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Phocidae

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Description

The seals, phocids or true seals are one of the three main groups of mammals within the seal lineage, Pinnipedia. All true seals are members of the family Phocidae . They are sometimes called crawling seals to distinguish them from the fur seals and sea lions of the family Otariidae. Seals live in the oceans of both hemispheres and, with the exception of the more tropical monk seals, are mostly confined to polar, subpolar, and temperate climates. The Baikal seal is the only species of exclusively freshwater seal.

From Wikipedia article at https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phocidae, which is released under the Creative Commons Attribution-Share-Alike License 3.0.

Source Data

Source	ID	Link
Global Biodiversity Information Facility ID (GBIF)	5310	https://www.gbif.org/species/5310
PaleoBioDB ID (PBDB)	41186	https://paleobiodb.org/classic/checkTaxonInfo?taxon_no=41186

Rank

family

Taxonomy (GBIF,PBDB)

Life : Animalia : Chordata : Mammalia : Carnivora : Phocidae

Taxonomic Status (GBIF)

accepted

Classification
(PBDB,GBIF)

Rank	Name	Author
-	Eukaryota
-	Opisthokonta	Cavalier-Smith 1987
kingdom	Animalia
-	Triploblastica	Lankester 1877
-	Nephrozoa	Jondelius et al. 2002
-	Deuterostomia	Grobben 1908
phylum	Chordata	Haeckel 1847
subphylum	Vertebrata	Lamarck 1801
superclass	Gnathostomata	Gegenbauer 1874
-	Osteichthyes
-	Sarcopterygii	Romer 1955
subclass	Dipnotetrapodomorpha
subclass	Tetrapodomorpha
-	Tetrapoda
-	Reptiliomorpha	Säve-Söderbergh 1934
-	Anthracosauria	Säve-Söderbergh 1934
-	Batrachosauria
-	Cotylosauria
-	Amniota	Haeckel 1866
-	Synapsida	Osborn 1903
-	Therapsida
infraorder	Cynodontia
-	Epicynodontia	Hopson and Kitching 2001
infraorder	Eucynodontia	Kemp 1982
-	Probainognathia	Hopson 1990
-	Mammaliamorpha	Rowe 1988
-	Mammaliaformes	Rowe 1988
class	Mammalia	Linnaeus 1758
subclass	Tribosphenida
infraclass	Eutheria
-	Placentalia	Owen 1837
-	Laurasiatheria	Waddell et al. 1999
-	Scrotifera	Waddell et al. 1999
-	Ferae	Linnaeus 1758
-	Carnivoramorpha	Wyss and Flynn 1993
-	Carnivoraformes	Flynn et al.
order	Carnivora	Bowditch 1821
superfamily	Arctoidea	Flower 1869
-	Pinnipedimorpha	Berta et al. 1989
-	Pinnipedia
family	Phocidae	Gray 1821

Common Name

seal

Scientific Name

Phocidae

Name Published In

London Med. Repos. vol.15 p.297

Opinions (PBDB)

