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Otariidae

Photos

Photo Gallery

Source Data

Source	ID	Link
Global Biodiversity Information Facility ID (GBIF)	Not linked to a GBIF record.
PaleoBioDB ID (PBDB)	41335	https://paleobiodb.org/classic/checkTaxonInfo?taxon_no=41335

Rank

family (PBDB)

Taxonomy (PBDB)

Life : Animalia : Chordata : Mammalia : Carnivora : Otariidae

Classification
(PBDB,GBIF)

Rank	Name	Author
-	Eukaryota
-	Opisthokonta	Cavalier-Smith 1987
kingdom	Animalia
-	Triploblastica	Lankester 1877
-	Nephrozoa	Jondelius et al. 2002
-	Deuterostomia	Grobben 1908
phylum	Chordata	Haeckel 1847
subphylum	Vertebrata	Lamarck 1801
superclass	Gnathostomata	Gegenbauer 1874
-	Osteichthyes
-	Sarcopterygii	Romer 1955
subclass	Dipnotetrapodomorpha
subclass	Tetrapodomorpha
-	Tetrapoda
-	Reptiliomorpha	Säve-Söderbergh 1934
-	Anthracosauria	Säve-Söderbergh 1934
-	Batrachosauria
-	Cotylosauria
-	Amniota	Haeckel 1866
-	Synapsida	Osborn 1903
-	Therapsida
infraorder	Cynodontia
-	Epicynodontia	Hopson and Kitching 2001
infraorder	Eucynodontia	Kemp 1982
-	Probainognathia	Hopson 1990
-	Mammaliamorpha	Rowe 1988
-	Mammaliaformes	Rowe 1988
class	Mammalia	Linnaeus 1758
subclass	Tribosphenida
infraclass	Eutheria
-	Placentalia	Owen 1837
-	Laurasiatheria	Waddell et al. 1999
-	Scrotifera	Waddell et al. 1999
-	Ferae	Linnaeus 1758
-	Carnivoramorpha	Wyss and Flynn 1993
-	Carnivoraformes	Flynn et al.
order	Carnivora	Bowditch 1821
superfamily	Arctoidea	Flower 1869
-	Pinnipedimorpha	Berta et al. 1989
-	Pinnipedia
superfamily	Otarioidea	Gray 1825
tribe	Otariidae

Common Name

eared seal

Opinions (PBDB)

Name	Rank	Opinion	Evidence	Author
Otariidae	tribe	belongs to Phocidae	stated without evidence	Gray, 1825
Otariidae	family	belongs to Pinnipedia	stated without evidence	Gill, 1866
Otariidae	tribe	belongs to Phocidae	stated without evidence	Gray, 1871
Otariidae	family	belongs to Pinnipedia	stated without evidence	Allen, 1880
Otariidae	family	belongs to Phocidi	stated without evidence	Jaekel, 1911
Otariidae	family	belongs to Pinnipedia	stated with evidence	Turner, 1912
Otariidae	family	belongs to Pinnipedia	stated without evidence	Kellogg, 1922
Otariidae	family	belongs to Otarioidea	stated without evidence	Scheffer and Rice, 1963
Otariidae	family	belongs to Carnivora	stated without evidence	Barnes, 1972
Otariidae	family	belongs to Canoidea	stated without evidence	Mitchell and Tedford, 1973
Otariidae	family	belongs to Otarioidea	stated without evidence	Tedford, 1976
Otariidae	family	belongs to Carnivora	stated without evidence	Barnes, 1979
Otariidae	family	belongs to Pinnipedia	stated without evidence	Kurten and Anderson, 1980
Otariidae	family	belongs to Carnivora	stated without evidence	Berta and Deméré, 1986
Otariidae	family	belongs to Ursida	stated without evidence	Barnes, 1987
Otariidae	family	belongs to Otarioidea	stated without evidence	Carroll, 1988
Otariidae	family	belongs to Ursida	stated without evidence	Barnes, 1988
Otariidae	family	belongs to Pinnipedia	stated without evidence	Berta et al., 1989
Otariidae	family	belongs to Ursida	stated without evidence	Barnes, 1989
Otariidae	family	belongs to Otarioidea	stated without evidence	Riedman, 1990
Otariidae	family	belongs to Pinnipedia	implied	Nowak, 1991
Otariidae	family	belongs to Pinnipedia	stated without evidence	Berta, 1991
Otariidae	family	belongs to Carnivora	stated without evidence	Kohno, 1992
Otariidae	family	belongs to Ursida	stated without evidence	Barnes, 1992
Otariidae	family	belongs to Pinnipedia	stated without evidence	Berta, 1994
Otariidae	family	belongs to Carnivora	stated without evidence	Barnes and Hirota, 1995
Otariidae	family	belongs to Otarioidea	stated without evidence	Horikawa, 1995
Otariidae	family	belongs to Carnivora	stated without evidence	Kimura, 1997
Otariidae	family	belongs to Phocoidea	stated without evidence	McKenna and Bell, 1997
Otariidae	family	belongs to Pinnipedia	stated without evidence	Rice, 1998
Otariidae	family	belongs to Carnivora	stated without evidence	Bergqvist et al., 1999
Otariidae	family	belongs to Phocoidea	stated without evidence	Rice, 2002
Otariidae	family	belongs to Pinnipedia	stated without evidence	Berta, 2002
Otariidae	family	belongs to Pinnipedia	stated with evidence	Deméré et al., 2003
Otariidae	family	belongs to Otarioidea	stated without evidence	Barnes et al., 2006
Otariidae	family	belongs to Pinnipedia	stated without evidence	Berta et al., 2006
Otariidae	family	belongs to Otarioidea	stated without evidence	Barnes, 2008
Otariidae	family	belongs to Phocoidea	stated without evidence	Rice, 2009
Otariidae	family	belongs to Pinnipedia	stated with evidence	Berta, 2009
Otariidae	family	belongs to Otarioidea	stated with evidence	Fulton and Strobeck, 2010
Otariidae	family	belongs to Pinnipedia	stated without evidence	Valenzuela-Toro et al., 2013
Otariidae	family	subjective synonym of Panotariidae	stated without evidence	Velez-Juarbe, 2017
Otariidae	family	belongs to Pinnipedia	stated without evidence	Berta, 2018
Otariidae	family	belongs to Pinnipedimorpha	stated without evidence	Kienle and Berta, 2019

