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Trichechidae

Description

Manatees (family Trichechidae, genus Trichechus) are large, fully aquatic, mostly herbivorous marine mammals sometimes known as sea cows. There are three accepted living species of Trichechidae, representing three of the four living species in the order Sirenia: the Amazonian manatee (Trichechus inunguis), the West Indian manatee (Trichechus manatus), and the West African manatee (Trichechus senegalensis). They measure up to 4.0 metres (13.1 ft) long, weigh as much as 590 kilograms (1,300 lb), and have paddle-like flippers. The etymology of the name is dubious, with connections having been made to Latin "manus" (hand), and to a word sometimes cited as "manati" used by the Taíno, a pre-Columbian people of the Caribbean, meaning "breast". Manatees are occasionally called sea cows, as they are slow plant-eaters, peaceful and similar to cows on land. They often graze on water plants in tropical seas.


Source Data
SourceIDLink
Global Biodiversity Information Facility ID (GBIF)9463https://www.gbif.org/species/9463
PaleoBioDB ID (PBDB)53126https://paleobiodb.org/classic/checkTaxonInfo?taxon_no=53126
Rankfamily
Taxonomy (GBIF)Life : Animalia : Chordata : Mammalia : Sirenia : Trichechidae
Taxonomy (PBDB)Life : Animalia : Chordata : Mammalia : Sirenia : Trichechidae
Taxonomic Status (GBIF)accepted
Classification
(PBDB,GBIF)
RankNameAuthor
-Eukaryota
-OpisthokontaCavalier-Smith 1987
kingdomAnimalia
-TriploblasticaLankester 1877
-NephrozoaJondelius et al. 2002
-DeuterostomiaGrobben 1908
phylumChordataHaeckel 1847
subphylumVertebrataLamarck 1801
superclassGnathostomataGegenbauer 1874
-Osteichthyes
-SarcopterygiiRomer 1955
subclassDipnotetrapodomorpha
subclassTetrapodomorpha
-Tetrapoda
-ReptiliomorphaSäve-Söderbergh 1934
-AnthracosauriaSäve-Söderbergh 1934
-Batrachosauria
-Cotylosauria
-AmniotaHaeckel 1866
-SynapsidaOsborn 1903
-Therapsida
infraorderCynodontia
-EpicynodontiaHopson and Kitching 2001
infraorderEucynodontiaKemp 1982
-ProbainognathiaHopson 1990
-MammaliamorphaRowe 1988
-MammaliaformesRowe 1988
classMammaliaLinnaeus 1758
-PansireniaVelez-Juarbe and Wood 2019
-Sirenia
familyTrichechidaeGray 1821
Common Namemanatee
Scientific NameTrichechidae
Name Published InSmithson. Misc. Coll. vol.11 1 p.14
Opinions (PBDB)
NameRankOpinionEvidenceAuthor
Trichechidaefamilybelongs to Amphibiaestated without evidenceGray, 1821
Trichechidaefamilybelongs to Trichechoideastated without evidenceGill, 1872
Trichechidaefamilybelongs to Sireniastated without evidenceHay, 1902
Trichechidaefamilymisspelling of Trichechidaestated without evidenceTrouessart, 1904
Trichechidaefamilybelongs to Pinnipediastated with evidenceTurner, 1912
Trichechidaefamilybelongs to Trichechiformesstated without evidenceHay, 1930
Trichechidaefamilybelongs to Sireniastated without evidenceSherman, 1952
Trichechidaefamilybelongs to Trichechiformesstated without evidencePascual, 1953
Trichechidaefamilybelongs to Trichechiformesstated with evidencePaula Couto, 1956
Trichechidaefamilybelongs to Sireniastated without evidenceReinhart, 1959
Trichechidaefamilybelongs to Trichechiformesstated without evidencePaula Couto, 1967
Trichechidaefamilybelongs to Trichechoideastated without evidenceHeal, 1973
Trichechidaefamilybelongs to Sireniastated without evidenceHusar, 1977
Trichechidaefamilybelongs to Sireniastated with evidenceDomning, 1978
Trichechidaefamilybelongs to Sireniastated without evidenceHusar, 1978
Trichechidaefamilybelongs to SireniaimpliedNowak, 1991
Trichechidaefamilybelongs to Trichechiformesstated without evidenceVidal, 1991
Trichechidaefamilybelongs to Sireniastated without evidenceDomning, 1994
Trichechidaefamilybelongs to Sireniastated with evidenceDomning, 1996
Trichechidaefamilybelongs to Sireniastated without evidenceRice, 1998
Trichechidaefamilybelongs to Sireniastated with evidenceDomning, 2008
Trichechidaefamilybelongs to Sireniastated without evidenceRice, 2009
Status (PBDB)extant
Taxon Size (PBDB)22
Extant Size (PBDB)11 (50%)
First Recorded Appearance33.9 - 28.4 Ma
Oligocene
Environmentfreshwater
Motilityactively mobile (based on Osteichthyes)
Dietherbivore
Reproductionviviparous (based on Sirenia)
Taphonomyphosphatic (based on Vertebrata)
Primary Reference (PBDB)J. E. Gray. 1821. On the natural arrangement of vertebrose animals. The London Medical Repository Monthly Journal and Review 15:296-310
Common Name(s) Manatee, Manatees
Wikipediahttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trichechidae