Name	Rank	Opinion	Evidence	Author
Phocidae	family	belongs to Ferae	stated without evidence	Gray, 1825
Phocidae	family	belongs to Pinnipedia	stated without evidence	Bonaparte, 1849
Phocidae	family	belongs to Phocidi	stated without evidence	Jaekel, 1911
Phocidae	family	belongs to Pinnipedia	stated without evidence	Turner, 1912
Phocidae	family	belongs to Phocoidea	stated without evidence	Scheffer and Rice, 1963
Phocidae	family	belongs to Pinnipedia	stated without evidence	Ginsburg and Janvier, 1971
Phocidae	family	belongs to Musteloidea	stated without evidence	Tedford, 1976
Phocidae	family	belongs to Pinnipedia	stated without evidence	Kurten and Anderson, 1980
Phocidae	family	belongs to Musteloidea	stated without evidence	Muizon, 1982
Phocidae	family	belongs to Pinnipedia	stated without evidence	Thomas et al., 1982
Phocidae	family	belongs to Arctoidea	implied	Carroll, 1988
Phocidae	family	belongs to Pinnipedia	stated without evidence	Berta et al., 1989
Phocidae	family	belongs to Phocoidea	stated without evidence	Riedman, 1990
Phocidae	family	belongs to Pinnipedia	implied	Nowak, 1991
Phocidae	family	belongs to Pinnipedia	stated without evidence	Berta, 1991
Phocidae	family	belongs to Phocoidea	stated without evidence	Ling and Bryden, 1992
Phocidae	family	belongs to Pinnipedia	stated without evidence	Berta, 1994
Phocidae	family	belongs to Phocoidea	implied	McKenna and Bell, 1997
Phocidae	family	belongs to Phocoidea	stated without evidence	Rice, 1998
Phocidae	family	belongs to Pinnipedia	stated without evidence	Ginsburg and Janvier, 1999
Phocidae	family	belongs to Carnivora	stated without evidence	Cozzuol, 2001
Phocidae	family	belongs to Phocoidea	stated without evidence	Koretsky, 2001
Phocidae	family	belongs to Pinnipedia	stated without evidence	Adam, 2004
Phocidae	family	belongs to Phocoidea	stated without evidence	Rice, 2009
Phocidae	family	belongs to Carnivora	stated without evidence	Canto et al., 2010
Phocidae	family	belongs to Pinnipedia	stated without evidence	Diedrich, 2011
Phocidae	family	belongs to Phocoidea	stated without evidence	Koretsky et al., 2012
Phocidae	family	belongs to Pinnipedia	stated without evidence	Valenzuela-Toro et al., 2013
Phocidae	family	belongs to Carnivora	stated without evidence	Koretsky and Domning, 2014
Phocidae	family	belongs to Phocoidea	stated without evidence	Koretsky et al., 2014
Phocidae	family	belongs to Pinnipedia	stated without evidence	Valenzuela-Toro et al., 2015
Phocidae	family	belongs to Phocoidea	stated without evidence	Rahmat and Koretsky, 2016
Phocidae	family	belongs to Pinnipedia	stated with evidence	Valenzuela-Toro et al., 2016
Phocidae	family	belongs to Pinnipedia	stated without evidence	Boessenecker and Churchill, 2016
Phocidae	family	belongs to Phocoidea	stated without evidence	Rahmat and Koretsky, 2018
Phocidae	family	belongs to Pinnipedia	stated without evidence	Berta, 2018
Phocidae	family	belongs to Phocomorpha	stated without evidence	Kienle and Berta, 2019

Status (PBDB)

extant

Taxon Size (PBDB)

146

Extant Size (PBDB)

64 (44%)

First Recorded Appearance

33.9 - 28.1 Ma
Oligocene

Environment

marine (based on Pinnipedia)

Motility

actively mobile (based on Osteichthyes)

Diet

piscivore, carnivore

Reproduction

viviparous (based on Pinnipedimorpha)

Ontogeny

modification of parts (based on Pinnipedimorpha)

Taphonomy

hydroxylapatite (based on Pinnipedimorpha)

Primary Reference (PBDB)

J. E. Gray. 1821. On the natural arrangement of vertebrose animals. The London Medical Repository Monthly Journal and Review 15:296-310

Common Name(s)

Earless Seals, True Seals, Seal, Crawling Seals, Seals, Zeehondachtigen, Selfamilien, Zeehonden, öronlösa Sälar, アザラシ, Säldjur

