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Pseudorutile

A valid IMA mineral species
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05993320014946537363673.jpg
Pseudorutile

Alluvial gold mine, Carapooee, Northern Grampians Shire, Victoria, Australia
07697920014946537433479.jpg
Pseudorutile

Alluvial gold mine, Carapooee, Northern Grampians Shire, Victoria, Australia
09339880017057303843485.jpg
Pseudorutile

Alluvial gold mine, Carapooee, Northern Grampians Shire, Victoria, Australia
05993320014946537363673.jpg
Pseudorutile

Alluvial gold mine, Carapooee, Northern Grampians Shire, Victoria, Australia
04695430015019451537060.jpg
Pseudorutile

Alluvial gold mine, Carapooee, Northern Grampians Shire, Victoria, Australia
09056410017056075306645.jpg
Pseudorutile

Alluvial gold mine, Carapooee, Northern Grampians Shire, Victoria, Australia
05993320014946537363673.jpg
Pseudorutile

Alluvial gold mine, Carapooee, Northern Grampians Shire, Victoria, Australia
05581220014946537477155.jpg
Pseudorutile

Alluvial gold mine, Carapooee, Northern Grampians Shire, Victoria, Australia
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About PseudorutileHide

Formula:
Fe2Ti3O9
Colour:
Dark steel-gray on fresh fractures, light brown to black
Lustre:
Metallic, Sub-Metallic
Hardness:
5½
Specific Gravity:
3.8
Crystal System:
Hexagonal
Name:
Named for the relation to rutile.
Closely related to kleberite. Chemically, but not structurally, the Fe analogue of machiite and schreyerite. The Fe analogue of (the Mn dominant) UM2004-26-O:FeMnTi.

See also Arizonite (of Palmer).


Unique IdentifiersHide

Mindat ID:
3296
Long-form identifier:
mindat:1:1:3296:0
GUID
(UUID V4):
f578c40b-1196-4897-b458-825d7d822ddd

IMA Classification of PseudorutileHide

IMA status:
Approved
IMA status notes:
Redefined by the IMA
IMA Formula:
Fe3+2Ti4+3O9
First published:
1966
Approval history:
Redefined 1994 s.p.: Grey et al. (1994).
Type description reference:
Teufer, G., Temple, A.K. (1966) Pseudorutile, a new mineral intermediate between ilmenite and rutile in the natural alteration of ilmenite. Nature: 211: 179–181.

Classification of PseudorutileHide

Strunz-mindat (2024):
4.CB.25

4 : OXIDES (Hydroxides, V[5,6] vanadates, arsenites, antimonites, bismuthites, sulfites, selenites, tellurites, iodates)
C : Metal: Oxygen = 2: 3,3: 5, and similar
B : With medium-sized cations
Dana 8th ed.:
8.4.2.1

8 : MULTIPLE OXIDES CONTAINING NIOBIUM,TANTALUM OR TITANIUM
4 : A2B3O9
Hey's CIM Ref.:
7.9.18

7 : Oxides and Hydroxides
9 : Oxides of Ti

Mineral SymbolsHide

As of 2021 there are now IMA–CNMNC approved mineral symbols (abbreviations) for each mineral species, useful for tables and diagrams.

SymbolSourceReference
PdrtIMA–CNMNCWarr, L.N. (2021). IMA–CNMNC approved mineral symbols. Mineralogical Magazine, 85(3), 291-320. doi:10.1180/mgm.2021.43

Pronunciation of PseudorutileHide

Pronunciation:
PlayRecorded byCountry
Jolyon & Katya RalphUnited Kingdom

Physical Properties of PseudorutileHide

Lustre:
Metallic, Sub-Metallic
Transparency:
Opaque
Colour:
Dark steel-gray on fresh fractures, light brown to black
Streak:
Reddish brown
Hardness:
5½ on Mohs scale
Tenacity:
Brittle
Fracture:
Sub-Conchoidal
Density:
3.8 g/cm3 (Measured)    4.82 g/cm3 (Calculated)

Optical Data of PseudorutileHide

Type:
Uniaxial
Pleochroism:
Weak
Comments:
very weak in reds
Comments:
n = ∼2.62

Chemistry of PseudorutileHide

Mindat Formula:
Fe2Ti3O9
Elements listed:
Fe, O, Ti - search for minerals with similar chemistry

Crystallography of PseudorutileHide

Crystal System:
Hexagonal
Class (H-M):
6 2 2 - Trapezohedral
Space Group:
P63 2 2
Cell Parameters:
a = 14.375(6) Å, c = 4.615(3) Å
Ratio:
a:c = 1 : 0.321
Unit Cell V:
825.88 ų (Calculated from Unit Cell)
Z:
6
Morphology:
thin, irregular plates having fibrous texture; fine-grained, massive.

