Syngenite
A valid IMA mineral species - grandfathered
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About Syngenite
Formula:
K2Ca(SO4)2 · H2O
Colour:
Colourless, white, light yellow; colourless in transmitted light
Lustre:
Vitreous
Hardness:
2½
Specific Gravity:
2.579 - 2.603
Crystal System:
Monoclinic
Name:
Named from the Greek 'συγγευής', related, for its chemical resemblance to polyhalite.
Type Locality:
Unique Identifiers
Mindat ID:
3856
Long-form identifier:
mindat:1:1:3856:6
GUID
(UUID V4):
(UUID V4):
cf94d186-c23e-4048-bdb5-f958f1de4667
IMA Classification of Syngenite
Approved, 'Grandfathered' (first described prior to 1959)
First published:
1872
Classification of Syngenite
7.CD.35
7 : SULFATES (selenates, tellurates, chromates, molybdates, wolframates)
C : Sulfates (selenates, etc.) without additional anions, with H2O
D : With only large cations
7 : SULFATES (selenates, tellurates, chromates, molybdates, wolframates)
C : Sulfates (selenates, etc.) without additional anions, with H2O
D : With only large cations
29.3.1.1
29 : HYDRATED ACID AND NORMAL SULFATES
3 : A2B(XO4)2·xH2O
29 : HYDRATED ACID AND NORMAL SULFATES
3 : A2B(XO4)2·xH2O
25.4.8
25 : Sulphates
4 : Sulphates of Ca, Sr and Ba
25 : Sulphates
4 : Sulphates of Ca, Sr and Ba
Mineral Symbols
As of 2021 there are now IMA–CNMNC approved mineral symbols (abbreviations) for each mineral species, useful for tables and diagrams.
| Symbol | Source | Reference |
|---|---|---|
| Sgn | IMA–CNMNC | Warr, L.N. (2021). IMA–CNMNC approved mineral symbols. Mineralogical Magazine, 85(3), 291-320. doi:10.1180/mgm.2021.43 |
Physical Properties of Syngenite
Vitreous
Transparency:
Transparent, Translucent
Colour:
Colourless, white, light yellow; colourless in transmitted light
Streak:
White
Hardness:
2½ on Mohs scale
Cleavage:
Perfect
On {110} and {100} perfect; on {010} distinct.
On {110} and {100} perfect; on {010} distinct.
Fracture:
Conchoidal
Density:
2.579 - 2.603 g/cm3 (Measured) 2.597 g/cm3 (Calculated)
Optical Data of Syngenite
Type:
Biaxial (-)
RI values:
nα = 1.501 nβ = 1.517 nγ = 1.518
2V:
Measured: 28° , Calculated: 28°
Max Birefringence:
δ = 0.017
Image shows birefringence interference colour range (at 30µm thickness)
and does not take into account mineral colouration.
and does not take into account mineral colouration.
Surface Relief:
Low
Dispersion:
relatively strong
Comments:
Z = b; X ∧ c = –2.28°.
Chemistry of Syngenite
Mindat Formula:
K2Ca(SO4)2 · H2O
Crystallography of Syngenite
Crystal System:
Monoclinic
Class (H-M):
2/m - Prismatic
Space Group:
P21/m
Cell Parameters:
a = 9.77 Å, b = 7.14 Å, c = 6.25 Å
β = 104.01°
β = 104.01°
Ratio:
a:b:c = 1.368 : 1 : 0.875
Unit Cell V:
423.02 ų (Calculated from Unit Cell)
Morphology:
Crystalline crusts; lamellar aggregates. Crystals tabular {100} to prismatic [001], often exhibiting a variety of forms. Faces in the zone [001] striated vertically.
Twinning:
On {100} contact twinning common.
Crystal Structure
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Unit Cell | Unit Cell Packed
2x2x2 | 3x3x3 | 4x4x4
Unit Cell | Unit Cell Packed
2x2x2 | 3x3x3 | 4x4x4
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Data courtesy of the American Mineralogist Crystal Structure Database. Click on an AMCSD ID to view structure
| ID | Species | Reference | Link | Year | Locality | Pressure (GPa) | Temp (K) |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 0010642 | Syngenite | Corazza E, Sabelli C (1967) The crystal structure of syngenite, K2Ca(SO4)2*(H2O) Zeitschrift fur Kristallographie 124 398-408 |  | 1967 | Kalasz, Galicia | 0 | 293 |
CIF Raw Data - click here to close
X-Ray Powder Diffraction
Powder Diffraction Data:
| d-spacing | Intensity |
|---|---|
| 2.855 Å | (100) |
| 3.165 Å | (75) |
| 5.71 Å | (55) |
| 2.741 Å | (55) |
| 2.827 Å | (50) |
| 9.49 Å | (40) |
| 4.624 Å | (40) |
Geological Environment
Paragenetic Mode(s):
| Paragenetic Mode | Earliest Age (Ga) |
|---|---|
| Stage 7: Great Oxidation Event | <2.4 |
| 45a : [Sulfates, arsenates, selenates, antimonates] | |
| 46 : Near-surface hydrothermal alteration of minerals (see also #22) | |
| Stage 10a: Neoproterozoic oxygenation/terrestrial biosphere | <0.6 |
| 52 : Guano- and urine-derived minerals | <0.4 |
Geological Setting:
Oceanic salt deposits; volcanic activity.