Wikipedia

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phocidae

External Images

Fossil Distribution

Subtaxa

Name	Status	Common Name(s)	Fossil Occurrences	Oldest	Youngest
Cystophorinae subfamily	listed (PBDB)				0 Ma Extant
Devinophocinae ✝ subfamily	listed (PBDB)		2	13.8 Ma Miocene	13.8 Ma Miocene
Monachinae subfamily	listed (PBDB)		284	23.0 Ma Miocene	0 Ma Extant
Ogmorhininae subfamily	listed (PBDB)				0 Ma Extant
Phocinae subfamily	listed (PBDB)	Seal	414	23.0 Ma Miocene	0 Ma Extant
Halichoerina tribe	listed (PBDB)				0 Ma Extant
Monachina tribe	listed (PBDB)				0 Ma Extant
Stenorhynchina tribe	listed (PBDB)				0 Ma Extant
Acrophoca ✝ genus	accepted (GBIF) listed (PBDB)		9	11.6 Ma Miocene	7.25 Ma Miocene
Adelpharctos ✝ genus	accepted (GBIF) listed (PBDB)		2	33.9 Ma Oligocene	28.4 Ma Oligocene
Afrophoca ✝ genus	accepted (GBIF) listed (PBDB)		1	20.4 Ma Miocene	20.4 Ma Miocene
Aivukus ✝ genus	accepted (GBIF) listed (PBDB)		2	11.6 Ma Miocene	7.25 Ma Miocene
Alachtherium genus	accepted (GBIF)	No associated record in PBDB
Allocyon ✝ genus	accepted (GBIF) listed (PBDB)		2	33.3 Ma Oligocene	30.8 Ma Oligocene
Allodesmus ✝ genus	accepted (GBIF) listed (PBDB)		23	28.1 Ma Oligocene	11.6 Ma Miocene
Batavipusa ✝ genus	accepted (GBIF) listed (PBDB)		3	11.6 Ma Miocene	5.33 Ma Miocene
Callophoca ✝ genus	accepted (GBIF) listed (PBDB)		16	13.8 Ma Miocene	3.60 Ma Pliocene
Cryptophoca ✝ genus	accepted (GBIF) listed (PBDB)		14	16.0 Ma Miocene	11.1 Ma Miocene
Cystophora genus	accepted (GBIF) listed (PBDB)	Hooded Seal	7	0.01 Ma Pleistocene	0 Ma Extant
Desmatophoca ✝ genus	accepted (GBIF) listed (PBDB)		5	23.0 Ma Miocene	16.0 Ma Miocene
Devinophoca ✝ genus	accepted (GBIF) listed (PBDB)		2	13.8 Ma Miocene	13.8 Ma Miocene
Drassonax ✝ genus	accepted (GBIF) listed (PBDB)		1	33.9 Ma Oligocene	33.9 Ma Oligocene
Enaliarctos ✝ genus	accepted (GBIF) listed (PBDB)		11	28.1 Ma Oligocene	20.4 Ma Miocene
Erignathus genus	accepted (GBIF) listed (PBDB)	Bearded Seal	57	2.59 Ma Pleistocene	0 Ma Extant
Gryphoca ✝ genus	accepted (GBIF) listed (PBDB)		7	23.0 Ma Miocene	5.33 Ma Miocene
Halichoerus genus	accepted (GBIF) listed (PBDB)	Grey Seal	16	2.59 Ma Pleistocene	0 Ma Extant
Histriophoca genus	accepted (GBIF) listed (PBDB)	Ribbon Seal	7	12.7 Ma Miocene	0 Ma Extant
Homiphoca ✝ genus	accepted (GBIF) listed (PBDB)		16	23.0 Ma Miocene	5.33 Ma Miocene
Hydrurga genus	accepted (GBIF) listed (PBDB)	Leopard Seal	6	0.01 Ma Pleistocene	0 Ma Extant
Imagotaria ✝ genus	accepted (GBIF) listed (PBDB)		23	13.8 Ma Miocene	11.6 Ma Miocene
Kamtschatarctos ✝ genus	accepted (GBIF) listed (PBDB)		1	16.0 Ma Miocene	16.0 Ma Miocene
Kawas ✝ genus	accepted (GBIF) listed (PBDB)		1	11.6 Ma Miocene	11.6 Ma Miocene
Kolponomos ✝ genus	accepted (GBIF) listed (PBDB)		3	23.0 Ma Miocene	20.4 Ma Miocene