Status (PBDB)

extant

Taxon Size (PBDB)

Extant Size (PBDB)

53 (72%)

First Recorded Appearance

28.1 - 23.0 Ma
Cenozoic

Environment

marine (based on Pinnipedia)

Motility

actively mobile (based on Osteichthyes)

Diet

piscivore (based on Otariidae)

Reproduction

viviparous (based on Pinnipedimorpha)

Ontogeny

modification of parts (based on Pinnipedimorpha)

Taphonomy

hydroxylapatite (based on Pinnipedimorpha)

Primary Reference (PBDB)

J. E. Gray. 1825. An outline of an attempt at the disposition of Mammalia into Tribes and Families, with a list of genera apparently appertaining to each Tribe. Annals of Philosophy, new series 10:337-344

Fossil Distribution

Subtaxa

Name	Status	Common Name(s)	Fossil Occurrences	Oldest	Youngest
Arctocephalinae subfamily	listed (PBDB)		2	3.60 Ma Pliocene	0 Ma Extant
Otariinae subfamily	listed (PBDB)		5	11.6 Ma Miocene	0 Ma Extant
Eumetopiina tribe	listed (PBDB)				0 Ma Extant
Zalophina genus	doubtful (GBIF) listed (PBDB)				0 Ma Extant
Arctocephalus genus	accepted (GBIF) listed (PBDB)	Fur Seal	104	5.33 Ma Miocene	0 Ma Extant
Arctophoca genus	listed (PBDB)	Fur Seal			0 Ma Extant
Callorhinus genus	accepted (GBIF) listed (PBDB)	Fur Seal	30	5.33 Ma Miocene	0 Ma Extant
Eotaria ✝ genus	doubtful (GBIF) listed (PBDB)		2	20.4 Ma Miocene	16.0 Ma Miocene
Eumetopias genus	accepted (GBIF) listed (PBDB)	Steller Sea Lion	34	5.33 Ma Miocene	0 Ma Extant
Hydrarctos ✝ genus	accepted (GBIF) listed (PBDB)		2	7.25 Ma Miocene	7.25 Ma Miocene
Neophoca genus	accepted (GBIF) listed (PBDB)	Australian Sea Lion	9	2.59 Ma Pleistocene	0 Ma Extant
Oriensarctos ✝ genus	accepted (GBIF) listed (PBDB)		1	2.59 Ma Pleistocene	2.59 Ma Pleistocene
Otaria genus	accepted (GBIF) listed (PBDB)	Sea Lion	7	11.6 Ma Miocene	0 Ma Extant
Phocarctos genus	accepted (GBIF) listed (PBDB)	New Zealand Sea Lion	16	1.81 Ma Pleistocene	0 Ma Extant
Pithanotaria ✝ genus	accepted (GBIF) listed (PBDB)		9	13.8 Ma Miocene	7.25 Ma Miocene
Proterozetes ✝ genus	doubtful (GBIF) listed (PBDB)		2	2.59 Ma Pleistocene	0.78 Ma Pleistocene
Thalassoleon ✝ genus	accepted (GBIF) listed (PBDB)		9	7.25 Ma Miocene	3.60 Ma Pliocene
Zalophus genus	accepted (GBIF) listed (PBDB)	California Sea Lion	25	16.0 Ma Miocene	0 Ma Extant

