Warwickite
A valid IMA mineral species - grandfathered
This page kindly sponsored by Orange County Mineral Society
About Warwickite
Formula:
(Mg,Ti,Fe,Al)2O(BO3)
Colour:
Dark brown, grey to black; coppery tinge on cleavage at times; reddish brown in transmitted light
Lustre:
Sub-Vitreous, Pearly, Sub-Metallic, Dull
Hardness:
3½ - 4
Specific Gravity:
3.34 - 3.36
Crystal System:
Orthorhombic
Member of:
Name:
Named after its discovery locality, Warwick, Orange County, New York, USA
Type Locality:
Initially found as small, rough, prismatic crystals in white Franklin marble.
Unique Identifiers
Mindat ID:
4245
Long-form identifier:
mindat:1:1:4245:7
GUID
(UUID V4):
(UUID V4):
12f8ff90-b5e4-4c8f-a1fb-acc67401a442
IMA Classification of Warwickite
Approved, 'Grandfathered' (first described prior to 1959)
IMA Formula:
(Mg,Ti,Fe,Cr,Al)2O(BO3)
First published:
1838
Classification of Warwickite
6.AB.20
6 : BORATES
A : Monoborates
B : BO3, with additional anions; 1(D) + OH, etc.
6 : BORATES
A : Monoborates
B : BO3, with additional anions; 1(D) + OH, etc.
24.2.2.1
24 : ANHYDROUS BORATES
2 : A2BO2[XO3]
24 : ANHYDROUS BORATES
2 : A2BO2[XO3]
9.6.1
9 : Borates
6 : Borates of Ti, Sn and Ta
9 : Borates
6 : Borates of Ti, Sn and Ta
Mineral Symbols
As of 2021 there are now IMA–CNMNC approved mineral symbols (abbreviations) for each mineral species, useful for tables and diagrams.
Symbol | Source | Reference |
---|---|---|
Wwk | IMA–CNMNC | Warr, L.N. (2021). IMA–CNMNC approved mineral symbols. Mineralogical Magazine, 85(3), 291-320. doi:10.1180/mgm.2021.43 |
Physical Properties of Warwickite
Sub-Vitreous, Pearly, Sub-Metallic, Dull
Transparency:
Opaque
Comment:
submetallic on cleavages, commonly dull if altered.
Colour:
Dark brown, grey to black; coppery tinge on cleavage at times; reddish brown in transmitted light
Streak:
Bluish black
Hardness:
3½ - 4 on Mohs scale
Hardness Data:
Measured
Tenacity:
Brittle
Cleavage:
Distinct/Good
On {100} good.
On {100} good.
Fracture:
Irregular/Uneven
Density:
3.34 - 3.36 g/cm3 (Measured) 3.40 g/cm3 (Calculated)
Optical Data of Warwickite
Type:
Biaxial (+)
RI values:
nα = 1.806(5) nβ = 1.809(5) nγ = 1.830(5)
Max Birefringence:
δ = 0.024
Image shows birefringence interference colour range (at 30µm thickness)
and does not take into account mineral colouration.
and does not take into account mineral colouration.
Surface Relief:
Very High
Dispersion:
relatively strong
Optical Extinction:
X = c; Y = b; Z = a.
Pleochroism:
Visible
Comments:
X = Yellow brown; Y = Reddish brown; Z = Cinnamon brown
Comments:
Absorption: X > Y > Z.
Chemistry of Warwickite
Mindat Formula:
(Mg,Ti,Fe,Al)2O(BO3)
Common Impurities:
Cr
Crystallography of Warwickite
Crystal System:
Orthorhombic
Class (H-M):
mmm (2/m 2/m 2/m) - Dipyramidal
Space Group:
Pnma
Cell Parameters:
a = 9.14(11) Å, b = 9.40(5) Å, c = 3.07(6) Å
Ratio:
a:b:c = 0.972 : 1 : 0.327
Unit Cell V:
263.76 ų (Calculated from Unit Cell)
Z:
4
Morphology:
Slender prismatic crystals, terminations rounded.
Comment:
Space group Pnam (non-standard setting).
