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Cervidae

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Description

Deer (singular and plural) are the hoofed ruminant mammals forming the family Cervidae. The two main groups of deer are the Cervinae, including the muntjac, the elk (wapiti), the fallow deer, and the chital; and the Capreolinae, including the reindeer (caribou), the roe deer, and the moose. Female reindeer, and male deer of all species except the Chinese water deer, grow and shed new antlers each year. In this they differ from permanently horned antelope, which are part of a different family (Bovidae) within the same order of even-toed ungulates (Artiodactyla).

From Wikipedia article at https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cervidae, which is released under the Creative Commons Attribution-Share-Alike License 3.0.

Source Data

Source	ID	Link
Global Biodiversity Information Facility ID (GBIF)	5298	https://www.gbif.org/species/5298
PaleoBioDB ID (PBDB)	42652	https://paleobiodb.org/classic/checkTaxonInfo?taxon_no=42652

Rank

family

Taxonomy (GBIF)

Life : Animalia : Chordata : Mammalia : Artiodactyla : Cervidae

Taxonomy (PBDB)

Life : Animalia : Chordata : Mammalia : Artiodactyla : Cervidae

Taxonomic Status (GBIF)

accepted

Classification
(PBDB,GBIF)

Rank	Name	Author
-	Eukaryota
-	Opisthokonta	Cavalier-Smith 1987
kingdom	Animalia
-	Triploblastica	Lankester 1877
-	Nephrozoa	Jondelius et al. 2002
-	Deuterostomia	Grobben 1908
phylum	Chordata	Haeckel 1847
subphylum	Vertebrata	Lamarck 1801
superclass	Gnathostomata	Gegenbauer 1874
-	Osteichthyes
-	Sarcopterygii	Romer 1955
subclass	Dipnotetrapodomorpha
subclass	Tetrapodomorpha
-	Tetrapoda
-	Reptiliomorpha	Säve-Söderbergh 1934
-	Anthracosauria	Säve-Söderbergh 1934
-	Batrachosauria
-	Cotylosauria
-	Amniota	Haeckel 1866
-	Synapsida	Osborn 1903
-	Therapsida
infraorder	Cynodontia
-	Epicynodontia	Hopson and Kitching 2001
infraorder	Eucynodontia	Kemp 1982
-	Probainognathia	Hopson 1990
-	Mammaliamorpha	Rowe 1988
-	Mammaliaformes	Rowe 1988
class	Mammalia	Linnaeus 1758
subclass	Tribosphenida
infraclass	Eutheria
order	Ungulata
order	Artiodactyla	Owen 1848
-	Ruminantiamorpha	Spaulding et al. 2009
-	Ruminantia
-	Pecora
family	Cervidae	Gray 1821

Common Name

deer

Scientific Name

Cervidae

Name Published In

Handb. Zool. vol.2 p.xx, 374

Opinions (PBDB)

Name	Rank	Opinion	Evidence	Author
Cervidae	family	belongs to Ruminantes	stated without evidence	Gray, 1821
Cervidae	family	belongs to Pecora	stated without evidence	Bonaparte, 1850
Cervidae	family	belongs to Ruminantia	stated with evidence	Leidy, 1873
Cervidae	family	belongs to Pecora	stated without evidence	Flower, 1883
Cervidae	family	belongs to Artiodactyla	stated without evidence	Cope, 1889
Cervidae	family	belongs to Pecora	stated without evidence	Flower and Lydekker, 1891
Cervidae	family	belongs to Booidea	stated without evidence	Hay, 1902
Cervidae	family	belongs to Pecora	stated with evidence	Matthew, 1908
Cervidae	family	belongs to Ruminantia	stated without evidence	Gregory, 1910
Cervidae	family	belongs to Pecora	stated without evidence	Cook, 1934
Cervidae	family	belongs to Artiodactyla	stated without evidence	Kurten and Anderson, 1980
Cervidae	family	belongs to Ruminantia	stated without evidence	Thurmond and Jones, 1981
Cervidae	family	belongs to Cervoidea	implied	Carroll, 1988
Cervidae	family	belongs to Artiodactyla	stated without evidence	Shoshani et al., 1989
Cervidae	family	belongs to Artiodactyla	implied	Nowak, 1991
Cervidae	family	belongs to Cervoidea	implied	Sach and Heizmann, 2001
Cervidae	family	belongs to Pecora	stated with evidence	Hassanin and Douzery, 2003
Cervidae	family	belongs to Pecora	stated without evidence	Agnarsson and May-Collado, 2008
Cervidae	family	belongs to Pecora	stated with evidence	Spaulding et al., 2009
Cervidae	family	belongs to Artiodactyla	stated without evidence	Gonzalez et al., 2014