Fossil Distribution

Subtaxa

NameStatusCommon Name(s)Fossil OccurrencesOldestYoungest
Trichechinae
family
listed (PBDB)2623.0 Ma
Miocene
0 Ma
Extant
Miosireninae
subfamily
listed (PBDB)633.9 Ma
Oligocene
20.4 Ma
Miocene
Halicorina
tribe
listed (PBDB)0 Ma
Extant
Rytinina
tribe
listed (PBDB)0 Ma
Extant
Anomotherium
genus
accepted (GBIF)
listed (PBDB)
433.9 Ma
Oligocene
28.1 Ma
Oligocene
Miosiren
genus
accepted (GBIF)
listed (PBDB)
223.0 Ma
Miocene
20.4 Ma
Miocene
Potamosiren
genus
accepted (GBIF)
listed (PBDB)
816.3 Ma
Miocene
13.8 Ma
Miocene
Prohalicore
genus
accepted (GBIF)
listed (PBDB)
220.4 Ma
Miocene
20.4 Ma
Miocene
Ribodon
genus
accepted (GBIF)
listed (PBDB)
711.6 Ma
Miocene
11.6 Ma
Miocene
Trichechus
genus
accepted (GBIF)
listed (PBDB)
Manatee1011.6 Ma
Miocene
0 Ma
Extant

Obsolete Names

NameSourceTaxon RankTaxonomy
Halicoreae GBIFfamilyAnimalia : Chordata : Mammalia : Sirenia : Halicoreae
Manatidae GBIFfamilyAnimalia : Chordata : Mammalia : Sirenia : Manatidae
Manatus vulgaris Domning, 1996GBIFspeciesAnimalia : Chordata : Mammalia : Sirenia : Trichechidae : Manatus vulgaris
Manatus aequatorialis Lacépède, 1799GBIFspeciesAnimalia : Chordata : Mammalia : Sirenia : Trichechidae : Manatus aequatorialis
Trichecidae GBIFfamilyAnimalia : Chordata : Mammalia : Sirenia : Trichecidae
Manatida GBIFfamilyAnimalia : Chordata : Mammalia : Sirenia : Manatida
Trichechoidea GBIFfamilyAnimalia : Chordata : Mammalia : Sirenia : Trichechoidea
Trichechinae GBIFfamilyAnimalia : Chordata : Mammalia : Sirenia : Trichechinae
Halicorea GBIFfamilyAnimalia : Chordata : Mammalia : Sirenia : Halicorea
Manatoidea GBIFfamilyAnimalia : Chordata : Mammalia : Sirenia : Manatoidea