Synonymy List

Year	Name and Author
1825	Otariina Gray p. 340
1850	Otariina Bonaparte p. 1
1866	Otariidae Gill p. 7
1871	Callorhinina Gray p. 4
1871	Otariina Gray p. 4
1871	Callorhinina Gray p. 11
1872	Otaria oudriana Delfortrie
1880	Otariidae Allen p. 187
1883	Otariidae Flower p. 185
1885	Otariidae Lydekker p. 196
1889	Otariidae Cope p. 876
1891	Otariidae Flower and Lydekker p. 91
1898	Otariidae Trouessart p. 369
1898	Mesotaria oudriana Trouessart p. 378
1902	Otariidae Hay p. 783
1904	Otariidae Trouessart p. 279
1904	Mesotaria oudriana Trouessart p. 282
1909	Otaria ondriana True p. 147
1911	Otariidae Jaekel p. 229
1912	Otariidae Turner p. 168
1922	Otariidae Kellogg p. 106
1925	Otariidae Zittel p. 78
1928	Otariidae Weber p. 349
1930	Otariidae Hay p. 557
1947	Mesotaria oudriana Friant p. 5
1963	Otariidae Scheffer and Rice p. 2
1966	Otariidae Mitchell p. 4
1970	Otariidae Burns and Fay p. 379
1972	Otariidae Barnes p. 5
1973	Otariidae Mitchell and Tedford p. 218
1976	Otariidae Tedford p. 372
1977	Otariidae Repenning and Tedford p. 9
1978	Callorhinae Muizon p. 183
1979	Otariidae Barnes p. 8
1980	Otariidae Kurten and Anderson p. 202

Year	Name and Author
1986	Otariidae Berta and Deméré p. 122
1987	Otariidae Barnes p. 3
1988	Otariidae Barnes p. 2
1988	Otariidae Carroll
1989	Otariidae Barnes p. 3
1989	Otariidae Berta et al. p. 61 figs. Fig. 3
1990	Otariidae Riedman p. 58 figs. Table 2
1991	Otariidae Berta p. 29 figs. Fig. 22
1991	Otariidae Nowak
1991	Otariidae Vidal p. 6
1992	Otariidae Barnes p. 3
1992	Otariidae Kohno p. 16
1994	Otariidae Berta p. 25 figs. Fig. 21
1995	Otariidae Barnes and Hirota p. 330
1995	Otariidae Horikawa p. 322 figs. Table 4
1995	Otariidae Kohno et al. p. 287
1997	Otariidae Kimura p. 3
1997	Otariidae McKenna and Bell p. 252
1998	Otariidae Rice
1999	Otariidae Bergqvist et al. p. 31
2002	Otariidae Berta p. 923
2002	Otariidae Rice p. 231 figs. Table 1
2003	Otariidae Deméré et al. p. 49 figs. Fig. 3.3
2006	Otariidae Barnes et al. p. 59
2006	Otariidae Berta et al. p. 495
2006	Otariidae Koretsky and Barnes p. 144
2008	Otariidae Barnes p. 526
2009	Otariidae Berta p. 863
2009	Otariidae Rice p. 235 figs. Table 1
2010	Otariidae Fulton and Strobeck p. 817 figs. Figure 1
2013	Otariidae Valenzuela-Toro et al. p. 218
2017	Otariidae Berta p. 155
2018	Otariidae Berta p. 713 figs. Fig. 2
2019	Otariidae Kienle and Berta