Crystal Structure
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Unit Cell | Unit Cell Packed
2x2x2 | 3x3x3 | 4x4x4
Unit Cell | Unit Cell Packed
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Data courtesy of the American Mineralogist Crystal Structure Database. Click on an AMCSD ID to view structure
ID | Species | Reference | Link | Year | Locality | Pressure (GPa) | Temp (K) |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
0000417 | Warwickite | Moore P B, Araki T (1974) Pinakiolite, Mg2MnO2[BO3]; warwickite, Mg(Mg0.5Ti0.5)O[BO3]; wightmanite, Mg5(O)(OH)5[BO3].nH2O: Crystal chemistry of complex 3 Angstrom wallpaper structures American Mineralogist 59 985-1004 | 1974 | Warwick, Orange County, New York, USA | 0 | 293 |
CIF Raw Data - click here to close
X-Ray Powder Diffraction
Powder Diffraction Data:
d-spacing | Intensity |
---|---|
2.57 Å | (100) |
2.75 Å | (50) |
6.55 Å | (40) |
4.20 Å | (40) |
2.97 Å | (30) |
1.979 Å | (30) |
1.721 Å | (30) |
Comments:
Edenville, New York, USA. Data from Thompson and Gower (1954).
Geological Environment
Paragenetic Mode(s):
Paragenetic Mode | Earliest Age (Ga) |
---|---|
Near-surface Processes | |
23 : Subaerial aqueous alteration by non-redox-sensitive fluids (see also #47) | |
Stage 4b: Highly evolved igneous rocks | >3.0 |
35 : Ultra-alkali and agpaitic igneous rocks | |
36 : Carbonatites, kimberlites, and related igneous rocks | |
Stage 10a: Neoproterozoic oxygenation/terrestrial biosphere | <0.6 |
50 : Coal and/or oil shale minerals | <0.36 |
Stage 10b: Anthropogenic minerals | <10 Ka |
54 : Coal and other mine fire minerals (see also #51 and #56) |
Type Occurrence of Warwickite
General Appearance of Type Material:
Small dark grey to blackish prismatic crystals in white crystalline marble
Place of Conservation of Type Material:
Natural History Museum, Paris, France, 74217, 99697; National Museum of Natural History, Washington, D.C., USA, 128712.
Geological Setting of Type Material:
Occurs in a metamorphosed, crystalline, Precambrian marble (the Franklin Marble).
Associated Minerals at Type Locality:
Reference:
Shephard, C.U. (1838) Notice of warwickite, a new mineral species. American Journal of Science and Arts: 34: 313-315.
Synonyms of Warwickite
Other Language Names for Warwickite
Relationship of Warwickite to other Species
Common Associates
Associated Minerals Based on Photo Data:
12 photos of Warwickite associated with Sanidine | K(AlSi3O8) |
10 photos of Warwickite associated with Enstatite | Mg2Si2O6 |
9 photos of Warwickite associated with Tridymite | SiO2 |
8 photos of Warwickite associated with Armalcolite-Pseudobrookite Series | |
5 photos of Warwickite associated with Chondrodite | Mg5(SiO4)2F2 |
5 photos of Warwickite associated with Pseudobrookite | Fe2TiO5 |
5 photos of Warwickite associated with Hematite | Fe2O3 |
5 photos of Warwickite associated with Phlogopite | KMg3(AlSi3O10)(OH)2 |
4 photos of Warwickite associated with Fluorophlogopite | KMg3(Si3Al)O10F2 |
3 photos of Warwickite associated with Calcite | CaCO3 |
Related Minerals - Strunz-mindat Grouping
6.AB. | Rhabdoborite-(Mo) | Mg12Mo6+1.33O6(BO3)6F2 |
6.AB. | Chubarovite | KZn2(BO3)Cl2 |
6.AB. | Savelievaite | Mg2Cr3+O2(BO3) |
6.AB.05 | Hambergite | Be2(BO3)(OH) |
6.AB.10 | Berborite | Be2(BO3)(OH,F) · H2O |
6.AB.15 | Jeremejevite | Al6(BO3)5(F,OH)3 |
6.AB.20 | Yuanfuliite | Mg(Fe3+,Al)O(BO3) |
6.AB.25 | Karlite | (Mg,Al)6.5(BO3)3(OH)4(◻,Cl)0.5 |
6.AB.30 | Azoproite | (Mg,Fe2+)2(Fe3+,Ti,Mg)(BO3)O2 |
6.AB.30 | Bonaccordite | Ni2Fe3+(BO3)O2 |