Synonymy List

YearName and Author
1799Manatus aequatorialis Lacépède
1821Trichecidae Gray p. 302
1821Manatidae Gray p. 309
1825Manatidae Gray p. 340
1842Manatidae De Kay p. 122
1846Halicorea Brandt p. 132
1850Manatidae Bonaparte p. 1
1850Manatidae Gray p. 138
1864Manatidae Gray p. 247
1866Manatidae Gray p. 356
1868Manatida Brandt p. 343
1872Trichechidae Gill p. 91
1872Trichechoidea Gill p. 91
1883Manatidae Flower p. 184
1889Manatidae Cope p. 876
1890Manatidae Cope p. 698
1891Manatidae Flower and Lydekker p. 89
1898Manatidae Trouessart p. 999
1902Trichechidae Hay p. 583
1903Trichechidae Rhoads p. 246
1904Manatidae Case p. 56
1911Manatidae Jaekel p. 245
1912Manatidae Turner p. 155
1912Trichecidae Turner p. 163
1919Manatidae Abel p. 835
1928Manatidae Weber p. 495
1930Trichechidae Hay p. 658
1932Trichechidae Simpson p. 424
YearName and Author
1941Trichechidae Kretzoi p. 155
1952Trichechidae Sherman p. 98
1953Trichechidae Pascual p. 167
1956Trichechidae Paula Couto p. 106
1959Trichechidae Reinhart p. 64
1963Trichechidae Scheffer and Rice p. 4
1967Trichechidae Paula Couto p. 346
1973Trichechidae Heal p. 165
1973Trichechoidea Heal p. 165
1977Trichechidae Husar p. 1
1978Trichechidae Domning
1978Trichechidae Husar p. 1
1980Trichechidae Kurten and Anderson p. 341
1985Trichechidae Barnes et al. p. 33
1988Manatidae Carroll
1991Trichechidae Nowak
1991Trichechidae Vidal p. 6
1994Trichechidae Domning p. 189
1996Trichechidae Domning p. 379
1996Manatus vulgaris Domning p. 382
1998Trichechidae Rice
1999Trichechidae Bergqvist et al. p. 31
2002Trichechidae Rice p. 232 figs. Table 1
2008Trichechidae Domning
2009Trichechidae Rice p. 235 figs. Table 1
2017Trichechidae Berta p. 171
2018Trichechidae Domning p. 857 figs. Fig. 1