Leptonychotes genus	accepted (GBIF) listed (PBDB)	Weddell Seal	2	0.01 Ma Pleistocene	0 Ma Extant
Leptophoca ✝ genus	accepted (GBIF) listed (PBDB)		38	20.4 Ma Miocene	11.6 Ma Miocene
Lobodon genus	accepted (GBIF) listed (PBDB)	Crabeater Seal	6	2.59 Ma Pleistocene	0 Ma Extant
Messiphoca ✝ genus	accepted (GBIF) listed (PBDB)		1	7.25 Ma Miocene	7.25 Ma Miocene
Mirounga genus	accepted (GBIF) listed (PBDB)	Elephant Seal	46	20.4 Ma Miocene	0 Ma Extant
Monachopsis ✝ genus	accepted (GBIF) listed (PBDB)		13	13.8 Ma Miocene	1.81 Ma Pleistocene
Monachus genus	accepted (GBIF) listed (PBDB)	Monk Seal	11	2.59 Ma Pleistocene	0 Ma Extant
Monotherium ✝ genus	accepted (GBIF) listed (PBDB)		5	23.0 Ma Miocene	0.30 Ma Pleistocene
Necromites ✝ genus	accepted (GBIF) listed (PBDB)		1	1.81 Ma Pleistocene	1.81 Ma Pleistocene
Neotherium ✝ genus	accepted (GBIF) listed (PBDB)		7	16.0 Ma Miocene	13.8 Ma Miocene
Ommatophoca genus	accepted (GBIF) listed (PBDB)	Ross Seal	2	2.59 Ma Pleistocene	0 Ma Extant
Oriensarctos ✝ genus	accepted (GBIF) listed (PBDB)		1	2.59 Ma Pleistocene	2.59 Ma Pleistocene
Pachycynodon ✝ genus	accepted (GBIF) listed (PBDB)		13	33.9 Ma Oligocene	28.4 Ma Oligocene
Pachyphoca ✝ genus	accepted (GBIF) listed (PBDB)		5	13.8 Ma Miocene	11.6 Ma Miocene
Pagophilus genus	accepted (GBIF) listed (PBDB)	Harp Seal	29	2.59 Ma Pleistocene	0 Ma Extant
Palaeotaria ✝ genus	accepted (GBIF) listed (PBDB)		1	28.1 Ma Oligocene	28.1 Ma Oligocene
Palmidophoca ✝ genus	accepted (GBIF) listed (PBDB)		2	16.0 Ma Miocene	11.6 Ma Miocene
Parictis ✝ genus	accepted (GBIF) listed (PBDB)		27	37.2 Ma Eocene	33.9 Ma Oligocene
Pelagiarctos ✝ genus	accepted (GBIF) listed (PBDB)		3	20.4 Ma Miocene	16.0 Ma Miocene
Phoca genus	accepted (GBIF) listed (PBDB)	Seal	110	23.0 Ma Miocene	0 Ma Extant
Phocanella ✝ genus	accepted (GBIF) listed (PBDB)		15	23.0 Ma Miocene	2.59 Ma Pleistocene
Piscophoca ✝ genus	accepted (GBIF) listed (PBDB)		4	11.6 Ma Miocene	7.25 Ma Miocene
Platyphoca ✝ genus	accepted (GBIF) listed (PBDB)		4	11.6 Ma Miocene	5.33 Ma Miocene
Pliophoca ✝ genus	accepted (GBIF) listed (PBDB)		8	7.25 Ma Miocene	3.60 Ma Pliocene
Pontophoca ✝ genus	accepted (GBIF) listed (PBDB)		9	13.8 Ma Miocene	11.6 Ma Miocene
Praepusa ✝ genus	accepted (GBIF) listed (PBDB)		22	16.0 Ma Miocene	1.81 Ma Pleistocene
Pristiphoca genus	accepted (GBIF)	No associated record in PBDB
Properiptychus ✝ genus	accepted (GBIF) listed (PBDB)		2	13.8 Ma Miocene	13.8 Ma Miocene
Prophoca ✝ genus	accepted (GBIF) listed (PBDB)		5	20.4 Ma Miocene	2.59 Ma Pleistocene
Prototaria ✝ genus	accepted (GBIF) listed (PBDB)		3	16.0 Ma Miocene	16.0 Ma Miocene
Pteronarctos ✝ genus	accepted (GBIF) listed (PBDB)		5	20.4 Ma Miocene	16.0 Ma Miocene
Pusa genus	accepted (GBIF) listed (PBDB)	Arctic Seal	45	0.13 Ma Pleistocene	0 Ma Extant
Sarmatonectes ✝ genus	accepted (GBIF) listed (PBDB)		1	12.7 Ma Miocene	12.7 Ma Miocene