Status (PBDB)

extant

Taxon Size (PBDB)

242

Extant Size (PBDB)

105 (43%)

First Recorded Appearance

37.2 - 33.9 Ma
Paleogene

Environment

terrestrial (based on Artiodactyla)

Motility

actively mobile (based on Osteichthyes)

Diet

grazer, browser

Reproduction

viviparous

Ecospace Comments

life habit and diet based on Nowak 1999

Taphonomy

phosphatic (based on Vertebrata)

Primary Reference (PBDB)

J. E. Gray. 1821. On the natural arrangement of vertebrose animals. The London Medical Repository Monthly Journal and Review 15:296-310

Common Name(s)

Deer, Herten, Caribou, Cervids, Moose, Wapiti, Hjortdjur

Wikipedia

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cervidae

External Images

Fossil Distribution

Subtaxa

Name	Status	Common Name(s)	Fossil Occurrences	Oldest	Youngest
Alcinae subfamily	listed (PBDB)		44	16.0 Ma Miocene	0 Ma Extant
Capreolinae subfamily	listed (PBDB)		20	13.8 Ma Miocene	0 Ma Extant
Cervinae subfamily	listed (PBDB)		306	16.0 Ma Miocene	0 Ma Extant
Cervulinae subfamily	listed (PBDB)				0 Ma Extant
Pliocervinae ✝ subfamily	listed (PBDB)		49	23.0 Ma Miocene	2.59 Ma Pleistocene
Cervina tribe	listed (PBDB)				0 Ma Extant
Moschina tribe	listed (PBDB)				0 Ma Extant
Agalmaceros ✝ genus	accepted (GBIF) listed (PBDB)		4	2.59 Ma Pleistocene	2.59 Ma Pleistocene
Alces genus	accepted (GBIF) listed (PBDB)	Moose	37	16.0 Ma Miocene	0 Ma Extant
Anoglochis ✝ genus	doubtful (GBIF) listed (PBDB)		2	2.59 Ma Pleistocene	2.59 Ma Pleistocene
Antifer ✝ genus	accepted (GBIF) listed (PBDB)		10	3.60 Ma Pliocene	0.13 Ma Pleistocene
Axis genus	accepted (GBIF) listed (PBDB)		7	11.6 Ma Miocene	0 Ma Extant
Blastocerus genus	accepted (GBIF) listed (PBDB)	Marsh Deer	2	2.59 Ma Pleistocene	0 Ma Extant
Bretzia ✝ genus	accepted (GBIF) listed (PBDB)		3	10.3 Ma Miocene	4.90 Ma Pliocene
Capreolus genus	accepted (GBIF) listed (PBDB)	Roe	93	5.33 Ma Miocene	0 Ma Extant
Cariacus genus	accepted (GBIF) listed (PBDB)		1	2.59 Ma Pleistocene	0 Ma Extant
Cervalces ✝ genus	accepted (GBIF) listed (PBDB)	Stag Moose	35	5.33 Ma Miocene	0.13 Ma Pleistocene
Cervavitulus ✝ genus	doubtful (GBIF) listed (PBDB)
Cervavitus ✝ genus	accepted (GBIF) listed (PBDB)		32	23.0 Ma Miocene	2.59 Ma Pleistocene
Cervodama ✝ genus	doubtful (GBIF) listed (PBDB)		2	5.33 Ma Miocene	3.20 Ma Pliocene
Cervulus genus	doubtful (GBIF) listed (PBDB)	Muntjac			0 Ma Extant
Cervus genus	accepted (GBIF) listed (PBDB)		483	23.0 Ma Miocene	0 Ma Extant
Charitoceros ✝ genus	accepted (GBIF) listed (PBDB)		1	2.59 Ma Pleistocene	2.59 Ma Pleistocene
Croizetoceros ✝ genus	accepted (GBIF) listed (PBDB)		35	5.33 Ma Miocene	0.78 Ma Pleistocene
Dama genus	accepted (GBIF) listed (PBDB)	Fallow Deer	86	5.33 Ma Miocene	0 Ma Extant