Crystal StructureHide

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IDSpeciesReferenceLinkYearLocalityPressure (GPa)Temp (K)
0000471PseudorutileGrey I E, Reid A F (1975) The structure of pseudorutile and its role in the natural alteration of ilmenite American Mineralogist 60 898-90619750293
CIF Raw Data - click here to close

X-Ray Powder DiffractionHide

Powder Diffraction Data:
d-spacingIntensity
1.6860 Å(100)
2.481 Å(80)
2.187 Å(70)
2.784 Å(20d)
3.897 Å(15d)
2.2993 Å(8)
1.6253 Å(6d)

Geological EnvironmentHide

Paragenetic Mode(s):
Paragenetic ModeEarliest Age (Ga)
Stage 7: Great Oxidation Event<2.4
47h : [Near-surface oxidized, dehydrated minerals]

Type Occurrence of PseudorutileHide

Type Locality:
ⓘ South Neptune Island, Eyre Peninsula, South Australia, Australia
Place of Conservation of Type Material:
Museum Victoria, Melbourne, Australia, M42789.
Associated Minerals at Type Locality:
RutileIlmeniteHematiteGadoliniteAnatase
Reference:
Teufer, G., Temple, A.K. (1966) Pseudorutile, a new mineral intermediate between ilmenite and rutile in the natural alteration of ilmenite. Nature: 211: 179–181.

Other Language Names for PseudorutileHide

Varieties of PseudorutileHide

Common AssociatesHide

Associated Minerals Based on Photo Data:
1 photo of Pseudorutile associated with TopazAl2(SiO4)(F,OH)2
1 photo of Pseudorutile associated with Bixbyite-(Mn)Mn3+2O3