Obsolete Names

Name	Source	Taxon Rank	Taxonomy
Phoca novorossica (Alekseev, 1924)	GBIF	species	Animalia : Chordata : Mammalia : Carnivora : Phocidae : *Phoca novorossica*
Pinnipedia	GBIF	family	Animalia : Chordata : Mammalia : Carnivora : Pinnipedia
Phoca bessarabica (Simonescu, 1925)	GBIF	species	Animalia : Chordata : Mammalia : Carnivora : Phocidae : *Phoca bessarabica*
Phoca modesta (Leidy, 1869)	GBIF	species	Animalia : Chordata : Mammalia : Carnivora : Phocidae : *Phoca modesta*
Manatus maeoticus Eichwald, 1850	GBIF	species	Animalia : Chordata : Mammalia : Carnivora : Phocidae : *Manatus maeoticus*
Miophoca vetusta (Zapfe, 1937)	GBIF	species	Animalia : Chordata : Mammalia : Carnivora : Phocidae : *Miophoca vetusta*
Squalodon modesta (Leidy, 1869)	GBIF	species	Animalia : Chordata : Mammalia : Carnivora : Phocidae : *Squalodon modesta*
Pristiphoca vetusta (Zapfe, 1937)	GBIF	species	Animalia : Chordata : Mammalia : Carnivora : Phocidae : *Pristiphoca vetusta*
Monachus vetusta (Zapfe, 1937)	GBIF	species	Animalia : Chordata : Mammalia : Carnivora : Phocidae : *Monachus vetusta*

Synonymy List

Year	Name and Author
1821	Phocadae Gray p. 302
1825	Phocidae Gray p. 340
1849	Phocidae Bonaparte p. 618
1850	Phocidae Bonaparte p. 1
1850	Manatus maeoticus Eichwald
1860	Manatus maeoticus Nordmann p. 330
1860	Phoca ambigua Staring
1866	Phocidae Gill p. 5
1871	Phocidae Gray p. 1
1880	Phocidae Allen p. 412
1883	Phocidae Flower p. 186
1889	Phocidae Ameghino p. 342
1889	Phocidae Cope p. 876
1891	Phocidae Flower and Lydekker p. 91
1898	Phocidae Trouessart p. 377
1902	Phocidae Hay p. 784
1904	Phocidae Trouessart p. 282
1911	Phocidae Jaekel p. 229
1912	Phocidae Turner p. 177
1922	Phocidae Kellogg p. 44
1924	Phoca novorossica Alekseev p. 202 figs. Plate 1, Figures 8-11
1925	Phoca novorossica Alekseev p. 138
1925	Phoca bessarabica Simonescu
1925	Phocidae Zittel p. 78
1928	Phocidae Weber p. 351
1929	Phocidae Dal Piaz p. 71
1930	Phocidae Hay p. 561
1931	Phoca bessarabica Simionescu p. 187
1937	Miophoca vetusta Zapfe
1937	Miophoca Zapfe p. 275
1937	Miophoca vetusta Zapfe p. 275 figs. Figure 1
1944	Phoca bessarabica Macarovici p. 136
1944	Manatus maeoticus Macarovici p. 137
1947	Monachus (Miophoca) Friant p. 6
1947	Monachus (Miophoca) vetusta Friant p. 6
1947	Phoca (Phoca) bessarabica Friant p. 7
1947	Phoca (Phoca) novorossica Friant p. 7
1950	Pristiphoca (Miophoca) Thenius p. 106
1950	Pristiphoca (Miophoca) vetusta Thenius p. 107
1952	Phocidae Sherman p. 90
1960	Phoca bessarabica McLaren p. 58
1960	Phoca novorossica McLaren p. 58
1963	Phocidae Scheffer and Rice p. 3
1970	Phocidae Burns and Fay p. 379
1971	Phocidae Ginsburg and Janvier p. 162
1971	Phocidae Stirling pp. 1-3
1974	Phocidae Hendey p. 66