References

Gray J. E. On the natural arrangement of vertebrose animals, The London Medical Repository Monthly Journal and Review 15, 296-310
Lacépède B. G. E. Tabeau les divisions, sous-divisions, ordres et genres des mammiferes
Gray J. E. An outline of an attempt at the disposition of Mammalia into Tribes and Families, with a list of genera apparently appertaining to each Tribe, Annals of Philosophy, new series 10, 337-344
Bonaparte C.-L. , Conspectus Systematis Mastozoologiae. Editio Altera Reformata [Survey of the system of mammals. Second revised edition]. E. J. Brill, Leyden, 1
Gray J. E. , Catalogue of the Mammalia in the collection of the British Museum, with descriptions of all the species and figures of the genera. Part I. Cetacea, 1-153
Gray J. E. On the Cetacea which have been observed in the seas surrounding the British Islands, Proceedings of the Scientific Meetings of the Zoological Society of London 1864, 195-248
Gray J. E. , Catalogue of Seals and Whales in the British Museum, 1-402
Gill T. Arrangement of the Families of Mammals, Smithsonian Miscellaneous Collections 11 230, 1-98
Flower W. H. On the arrangement of the Orders and Families of existing Mammalia, Proceedings of the Zoological Society of London 1883, 178-186
Cope E. D. Synopsis of the families of Vertebrata, The American Naturalist 23, 1-29
Trouessart E. L. , Catalogus mammalium tam viventium quam fossilum 5, 665-1264
Hay O. P. (1902) , Bibliography and Catalogue of the Fossil Vertebrata of North America. Bulletin of the United States Geological Survey 179, 1-868
Rhoads S. N. (1903) The Mammals of Pennsylvania and New Jersey: A Biographic, Historic and Descriptive Account of the Furred Animals of Land and Sea, Both Living and Extinct, Known to Have Existed in These States, 1-266
Case E. C. (1904) Systematic Paleontology: Mammalia, Maryland Geological Survey Miocene: Text, 1-58
Jaekel O. (1911) , Die Wirbeltiere. Eine Übersicht über die Fossilen und Lebenden Formen [The Vertebrates. An Overview of the Fossil and Living Forms], viii-252
Abel O. (1919) Die Stämme der Wirbeltiere, Walter de Gruyter, Berlin, Leipzig, 914 p.
Hay O. P. (1930) Second Bibliography and Catalogue of the Fossil Vertebrata of North America, Carnegie Institution of Washington 390 II, 1-1074
Simpson G. G. (1932) Fossil Sirenia of Florida and the evolution of the Sirenia, Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History 59 8, 419-503
Kretzoi M. (1941) Sirenavus hungaricus N. G. N. Sp., ein Neuer Prorastomide aus dem Mitteleozan (Lutetium) von Felsogallia in Ungarn, Annales Musei Nationalis Hungaricic Pars Mineralogica, Geologica et Palaeontologica 34, 146-156
Sherman H. B. (1952) A list and bibliography of the mammals of Florida, living and extinct, Quarterly Journal of the Florida Academy of Sciences 15 2, 86-126
Paula Couto C. (1956) Mamiferos fosseis do Cenozoico da Amazonia, Conselho Nacional de Pesquisas Boletim 3, 1-121
Reinhart R. H. (1959) A review of the Sirenia and Desmostylia, University of California Publications in Geological Sciences 36 1, 1-146
Scheffer V. B., Rice D. W. (1963) A list of the marine mammals of the world, United States Fish and Wildlife Service Special Scientific Report - Fisheries 431, 1-12
Paula Couto C. (1967) Contribuicao a paleontologia do Estado do Para. Um Sirenio na Formacao Pirabas, Atas so Simposio Sobre a Biota Amazonica 1, 345-357
Heal G. J. (1973) Contributions to the Study of Sirenian Evolution, 1-245
Kurten B., Anderson E. (1980) , Pleistocene mammals of North America, 1-442
Carroll R. L. (1988) , Vertebrate Paleontology and Evolution, 1-698
Nowak R. M. (1991) Walker's Mammals of the World, Maryland, Johns Hopkins University Press (edited volume) II
Vidal O. (1991) Catalog of osteological collections of aquatic mammals from Mexico, NOAA Technical Reports NMFS 97, 1-36
Domning D. P. (1996) Bibliography and Index of the Sirenia and Desmostylia, Smithsonian Contributions to Paleobiology 80, 1-611
Rice D. W. (1998) Marine Mammals of the World: Systematics and Distribution, The Society for Marine Mammalogy Special Publication 4, 1-231
Bergqvist L. P., Drehmer C. J., et al (1999) Aquatic mammal fossils from Brazil: A review 4 6, 28-32
Domning D. P. (2008) Sirenia, Evolution of Tertiary Mammals of North America II, 629-638
Berta A. (2017) , The Rise of Marine Mammals: 50 Million Years of Evolution, 1-198
Integrated Taxonomic Information System (ITIS). - via World Register of Marine Species
Wilson, Don E., and DeeAnn M. Reeder, eds., 2005: null. Mammal Species of the World: A Taxonomic and Geographic Reference, 3rd ed., vols. 1 & 2. 2142. - via Integrated Taxonomic Information System (ITIS)
Wilson, Don E., and DeeAnn M. Reeder, eds., 1992: null. Mammal Species of the World: A Taxonomic and Geographic Reference, 2nd ed., 3rd printing. xviii + 1207. - via Integrated Taxonomic Information System (ITIS)
Wilson, Don E., and Sue Ruff, eds., 1999: null. The Smithsonian Book of North American Mammals. xxv + 750. - via Integrated Taxonomic Information System (ITIS)
Benton, M.J. (ed). (1993). The Fossil Record 2. Chapman & Hall, London, 845 pp. - via The Interim Register of Marine and Nonmarine Genera
Parker, S.P. (ed). (1982). Synopsis and Classification of Living Organisms. McGraw-Hill, New York. 2 volumes. - via The Interim Register of Marine and Nonmarine Genera
WoRMS (Mar 2013) - via The Interim Register of Marine and Nonmarine Genera
Banks, R. C., R. W. McDiarmid, and A. L. Gardner, 1987: Checklist of Vertebrates of the United States, the U.S. Territories, and Canada. Resource Publication, no. 166. 79. - via Integrated Taxonomic Information System (ITIS)
Rice, Dale W., 1998: Marine Mammals of the World: Systematics and Distribution. Special Publications of the Society for Marine Mammals, no. 4. ix + 231. - via Integrated Taxonomic Information System (ITIS)
Aphia2006 (marine) - via The Interim Register of Marine and Nonmarine Genera
Domning, 2010 - via The Interim Register of Marine and Nonmarine Genera
Wilson, Don E., and F. Russell Cole, 2000: null. Common Names of Mammals of the World. xiv + 204. - via Integrated Taxonomic Information System (ITIS)
Data courtesy of: PBDB: The Paleobiology Database, Creative Commons CC-BY licenced. , GBIF: the Global Biodiversity Information Facility, various licences, iDigBio, various licences, and EOL: The Encyclopedia of Life (Open Data Public Domain). Because fossils are made of minerals too!
 
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