Related Minerals - Strunz-mindat GroupingHide

4.CB.Ferrohögbomite-2N2S[(Fe2+,Mg,Zn,Al)3(Al,Ti,Fe3+)8O15(OH)]2Hex. 6mm : P63mc
4.CB.Magnesiohögbomite-6N12SMg5Al11TiO23(OH)Trig. 3m (3 2/m) : R3m
4.CB.Zhenruite(MoO3)2 · H2OMon. 2/m : P21/m
4.CB.Pengite(Pb8Sb3+3)Σ11Sb5+9O35Trig. 3m (3 2/m) : R3m
4.CB.VirgilluethiteMoO3 · H2OMon. 2/m : P21/b
4.CB.05BrizziiteNaSb5+O3Trig. 3 : R3
4.CB.05CorundumAl2O3Trig. 3m (3 2/m) : R3c
4.CB.05Ecandrewsite(Zn,Fe2+,Mn2+)TiO3Trig. 3 : R3
4.CB.05EskolaiteCr2O3Trig. 3m (3 2/m) : R3c
4.CB.05GeikieliteMgTiO3Trig. 3 : R3
4.CB.05HematiteFe2O3Trig. 3m (3 2/m) : R3c
4.CB.05IlmeniteFe2+TiO3Trig. 3 : R3
4.CB.05KarelianiteV3+2O3Trig. 3m (3 2/m) : R3c
4.CB.05MelanostibiteMn2+2Fe3+Sb5+O6Trig. 3 : R3
4.CB.05PyrophaniteMn2+TiO3Trig. 3 : R3
4.CB.05Akimotoite(Mg,Fe2+)SiO3Trig. 3 : R3
4.CB.05AuroantimonateAuSbO3
4.CB.05UM1998-11-O-AuHSbAu+2Sb3+O2(OH)
4.CB.05TistariteTi3+2O3Trig. 3m (3 2/m) : R3c
4.CB.05Unnamed (Fe-Cr Oxide)FeCrO3Trig. 3 : R3
4.CB.05Hemleyite(Fe2+0.48Mg0.37Ca0.04Na0.04Mn2+0.03Al0.03Cr3+0.01)sum=1.00Si1.00O3Trig. 3 : R3
4.CB.10AvicenniteTl2O3Iso. m3 (2/m 3) : Ia3
4.CB.10Bixbyite-(Mn)Mn3+2O3Iso. m3 (2/m 3) : Ia3
4.CB.10Bixbyite-(Fe)(Fe,Mn)2O3Iso.
4.CB.15Armalcolite(Mg,Fe2+)Ti2O5Orth. mmm (2/m 2/m 2/m)
4.CB.15SassiteTi3+2Ti4+O5Orth. mmm (2/m 2/m 2/m) : Cmcm
4.CB.15PseudobrookiteFe2TiO5Orth. mmm (2/m 2/m 2/m)
4.CB.15FerropseudobrookiteFe2+Ti2O5Orth. mmm (2/m 2/m 2/m) : Cmcm
4.CB.15GriffiniteAl2TiO5Orth. mmm (2/m 2/m 2/m) : Cmcm
4.CB.15Pseudobrookite Group
4.CB.20Zincohögbomite-2N2S[(Zn,Al,Fe2+)3(Al,Fe3+,Ti)8O15(OH)]2Hex. 6mm : P63mc
4.CB.20Zincohögbomite-2N6S[(Zn,Mg)7(Al,Fe3+,Ti)16O31(OH)]2Hex. 6mm : P63mc
4.CB.20Magnesiohögbomite-6N6S[(Mg,Fe2+)3(Al,Ti,Fe3+)8O15(OH)]6Trig. 3m (3 2/m) : R3m
4.CB.20Magnesiohögbomite-2N3S[(Mg,Fe2+,Zn)4(Al,Ti,Fe3+)10O19(OH)]2Trig. 3m (3 2/m) : P3 1m
4.CB.20Magnesiohögbomite-2N2S[(Mg,Fe2+)3[Al7(Ti,Fe3+)]O15(OH)]2Hex. 6mm : P63mc
4.CB.20Ferrohögbomite-6N12S[(Fe2+,Mg,Zn)5(Al,Ti,Fe3+)12O23(OH)]6Trig. 3m (3 2/m) : R3m
4.CB.20Magnesiohögbomite-2N4S(Mg8.43Fe2+1.57)sum=10Al22Ti4+2O46(OH)2Hex. 6mm : P63mc
4.CB.20Magnesiobeltrandoite-2N3S(Mg6Al2)(Al18Fe3+2)O38(OH)2 Trig. 3m : P3m1
4.CB.20Zincovelesite-6N6SZn3(Fe3+,Mn3+,Al,Ti)8O15(OH)Trig. 3m (3 2/m) : P3m1
4.CB.25KleberiteFeTi6O11(OH)5Mon. 2/m : P21/b
4.CB.30BerdesinskiiteV3+2TiO5Mon.
4.CB.30OxyvaniteV3+2V4+O5Mon. 2/m : B2/b
4.CB.30KaitianiteTi3+2Ti4+O5Mon. 2/m : B2/b
4.CB.35Olkhonskite(Cr,V)2Ti3O9Mon.
4.CB.35SchreyeriteV3+2Ti3O9Mon. 2/m : B2/b
4.CB.35MachiiteAl2Ti3O9Mon. 2/m : B2/b
4.CB.35Vestaite(Ti4+Fe2+)Ti4+3O9Mon. 2/m : B2/b
4.CB.40KamiokiteFe2Mo3O8Hex. 6mm : P63mc
4.CB.40NolaniteV3+8Fe3+2O14(OH)2Hex. 6mm : P63mc
4.CB.40RinmaniteZn2Sb2Mg2Fe4O14(OH)2Hex. 6 : P63
4.CB.40IseiteMn2Mo3O8Hex. 6mm : P63mc
4.CB.40MajindeiteMg2Mo3O8Hex. 6mm : P63mc
4.CB.45ClaudetiteAs2O3Mon. 2/m
4.CB.45StibioclaudetiteAsSbO3Mon. 2/m : P21/m
4.CB.50ArsenoliteAs2O3Iso. m3m (4/m 3 2/m) : Fd3m
4.CB.50SenarmontiteSb2O3Iso. m3m (4/m 3 2/m) : Fd3m
4.CB.55ValentiniteSb2O3Orth. mmm (2/m 2/m 2/m) : Pccn
4.CB.60BismiteBi2O3Mon. 2/m : P21/b
4.CB.65SphaerobismoiteBi2O3Tet.
4.CB.70SilléniteBi12SiO20Iso. 2 3 : I2 3
4.CB.75KyzylkumiteV3+Ti2O5(OH)Mon. 2/m : P21/b
4.CB.80TietaiyangiteFe3+4Fe2+TiO9Hex.
4.CB.85LiuiteFeTiO3Orth. mmm (2/m 2/m 2/m) : Pnma
4.CB.90LuogufengiteFe2O3Orth. mm2 : Pna21
4.CB.95WangdaodeiteFeTiO3Trig. 3m : R3c