References

Gray J. E. An outline of an attempt at the disposition of Mammalia into Tribes and Families, with a list of genera apparently appertaining to each Tribe, Annals of Philosophy, new series 10, 337-344

Bonaparte C.-L. , Conspectus Systematis Mastozoologiae. Editio Altera Reformata [Survey of the system of mammals. Second revised edition]. E. J. Brill, Leyden, 1

Gill T. Prodrome of a monograph of the pinnipedes, Proceedings of the Essex Institute 5 1, 1-13

Allen J. A. History of North American Pinnipeds, US Geological and Geographical Survey of the Territories, Miscellaneous Publications 12, 1-785

Flower W. H. On the arrangement of the Orders and Families of existing Mammalia, Proceedings of the Zoological Society of London 1883, 178-186

Cope E. D. Synopsis of the families of Vertebrata, The American Naturalist 23, 1-29

Trouessart E. L. , Catalogus mammalium tam viventium quam fossilum 5, 665-1264

Hay O. P. (1902) , Bibliography and Catalogue of the Fossil Vertebrata of North America. Bulletin of the United States Geological Survey 179, 1-868

Trouessart E. L. (1904) , Catalogus Mammalium Tam Viventium Quam Fossilium, Fourth Edition, 1-929

Jaekel O. (1911) , Die Wirbeltiere. Eine Übersicht über die Fossilen und Lebenden Formen [The Vertebrates. An Overview of the Fossil and Living Forms], viii-252

Kellogg R. (1922) Pinnipeds from Miocene and Pleistocene deposits of California, University of California Publications in Geological Sciences 13 4, 23-132

Hay O. P. (1930) Second Bibliography and Catalogue of the Fossil Vertebrata of North America, Carnegie Institution of Washington 390 II, 1-1074

Friant M. (1947) Recherches sur le femur des phocidae, Bulletin du Musee royal d'Hisoire naturelle de Belgique 23 2, 1-51

Scheffer V. B., Rice D. W. (1963) A list of the marine mammals of the world, United States Fish and Wildlife Service Special Scientific Report - Fisheries 431, 1-12

Mitchell E. D. (1966) The Miocene pinniped Allodesmus, University of California Publications in Geological Sciences 61, 1-105

Burns J. J., Fay F. H. (1970) Comparative morphology of the skull of the Ribbon seal, Histriophoca fasciata, with remarks on the systematics of Phocidae, Journal of Zoology 161, 363-394

Barnes L. G. (1972) Miocene Desmatophocinae (Mammalia: Carnivora) from California, University of California Publications in Geological Sciences 89, 1-76

Mitchell E., Tedford R. H. (1973) The Enaliarctinae: A new group of extinct aquatic carnivora and a consideration of the origin of the otariidae, Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History 151 3, 203-284

Tedford R. H. (1976) Relationship of pinnipeds to other carnivores (Mammalia), Systematic Zoology 25 4, 363-374

Repenning C. A., Tedford R. H. (1977) Otarioid seals of the Neogene, United States Geological Survey Professional Paper 992, 1-93

Muizon C. (1978) Arctocephalus (Hydrarctos) lomasiensis, subgen. nov. et nov sp., un nouvel Otariidae du Mio-Pliocene de Sacaco, Bulletin de l'Institute Francais d'Etudes Andines 7 3-4, 169-189

Barnes L. G. (1979) Fossil enaliarctine pinnpeds (Mammalia: Otariidae) from Pyramid Hill, Kern County, California), Contributions in Science of the Natural History Museum of Los Angeles County 318, 1-41

Kurten B., Anderson E. (1980) , Pleistocene mammals of North America, 1-442

Berta A., Deméré T. A. (1986) Callorhinus gilmorei n. sp., (Carnivora: Otariidae) from the San Diego Formation (Blancan) and its impliations for otariid phylogeny, Transactions of the San Diego Society of Natural History 21 7, 111-126

Barnes L. G. (1987) An early Miocene pinniped of the genus Desmatophoca (Mammalia: Otariidae) from Washington, Contributions in Science 382, 1-20

Barnes L. G. (1988) A new fossil pinniped (Mammalia: Otariidae) from the middle Miocene Sharktooth Hill Bonebed, California, Contributions in Science 396, 1-11

Carroll R. L. (1988) , Vertebrate Paleontology and Evolution, 1-698

Barnes L. G. (1989) A new enaliarctine pinniped from the Astoria Formation, Oregon, and a classification of the Otariidae (Mammalia: Carnivora), Contributions in Science 403, 1-26