Elaphodus genus	accepted (GBIF) listed (PBDB)		1	0.13 Ma Pleistocene	0 Ma Extant
Elaphurus genus	accepted (GBIF)	No associated record in PBDB
Eocoileus ✝ genus	accepted (GBIF) listed (PBDB)
Eostyloceros genus	accepted (GBIF)	No associated record in PBDB
Epieuryceros ✝ genus	accepted (GBIF) listed (PBDB)		3	1.20 Ma Pleistocene	0.78 Ma Pleistocene
Euctenoceros ✝ genus	doubtful (GBIF) listed (PBDB)
Eumeryx ✝ genus	accepted (GBIF) listed (PBDB)		19	37.2 Ma Eocene	28.4 Ma Oligocene
Euprox ✝ genus	accepted (GBIF) listed (PBDB)		31	23.0 Ma Miocene	7.25 Ma Miocene
Furcifer ✝ genus	listed (PBDB)		1	0.01 Ma Pleistocene	0.01 Ma Pleistocene
Hippocamelus genus	accepted (GBIF) listed (PBDB)	Huemuls	6	37.2 Ma Eocene	0 Ma Extant
Hydropotes genus	accepted (GBIF) listed (PBDB)	Chinese Water Deer	5	2.59 Ma Pleistocene	0 Ma Extant
Lucentia ✝ genus	accepted (GBIF) listed (PBDB)		2	11.6 Ma Miocene	11.1 Ma Miocene
Mazama genus	accepted (GBIF) listed (PBDB)	Brocket Deer	22	2.59 Ma Pleistocene	0 Ma Extant
Megaceroides ✝ genus	accepted (GBIF) listed (PBDB)		5	2.59 Ma Pleistocene	0.78 Ma Pleistocene
Megaloceros ✝ genus	accepted (GBIF) listed (PBDB)	Irish Elk	78	16.0 Ma Miocene	0.01 Ma Pleistocene
Metacervulus ✝ genus	doubtful (GBIF) listed (PBDB)		13	9.70 Ma Miocene	2.59 Ma Pleistocene
Morenelaphus ✝ genus	accepted (GBIF) listed (PBDB)		19	2.59 Ma Pleistocene	0.01 Ma Pleistocene
Muntiacus genus	accepted (GBIF) listed (PBDB)	Muntjak	39	11.1 Ma Miocene	0 Ma Extant
Navahoceros ✝ genus	accepted (GBIF) listed (PBDB)		8	4.90 Ma Pliocene	0.13 Ma Pleistocene
Odocoileus genus	accepted (GBIF) listed (PBDB)		261	4.90 Ma Pliocene	0 Ma Extant
Ozotoceros genus	accepted (GBIF) listed (PBDB)		9	2.59 Ma Pleistocene	0 Ma Extant
Paraceros ✝ genus	accepted (GBIF) listed (PBDB)		1	2.59 Ma Pleistocene	2.59 Ma Pleistocene
Paracervulus ✝ genus	accepted (GBIF) listed (PBDB)		7	5.33 Ma Miocene	4.20 Ma Pliocene
Paradicrocerus ✝ genus	doubtful (GBIF) listed (PBDB)		1	13.7 Ma Miocene	13.7 Ma Miocene
Procervulus ✝ genus	accepted (GBIF) listed (PBDB)		40	20.4 Ma Miocene	16.0 Ma Miocene
Przewalskium genus	accepted (GBIF)	No associated record in PBDB
Pseudaxis genus	listed (PBDB)		1	2.59 Ma Pleistocene	0 Ma Extant
Pseudodama genus	accepted (GBIF)	No associated record in PBDB
Pudu genus	accepted (GBIF) listed (PBDB)	Pudus	2	37.2 Ma Eocene	0 Ma Extant
Rangifer genus	accepted (GBIF) listed (PBDB)	Reindeer	96	16.0 Ma Miocene	0 Ma Extant
Rucervus genus	accepted (GBIF)	No associated record in PBDB
Rusa genus	accepted (GBIF)	No associated record in PBDB
Plesiometacarpalia unranked clade	listed (PBDB)		668	23.0 Ma Miocene	0 Ma Extant
Telemetacarpalia unranked clade	listed (PBDB)		522	37.2 Ma Eocene	0 Ma Extant