Other InformationHide

Notes:
magnetic
Health Risks:
No information on health risks for this material has been entered into the database. You should always treat mineral specimens with care.

Internet Links for PseudorutileHide

References for PseudorutileHide

Reference List:
Teufer, G., Temple, A.K. (1966) Pseudorutile, a new mineral intermediate between ilmenite and rutile in the natural alteration of ilmenite. Nature: 211: 179–181.
Larrett, M.J.W., Spencer, W.G. (1971) Contributions to Australasian Mineralogy, 3. "Pseudorutile" from South Neptune Island, South Australia. Amdel Bulletin: 12: 74-80.
Grey, I.E. and Reid, A.F. (1975) The structure of pseudorutile and its role in the natural alteration of ilmenite. American Mineralogist, 60, 898-906.
Wort, M.J., Jones, M.P. (1980) X-ray diffraction and magnetic studies of altered ilmenite and pseudorutile. Mineralogical Magazine: 43(329): 659-663.
Melcher, F. (1991) Fe-Ti-Oxide assemblages in the basal parts of the Central Alpine Brenner Mesozoic, Tyrol/Austria. Mineralogy and Petrology, 44, 197-212.
Mücke, A., Chaudhuri, J.B. (1991) The continuous alteration of ilmenite through pseudorutile to leucoxene. Ore Geology Reviews: 6(1): 25-44.
Grey, I.E., Watts, J.A., and Bayliss, P. (1994) Mineralogical nomenclature: pseudorutile revalidated and neotype given. Mineralogical Magazine: 58: 597-600.
American Mineralogist (1995): 80: 1077.
Grey, I.E., Li, C. (2003) Hydroxylian pseudorutile derived from picroilmenite in the Murray Basin, southeastern Australia. Mineralogical Magazine: 67(4): 733-747.
Tetsopgang, S., Koyanagi, J., Enami, M., Kihara, K. (2003) Hydroxylian pseudorutile in an adamellite from the Nkambe area, Cameroon. Mineralogical Magazine: 67(3): 509-516.
Grey, I.E., Bordet, P., Wilson, N.C., Townend, R., Bastow, T.J., Brunelli, M. (2010) A new Al-rich hydroxylian pseudorutile from Kalimantan, Indonesia. American Mineralogist: 95(1): 161-170.
Medaris, L. G., Fournelle, J. H. (2012) Pseudorutile in the Baraboo Range, Wisconsin: first recognition as a metamorphic mineral. The Canadian Mineralogist, 50 (5) 1165-1172 doi:10.3749/canmin.50.5.1165
Schulz, B., Haser, S. (2015) The ilmenite-pseudorutile-leucoxene alteration sequence in placer sediments in the view of automated SEM mineral liberation analysis. GeoBerlin: 2015: 336.
Imperial, Alexis, Pe-Piper, Georgia, Piper, David J. W., Grey, Ian E. (2022) Identifying Pseudorutile and Kleberite Using Raman Spectroscopy. Minerals, 12 (10) 1210 doi:10.3390/min12101210
(2023) Pseudorutile. Handbook of Mineralogy. Mineralogical Society of America

Localities for PseudorutileHide

This map shows a selection of localities that have latitude and longitude coordinates recorded. Click on the symbol to view information about a locality. The symbol next to localities in the list can be used to jump to that position on the map.

Locality ListHide

- This locality has map coordinates listed. - This locality has estimated coordinates. ⓘ - Click for references and further information on this occurrence. ? - Indicates mineral may be doubtful at this locality. - Good crystals or important locality for species. - World class for species or very significant. (TL) - Type Locality for a valid mineral species. (FRL) - First Recorded Locality for everything else (eg varieties). Struck out - Mineral was erroneously reported from this locality. Faded * - Never found at this locality but inferred to have existed at some point in the past (e.g. from pseudomorphs).

