (7). 1519-1536 doi:10.5382/econgeo.4760	Journal (article/letter/editorial)
	(magnetite with minor secondary hematite and minor goethite) from five of seven orebodies around the El Laco...bulk iron oxide (magnetite variably altered to goethite and hematite) from Laco Sur, Cristales Grandes...inclusions in magnetite and iron oxide, and in minor goethite. Values of δ56Fe for magnetite and bulk iron oxide...for bulk iron oxide samples that contain minor goethite from Laco Norte and San Vicente Alto reveal that...variably altered to meteoric values, consistent with goethite in equilibrium with local δ18O and δ2H meteoric
	Davidson, G. J., Stolz, A. J., Eggins, S. M. (2001) Geochemical Anatomy of Silica Iron Exhalites: Evidence for Hydrothermal Oxyanion Cycling in Response to Vent Fluid Redox and Thermal Evolution (Mt. Windsor Subprovince, Australia) Economic Geology, 96 (5) 1201-1226 doi:10.2113/gsecongeo.96.5.1201	Journal (article/letter/editorial)
	Pervasive fine-grained networks of chert and red goethite-hematite veins (internally forming common spherule...veinlets dominated by quartz, with subordinate goethite, hematite, chert, and very minor barite veining...jasper; these structures are interpreted as fossil fumaroles. C. Stage 2 megaquartz pocket (top left) overprinting...fine-grained hematite and chert. Silica gel and goethite precipitation, and gel maturation (Duhig et al...supplied to stage 2 fluids by leaching of the stage 1 goethite matrix, with coprecipitation of quartz, hematite
	Hildreth, Wes, Fierstein, Judy (2012) The Novarupta-Katmai eruption of 1912 - largest eruption of the twentieth century; centennial perspectives. Professional Paper 1791. US Geological Survey doi:10.3133/pp1791	Report (issue)
	ignimbrite sheet that produced myriad high-temperature fumaroles for a decade or longer. In the image, the terminus............................................147 Fumaroles in Novarupta Basin..............................Crater floor of Mount Martin, where numerous fumaroles rich in sulfur gases and CO2 combine to produce...sustaining high-temperature metal-transporting fumaroles for a decade. Three explosive episodes spanned...ash-flow emplacement styles. 10. “Ten thousand” fumaroles rose from the ignimbrite, and it took many years
	*(1994) Geologic studies in Alaska by the U.S. Geological Survey, 1993. Bulletin* Vol. 2107. US Geological Survey doi:10.3133/b2107**	Report (volume)
	mercury mine and a site downstream from placer mines in the Kuskokwim River region of southwestern Alaska...samples of grayling collected downstream from placer mines range from 0.067 to 0.30 ppm wet weight. Although...gold and silver have been recovered from placer mines, some of which are presently operating. Numerous...of the mercury deposits have been developed into mines. The Red Devil mine, located about 6 miles ( 10...(Miller and others, 1989). However, other mercury mines developed in the region are much smaller, for example
	*Lipman, Peter W., Mullineaux, Donal Ray (1981) The 1980 eruptions of Mount St. Helens, Washington. Professional Paper* 1250. US Geological Survey doi:10.3133/pp1250**	Report (issue)
	Map showing locations and numbers of sampled fumaroles . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ....occurrences of Washington: Washington Division of Mines and Geology Report of Investigations 15, 78 p. Crandell...eruptive activity ceased temporarily on April 22, fumaroles vented continuously within the Figure 7.-Summit...above the eastern part of the crater floor. The fumaroles could not be sampled because of frequent ice avalanches...month. There had been no eruptions for 4 days; fumaroles remained active in the summit and north flank
	*Goudie, A. S. - Ed.* (2004) Encyclopedia of Geomorphology Vol. 2 - J-Z. Routledge, London.**	Book (volume)
	splash erosion in the the Badlands of south-east Spain 978 Tabernas Badlands 9 7 8 128 High High sediment...isotopes isotopes to 3.5 Ma (Granger et al. and fossil hominid and and animal animal remains remains in...persons persons were were killed by lahars from Nevado del Ruiz, Colombia, Colombia, in summit in 1985. Relatively...systems systems are are effectively effectively fossil networks and and only only contain contain water...using fossil specimens to draw conclusions conclusions about past sea sea levels. levels. Fossil microatolls
	*Best, Myron G. (2002) Igneous and Metamorphic Petrology* (2nd ed.) Wiley-Blackwell. 760pp.**	Book (edition)
	and Climate . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Fumaroles, Hydrothermal Solutions, Ore Deposits, and Geothermal...mountains and man-made road cuts, quarries, and mines and seen in drill core and on geologic maps. The...where ferric (Fe3) minerals such as hematite and goethite are stable. At sea level, Ptotal 1 bar approximately...surface (dotted line) carved into older rock. Fumaroles vent gases on the flanks of the volcano. Volcanic...small eruption at the 5321-m summit of the Nevado del Ruiz volcano in Colombia in 1985 melted part of the