Obsolete Names

Name	Source	Taxon Rank	Taxonomy
Sangamona fugitiva Hay, 1921	GBIF	species	Animalia : Chordata : Mammalia : Artiodactyla : Cervidae : *Sangamona fugitiva*
Cervus whitneyi (Allen, 1876)	GBIF	species	Animalia : Chordata : Mammalia : Artiodactyla : Cervidae : *Cervus whitneyi*
Odocoileus whitneyi (Allen, 1876)	GBIF	species	Animalia : Chordata : Mammalia : Artiodactyla : Cervidae : *Odocoileus whitneyi*

Synonymy List

Year	Name and Author
1758	Cervus guineensis Linnaeus p. 68
1821	Cervidae Gray p. 307
1850	Cervidae Bonaparte p. 1
1873	Cervidae Leidy p. 317
1876	Cervus whitneyi Allen p. 49
1883	Cervidae Flower p. 185
1889	Cervidae Cope p. 877
1891	Cervidae Flower and Lydekker p. 90
1902	Cervidae Hay p. 681
1902	Dama whitneyi Hay p. 684
1908	Cervidae Matthew p. 561
1910	Cervidae Gregory p. 466
1911	Cervidae Jaekel p. 234
1921	Sangamona Hay p. 91
1921	Sangamona fugitiva Hay p. 91 figs. Plate 3, figs. 14-15
1934	Cervidae Cook p. 157

Year	Name and Author
1935	Sangamona Schultz and Howard p. 287
1937	Odocoileus whitneyi Frick
1980	Cervidae Kurten and Anderson p. 309
1980	Sangamona Kurten and Anderson p. 313
1980	Sangamona fugitiva Kurten and Anderson p. 313
1981	Cervidae Thurmond and Jones p. 190
1988	Cervidae Carroll
1989	Cervidae Shoshani et al. p. 436
1991	Cervidae Nowak
2001	Cervidae Sach and Heizmann p. 35
2003	Cervidae Hassanin and Douzery
2008	Cervidae Agnarsson and May-Collado p. 974 figs. Fig. 2
2009	Cervidae Spaulding et al.
2014	Cervidae Gonzalez et al. p. 483
2017	Cervidae Cregut-Bonnoure and Tsoukala
2018	Cervidae Eshelman et al. p. 9

References

Gray J. E. On the natural arrangement of vertebrose animals, The London Medical Repository Monthly Journal and Review 15, 296-310

Linnaeus C. , Systema Naturae per Regna Tria Naturae, Secundum Classes, Ordines, Genera, Species, cum Characteribus, Differentiis, Synonymis, Locis. Editio Decima 1, 1-824 doi:10.5962/bhl.title.542

Bonaparte C.-L. , Conspectus Systematis Mastozoologiae. Editio Altera Reformata [Survey of the system of mammals. Second revised edition]. E. J. Brill, Leyden, 1

Leidy J. Part I. Contributions to the extinct vertebrate fauna of the western territories, Report of the United States Geological Survey of the Territories 1, 1-358

Flower W. H. On the arrangement of the Orders and Families of existing Mammalia, Proceedings of the Zoological Society of London 1883, 178-186

Cope E. D. Synopsis of the families of Vertebrata, The American Naturalist 23, 1-29

Hay O. P. (1902) , Bibliography and Catalogue of the Fossil Vertebrata of North America. Bulletin of the United States Geological Survey 179, 1-868

Matthew W. D. (1908) Osteology of Blastomeryx and phylogeny of the American Cervidae, Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History 24 27, 535-562

Gregory W. K. (1910) The orders of mammals, Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History 27, 1-524

Jaekel O. (1911) , Die Wirbeltiere. Eine Übersicht über die Fossilen und Lebenden Formen [The Vertebrates. An Overview of the Fossil and Living Forms], viii-252

Hay O. P. (1921) Descriptions of some Pleistocene vertebrates found in the United States, Proceedings of The United States National Museum 58, 83-146

Cook H. J. (1934) New artiodactyls from the Oligocene and Lower Miocene of Nebraska, American Midland Naturalist 15 2, 148-165

Schultz C. B., Howard E. B. (1935) The fauna of Burnet Cave, Guadalupe Mountains, New Mexico, Proceedings of the Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia 87, 273-298