Year	Name and Author
1976	Phocidae Tedford p. 372
1980	Phocidae Kurten and Anderson p. 204
1982	Phocidae Muizon p. 262 figs. Fig. 1
1982	Phocidae Thomas et al. p. 1
1986	Phocidae Kovacs and Lavigne p. 1
1988	Phocidae Carroll
1989	Phocidae Berta et al. p. 61 figs. Fig. 3
1990	Phocidae Riedman p. 57 figs. Table 2
1991	Phocidae Berta p. 29 figs. Fig. 22
1991	Phocidae Nowak
1991	Phocidae Vidal p. 6
1992	Phocidae Ling and Bryden p. 1
1994	Phocidae Berta p. 25 figs. Fig. 21
1997	Phocidae McKenna and Bell p. 254
1998	Phocidae Rice
1999	Phocidae Ginsburg and Janvier p. 170
2001	Phocidae Cozzuol p. 415
2001	Phocidae Koretsky p. 33
2001	Miophoca Koretsky p. 87
2001	Miophoca vetusta Koretsky p. 87
2002	Phocidae Berta p. 923
2002	Phocidae Koretsky and Grigorescu p. 150
2002	Phocidae Rice p. 231 figs. Table 1
2003	Phocidae Deméré et al. p. 49 figs. Fig. 3.3
2003	Pristiphoca vetusta Deméré et al. p. 63
2004	Phocidae Adam p. 1
2004	Phocidae Davis et al. p. 372
2009	Phocidae Rice p. 235 figs. Table 1
2010	Phocidae Canto et al. p. 22
2011	Phocidae Diedrich p. 916
2012	Phocidae Koretsky et al. p. 5
2013	Phocidae Koretsky and Rahmat p. 330
2013	Phocidae Valenzuela-Toro et al. p. 217
2014	Phocidae Koretsky and Domning p. 224
2014	Phocidae Koretsky et al. p. 421
2015	Phocidae Boessenecker and Churchill p. 3
2015	Phocidae Koretsky et al. p. 58
2015	Phocidae Valenzuela-Toro et al.
2016	Phocidae Boessenecker and Churchill
2016	Phocidae Rahmat and Koretsky p. 73
2016	Phocidae Valenzuela-Toro et al. p. 4
2017	Phocidae Berta p. 156
2018	Phocidae Berta p. 713 figs. Fig. 2
2018	Phocidae Dewaele and Lambert p. 6
2018	Phocidae Rahmat and Koretsky p. 511
2019	Phocidae Kienle and Berta

References

Gray J. E. On the natural arrangement of vertebrose animals, The London Medical Repository Monthly Journal and Review 15, 296-310

Gray J. E. An outline of an attempt at the disposition of Mammalia into Tribes and Families, with a list of genera apparently appertaining to each Tribe, Annals of Philosophy, new series 10, 337-344

Bonaparte C.-L. , Conspectus Systematis Mastozoologiae. Editio Altera Reformata [Survey of the system of mammals. Second revised edition]. E. J. Brill, Leyden, 1