6.AB.30 | Fredrikssonite | Mg2(Mn3+,Fe3+)(BO3)O2 |
6.AB.30 | Ludwigite | Mg2Fe3+(BO3)O2 |
6.AB.30 | Vonsenite | Fe2+2Fe3+(BO3)O2 |
6.AB.30 | Marinaite | Cu2Fe3+O2(BO3) |
6.AB.35 | Pinakiolite | (Mg,Mn2+)2Mn3+(BO3)O2 |
6.AB.35 | Folvikite | Sb5+Mn3+(Mg,Mn2+)10O8(BO3)4 |
6.AB.40 | Blatterite | Sb5+3(Mn3+,Fe3+)9(Mn2+,Mg)35(BO3)16O32 |
6.AB.40 | Chestermanite | Mg2(Fe3+,Mn3+,Al,Sb3+)(BO3)O2 |
6.AB.40 | Orthopinakiolite | (Mg,Mn2+)2Mn3+(BO3)O2 |
6.AB.40 | Takéuchiite | (Mg,Mn2+)2(Mn3+,Fe3+)(BO3)O2 |
6.AB.45 | Hulsite | (Fe2+,Mg)2(Fe3+,Sn)(BO3)O2 |
6.AB.45 | Magnesiohulsite | (Mg,Fe2+)2(Fe3+,Sn,Mg)(BO3)O2 |
6.AB.45 | Aluminomagnesiohulsite | (Mg,Fe2+)2(Al,Mg,Sn)(BO3)O2 |
6.AB.50 | Fluoborite | Mg3(BO3)(F,OH)3 |
6.AB.50 | Hydroxylborite | Mg3(BO3)(OH)3 |
6.AB.55 | Shabynite | Mg5(BO3)(OH)5(Cl,OH)2 · 4H2O |
6.AB.55 | Wightmanite | Mg5(BO3)O(OH)5 · 2H2O |
6.AB.60 | Gaudefroyite | Ca4Mn3+2-3(BO3)3(CO3)(O,OH)3 |
6.AB.65 | Sakhaite | Ca48Mg16(BO3)32(CO3)16 · 2(H2O,HCl) |
6.AB.70 | Harkerite | Ca48Mg16[AlSi4O15(OH)]4(BO3)16(CO3)16 · 2(H2O,HCl) |
6.AB.75 | Pertsevite-(F) | Mg2(BO3)(F,OH) |
6.AB.75 | Pertsevite-(OH) | Mg2(BO3)(OH) |
6.AB.80 | Jacquesdietrichite | Cu2(H2BO3)(OH)3 |
6.AB.85 | Painite | CaZrAl9(BO3)O15 |
6.AB.85 | Rhabdoborite-(V) | Mg12(V5+,Mo6+,W6+)1.5O6{[BO3]6-x[(P,As)O4]xF2-x} (x < 1) |
6.AB.85 | Rhabdoborite-(W) | Mg12(W6+,V5+)1.5O6{[BO3]6-x[(P,As)O4]xF2-x} |
6.AB.90 | Mengxianminite | (Ca,Na)2Sn2(Mg,Fe)3Al8[(BO3)(BeO4)O6]2 |
Other Information
Notes:
Decomposed in sulfuric acid.
Health Risks:
No information on health risks for this material has been entered into the database. You should always treat mineral specimens with care.
Internet Links for Warwickite
mindat.org URL:
https://www.mindat.org/min-4245.html
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References for Warwickite
Localities for Warwickite
Locality List
- This locality has map coordinates listed.
- This locality has estimated coordinates.
ⓘ - Click for references and further information on this occurrence.
? - Indicates mineral may be doubtful at this locality.
- Good crystals or important locality for species.
- World class for species or very significant.
(TL) - Type Locality for a valid mineral species.
(FRL) - First Recorded Locality for everything else (eg varieties).
Struck out - Mineral was erroneously reported from this locality.
Faded * - Never found at this locality but inferred to have existed at some point in the past (e.g. from pseudomorphs).
All localities listed without proper references should be considered as questionable.
All localities listed without proper references should be considered as questionable.
Australia | |
| Kwak et al. (1988) |
Canada | |
| 162-165. +1 other reference |
| Sabina (1982) +1 other reference |
China | |
| Peng et al. (2022) |
Germany | |
| Wittern (2001) |
Greenland | |
| Uitterdijk Appel (1997) |
Japan | |
| Dr. Kameki Kinoshita collection (curated at Geological Survey of Japan) +1 other reference |
North Korea | |
| Bernard et al. (2004) |
Norway | |
| Nordrum (2007) |
| Nordrum (2007) |
Russia | |
| Cesnokov et al. (1998) |
| Shevko et al. (2019, September) |
| Schreyer et al. (1998) +1 other reference |
Spain | |
| Dr. Cesar Menor Salván |
| Christophe Boutry collection |
Tanzania | |
| Bowden et al. (1969) |
USA | |
| Volkert (2005) |
| Manchester (1931) |
Robinson et al. (2007) | |
Manchester (1931) | |
Shepard +2 other references | |
| Lupulescu et al. (2013) |
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Edenville, Town of Warwick, Orange County, New York, USA