Frick C. (1937) Horned ruminants of North America, Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History 69, 1-669

Kurten B., Anderson E. (1980) , Pleistocene mammals of North America, 1-442

Thurmond J. T., Jones D. E. (1981) , Fossil Vertebrates of Alabama, 1-244

Carroll R. L. (1988) , Vertebrate Paleontology and Evolution, 1-698

Shoshani J., Fisher D. C., et al (1989) The Shelton Mastodon Site: Multidisciplinary study of a late Pleistocene (Twocreekan) locality in Southeastern Michigan, Contributions from the Museum of Paleontology, University of Michigan 27 14, 393-436

Nowak R. M. (1991) Walker's Mammals of the World, Maryland, Johns Hopkins University Press (edited volume) II

Sach V. J., Heizmann E. P. J. (2001) Stratigraphy and mammal faunas of the Brackwassermolasse in the surroundings of Ulm (Southwest Germany), Stuttgarter Beiträge zur Naturkunde Serie B (Geologie und Paläontologie) 310, 1-95

Hassanin A., Douzery E. J. P. (2003) Molecular and morphological phylogenies of Ruminantia and the alternative position of the Moschidae, Systematic Biology 52 2, 206-228

Agnarsson I., May-Collado L. J. (2008) The phylogeny of Cetartiodactyla: The importance of dense taxon sampling, missing data, and the remarkable promise of cytochrome b to provide reliable species-level phylogenies, Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution 48, 964-985

Spaulding M., O'Leary M. A., et al (2009) Relationships of Cetacea (Artiodactyla) among mammals: Increased taxon sampling alters interpretations of key fossils and character evolution, PloS One 4 9, e7062

Gonzalez E., Labarca R., et al (2014) First fossil record of the smallest deer cf. Pudu Molina, 1782 (Artiodactyla, Cervidae), in the late Pleistocene of South America, Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology 34 2, 483-488 doi:10.1080/02724634.2013.809357

Cregut-Bonnoure E., Tsoukala E. (2017) The Pliocene Artiodactyla and Proboscidea (Mammalia) from Gephyra (lower Axios valley, Macedonia, Greece). Discovery of a new boselaphine, Quaternary International doi:10.1016/j.quaint.2016.10.022

Eshelman R. E., Lowery D., et al (2018) Late Pleistocene (Rancholabrean) Mammalian Assemblage from Paw Paw Cove, Tilghman Island, Maryland, Smithsonian Contributions to Paleobiology 102, 1-15

Benton, M.J. (ed). (1993). The Fossil Record 2. Chapman & Hall, London, 845 pp. - via The Interim Register of Marine and Nonmarine Genera

Parker, S.P. (ed). (1982). Synopsis and Classification of Living Organisms. McGraw-Hill, New York. 2 volumes. - via The Interim Register of Marine and Nonmarine Genera

Wilson, Don E., and DeeAnn M. Reeder, eds., 2005: null. Mammal Species of the World: A Taxonomic and Geographic Reference, 3rd ed., vols. 1 & 2. 2142. - via Integrated Taxonomic Information System (ITIS)

Wilson, Don E., and DeeAnn M. Reeder, eds., 1992: null. Mammal Species of the World: A Taxonomic and Geographic Reference, 2nd ed., 3rd printing. xviii + 1207. - via Integrated Taxonomic Information System (ITIS)

Banks, R. C., R. W. McDiarmid, and A. L. Gardner, 1987: Checklist of Vertebrates of the United States, the U.S. Territories, and Canada. Resource Publication, no. 166. 79. - via Integrated Taxonomic Information System (ITIS)

Gärdenfors, Ulf, Hall, Ragnar, Hallingbäck, Tomas, Hansson, Hans G. & Hedström, Lars (2003) Djur, svampar och växter i Sverige 2003. Förteckning över antal arter per familj. ArtDatabanken Rapporterar 5, ArtDatabanken, Uppsala. (reviderad excelfil med svenska djurfamiljer). - via Dyntaxa. Svensk taxonomisk databas

Data courtesy of: PBDB: The Paleobiology Database, Creative Commons CC-BY licenced. , GBIF: the Global Biodiversity Information Facility, various licences, iDigBio, various licences, and EOL: The Encyclopedia of Life (Open Data Public Domain). Because fossils are made of minerals too!

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