All localities listed without proper references should be considered as questionable.
Algeria
 
  • Ouargla Province
    • Hassi Messaoud District
      • Hassi Messaoud
C. Hejny et al. (2002)
Antarctica
 
  • Eastern Antarctica
    • Princess Elizabeth Land
      • Ingrid Christensen Coast
        • Prydz Bay
          • Larsemann Hills
Grew et al. (2007)
Australia (TL)
 
  • South Australia
    • Eyre Peninsula
Grey et al. (1994)
  • Tasmania
    • King Island municipality
      • King Island
        • Naracoopa
Bottrill & Bacon in prep
  • Victoria
    • Northern Grampians Shire
      • Carapooee
W.D.Birch in Australian Journal of Earth Sciences (2007) +1 other reference
    • Swan Hill Rural City
      • Lake Boga
Mills (2004)
      • Wemen
Museum Victoria Mineralogy Collection
Austria
 
  • Tyrol
    • Innsbruck-Land District
      • Fulpmes
Exel (1993)
Cameroon
 
  • Northwest Region
    • Donga-Mantung
      • Nkambe
Tetsopgang et al. (2003)
Canada
 
  • Northwest Territories
Canadian Mineralogist 41:117-137
  • Ontario
    • Parry Sound District
      • Chapman Township
T. S. Ercit (1994)
  • Québec
    • Montréal
176-178. +2 other references
Czech Republic
 
  • Liberec Region
Scharm +7 other references
  • Vysočina Region
    • Třebíč District
třebíčský masiv +1 other reference
Germany
 
  • Saxony-Anhalt
    • Anhalt-Bitterfeld
      • Bitterfeld-Wolfen
        • Bitterfeld
Bautsch et al. (1978) +1 other reference
  • Saxony
    • Leipzig District
      • Frohburg
Bautsch et al. (1978) +1 other reference
    • Mittelsachsen
      • Claußnitz
        • Diethensdorf
www.uni-wuerzburg.de (n.d.)
      • Halsbrücke
        • Hetzdorf
Bautsch et al. (1978) +1 other reference
      • Königshain-Wiederau
Bautsch et al. (1978) +1 other reference
Greece
 
  • North Aegean
Iliopoulos et al. (2004)
Hungary
 
  • Borsod-Abaúj-Zemplén County
    • Miskolc District
      • Bükkszentkereszt
Gál P. (2014)
Indonesia
 
  • Bangka-Belitung Province
Zglinicki et al. (2022)
Poland
 
  • Lower Silesian Voivodeship
    • Kłodzko County
      • Gmina Nowa Ruda
        • Przygórze
          • Bolesław Mine
Ł. Kruszewski
  • Pomeranian Voivodeship
    • Człuchów County
      • Przechlewo commune
        • Nowa Brda
Godyń et al. (2002)
Russia
 
  • Krasnoyarsk Krai
    • Yeniseisk District
Dai et al. (2022)
  • Sakha
Kostin (2021)
  • Tambov Oblast
Patyk-Kara et al. (2008)
  • Zabaykalsky Krai
    • Kalarsky District
E. V. Sklyarov et al. (2016)
Senegal
 
  • Thiès Region
    • Tivaouane
Delaporte (2020)
Slovakia
 
  • Trenčín Region
    • Považská Bystrica District
      • Stupné
Uher et al. (2015)
South Africa
 
  • Western Cape
    • West Coast District Municipality
      • Matzikama Local Municipality
Macdonald et al. (1997)
Ukraine
 
  • Donetsk Oblast
    • Azov Sea Region
      • Oktyabr'skii Massif
Kryvdik
USA
 
  • Colorado
    • El Paso County
Hanson et al. (2013)
    • Park County
AmMin 84:754-763
www.smmp.net/IMA-CM/ctms_p.pdf.
  • New Jersey
    • Ocean County
rruff.geo.arizona.edu (n.d.)
  • Wisconsin
    • Sauk County
      • North Freedom Village
55TH INSTITUTE ON LAKE SUPERIOR GEOLOGY (2009)
  • Wyoming
    • Crook County
Andersen et al. (2017)
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