Nordmann A. , Palaentologie Sudresslands, 1-360

Gill T. Prodrome of a monograph of the pinnipedes, Proceedings of the Essex Institute 5 1, 1-13

Allen J. A. History of North American Pinnipeds, US Geological and Geographical Survey of the Territories, Miscellaneous Publications 12, 1-785

Flower W. H. On the arrangement of the Orders and Families of existing Mammalia, Proceedings of the Zoological Society of London 1883, 178-186

Ameghino F. Contribución al conocimiento de los mamíferos fósiles de la República Argentina [Contribution to the knowledge of the fossil mammals of the Argentine Republic], Actas de la Academia Nacional de Ciencias de la República Argentina en Córdoba 6, xxxii-1027

Cope E. D. Synopsis of the families of Vertebrata, The American Naturalist 23, 1-29

Trouessart E. L. , Catalogus mammalium tam viventium quam fossilum 5, 665-1264

Hay O. P. (1902) , Bibliography and Catalogue of the Fossil Vertebrata of North America. Bulletin of the United States Geological Survey 179, 1-868

Trouessart E. L. (1904) , Catalogus Mammalium Tam Viventium Quam Fossilium, Fourth Edition, 1-929

Jaekel O. (1911) , Die Wirbeltiere. Eine Übersicht über die Fossilen und Lebenden Formen [The Vertebrates. An Overview of the Fossil and Living Forms], viii-252

Kellogg R. (1922) Pinnipeds from Miocene and Pleistocene deposits of California, University of California Publications in Geological Sciences 13 4, 23-132

Alekseev A. K. (1924) Seals in the Sarmatian deposits of Southern U.S.S.R., Zhurnal nauchno-issledovatelʹskikh kafedr v Odesse 1, 201-205

Hay O. P. (1930) Second Bibliography and Catalogue of the Fossil Vertebrata of North America, Carnegie Institution of Washington 390 II, 1-1074

Zapfe H. (1937) Sonderabdruck aus Verhandlungen der Zoologisch-Botanischen Gesellschaft in Wien, Ein bemerkenswerter Phocidenfund aus dem Torton des Wiener-Beckens 86/87, 271-276

Macarovici N. (1944) Cetaces du Sarmatien inferieur du Nord de la Moldavie et de la Bessarabie, Annales scientifiques de l'Universite de Jassy 30, 133-140

Friant M. (1947) Recherches sur le femur des phocidae, Bulletin du Musee royal d'Hisoire naturelle de Belgique 23 2, 1-51

Sherman H. B. (1952) A list and bibliography of the mammals of Florida, living and extinct, Quarterly Journal of the Florida Academy of Sciences 15 2, 86-126

Scheffer V. B., Rice D. W. (1963) A list of the marine mammals of the world, United States Fish and Wildlife Service Special Scientific Report - Fisheries 431, 1-12

Burns J. J., Fay F. H. (1970) Comparative morphology of the skull of the Ribbon seal, Histriophoca fasciata, with remarks on the systematics of Phocidae, Journal of Zoology 161, 363-394

Ginsburg L., Janvier P. (1971) Les mamiferes marins des faluns miocenes de la Touraine et de l'Anjou, Bulletin du Museum National d'Histoire Naturelle, Sciences de la Terre 6 22, 161-195

Hendey Q. B. (1974) The Late Cenozoic Carnivora of the South-Western Cape Province, Annals of the South African Museum 63, 1-369

Tedford R. H. (1976) Relationship of pinnipeds to other carnivores (Mammalia), Systematic Zoology 25 4, 363-374

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Data courtesy of: PBDB: The Paleobiology Database, Creative Commons CC-BY licenced. , GBIF: the Global Biodiversity Information Facility, various licences, iDigBio, various licences, and EOL: The Encyclopedia of Life (Open Data Public Domain). Because fossils are made of minerals too!

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