Riedman M. (1990) The Pinnipeds: Seals, Sea Lions, and Walruses, 1-439

Berta A. (1991) New Enaliacrtos* (Pinnipedimorpha) from the Oligocene and Miocene of Oregon and the role of "enaliarctids" in pinniped phylogeny, Smithsonian Contributions to Paleobiology 69, 1-33

Nowak R. M. (1991) Walker's Mammals of the World, Maryland, Johns Hopkins University Press (edited volume) II

Vidal O. (1991) Catalog of osteological collections of aquatic mammals from Mexico, NOAA Technical Reports NMFS 97, 1-36

Barnes L. G. (1992) A new genus and species of middle Miocene enaliarctine pinniped (Mammalia, Carnivora, Otariidae) from the Astoria Formation in Coastal Oregon, Contributions in Science 431, 1-27

Kohno N. (1992) A new Pliocene fur seal (Carnivora: Otariidae) from the Senhata Formation on the Boso Peninsula, Japan, Natural History Research 2 1, 15-28

Berta A. (1994) New specimens of the pinnipediform Pteronarctos from the Miocene of Oregon, Smithsonian Contributions to Paleobiology 78, 1-30

Barnes L. G., Hirota K. (1995) Miocene pinnipeds of the otariid subfamily Allodesminae in the North Pacific Ocean: Systematics and relationships, The Island Arc 3, 329-360

Horikawa H. (1995) A primitive odobenine walrus of Early Pliocene age from Japan, The Island Arc 3, 309-328

Kohno N., Barnes L. G., et al (1995) Miocene fossil pinnipeds of the genera Prototaria and Neotherium (Carnivora; Otariidae; Imagotariinae) in the North Pacific Ocean: Evolution, relationships and distribution, The Island Arc 3, 285-308

Kimura M. (1997) Fossil pinniped mandible from the Middle Miocene of Haboro-cho, Hokkaid, Bulletin of the Hobetsu Museum 13, 1-7

McKenna M. C., Bell S. K. (1997) , Classification of Mammals Above the Species Level, 1-640

Rice D. W. (1998) Marine Mammals of the World: Systematics and Distribution, The Society for Marine Mammalogy Special Publication 4, 1-231

Bergqvist L. P., Drehmer C. J., et al (1999) Aquatic mammal fossils from Brazil: A review 4 6, 28-32

Deméré T. A., Berta A., et al (2003) Pinnipedimorph evolutionary biogeography, Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History 279, 32-76

Barnes L. G., Ray C. E., et al (2006) A new Pliocene sea lion, Proterozetes ulysses (Mammalia: Otariidae) from Oregon, U.S.A., Mesozoic and Cenozoic Vertebrates and Paleoenvironments, 57-77

Koretsky I. A., Barnes L. G. (2006) Pinniped Evolutionary History and Paleobiogeography, Mesozoic and Cenozoic Vertebrates and Paleoenvironments: Tributes to the career of Prof. Dan Grigorescu, 143-153

Barnes L. G. (2008) Otarioidea, Evolution of Tertiary Mammals of North America 2, 523-541

Berta A. (2009) Pinniped Evolution, Encyclopedia of Marine Mammal Evolution, 861-868

Fulton T. L., Strobeck C. (2010) Multiple fossil calibrations, nuclear loci and mitochondrial genomes provide new insight into biogeography and divergence timing for true seals (Phocidae, Pinnipedia), Journal of Biogeography 37, 814-829

Valenzuela-Toro A. M., Gutstein C. S., et al (2013) Pinniped Turnover in the South Pacific Ocean: New Evidence from the Plio- Pleistocene of the Atacama Desert, Chile, Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology 33 1, 216-233 doi:10.1080/039.033.0103

Berta A. (2017) , The Rise of Marine Mammals: 50 Million Years of Evolution, 1-198

Berta A. (2018) Pinniped evolution, Encyclopedia of Marine Mammals, 712-722

Kienle S. S., Berta A. (2019) The evolution of feeding strategies in phocid seals (Pinnipedia, Phocidae), Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology, e1559172

Data courtesy of: PBDB: The Paleobiology Database, Creative Commons CC-BY licenced. , GBIF: the Global Biodiversity Information Facility, various licences, iDigBio, various licences, and EOL: The Encyclopedia of Life (Open Data Public Domain). Because fossils are made of minerals too!

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