Type Occurrence of Syngenite
General Appearance of Type Material:
Druses in halite.
Associated Minerals at Type Locality:
Reference:
Zepharovich, V.R. (1872) Vorläufige Notiz über den Syngenit, ein neues Mineral der Salzlager-Stätten. Lotos. Zeitschrift für Naturwissenschaften: 22: 137-138.
Synonyms of Syngenite
Other Language Names for Syngenite
Common Associates
Associated Minerals Based on Photo Data:
| 4 photos of Syngenite associated with Halite | NaCl |
| 2 photos of Syngenite associated with Thermessaite | K2AlF3(SO4) |
| 2 photos of Syngenite associated with Metavoltine | K2Na6Fe2+Fe3+6O2(SO4)12 · 18H2O |
| 2 photos of Syngenite associated with Nickelpicromerite | K2Ni(SO4)2 · 6H2O |
Related Minerals - Strunz-mindat Grouping
| 7.CD. | Argesite | (NH4)7Bi3Cl16 |
| 7.CD. | Campostriniite | (Bi3+,Na)3(NH4,K)2Na2(SO4)6 · H2O |
| 7.CD.05 | Matteuccite | NaHSO4 · H2O |
| 7.CD.10 | Mirabilite | Na2SO4 · 10H2O |
| 7.CD.15 | Lecontite | (NH4,K)NaSO4 · 2H2O |
| 7.CD.20 | Hydroglauberite | Na10Ca3(SO4)8 · 6H2O |
| 7.CD.25 | Eugsterite | Na4Ca(SO4)3 · 2H2O |
| 7.CD.30 | Görgeyite | K2Ca5(SO4)6 · H2O |
| 7.CD.35 | Koktaite | (NH4)2Ca(SO4)2 · H2O |
| 7.CD.35 | Antofagastaite | Na2Ca(SO4)2 · 1.5H2O |
| 7.CD.40 | Gypsum | CaSO4 · 2H2O |
| 7.CD.45 | Bassanite | Ca(SO4) · 0.5H2O |
| 7.CD.45 | Chinleite-(Y) | NaY(SO4)2 · H2O |
| 7.CD.45 | Chinleite-(Nd) | NaNd(SO4)2 · H2O |
| 7.CD.50 | Zircosulfate | (Zr,Ti)(SO4)2 · 4H2O |
| 7.CD.55 | Schieffelinite | Pb10Te6+6O20(OH)14(SO4)(H2O)5 |
| 7.CD.60 | Montanite | Bi2(TeO6) · nH2O |
| 7.CD.65 | Omongwaite | Na2Ca5(SO4)6 · 3H2O |
Other Information
Notes:
Soluble in H2O, with separation of gypsum.
Health Risks:
No information on health risks for this material has been entered into the database. You should always treat mineral specimens with care.
Internet Links for Syngenite
mindat.org URL:
https://www.mindat.org/min-3856.html
Please feel free to link to this page.
Please feel free to link to this page.
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References for Syngenite
Localities for Syngenite
symbol to view information about a locality.
The Locality List
- This locality has map coordinates listed.
- This locality has estimated coordinates.
ⓘ - Click for references and further information on this occurrence.
? - Indicates mineral may be doubtful at this locality.
- Good crystals or important locality for species.
- World class for species or very significant.
(TL) - Type Locality for a valid mineral species.
(FRL) - First Recorded Locality for everything else (eg varieties).
All localities listed without proper references should be considered as questionable.
Argentina | |
| Benedetto et al. (1998) |
Australia | |
| Snow et al. (2014) |
| Caves: processes +1 other reference |
| Bridge (1974) |
| Bridge (1977) | |
Austria | |
| Exel (1993) |
Bolivia | |
| Bentz (2017) |
Botswana | |
| Martini (1996) +1 other reference |
Canada | |
| Greengrass et al. (1999) |
Chile | |
| SEM-EDS by Joy Desor. +1 other reference |
| Luetcke (n.d.) | |
China | |
| Anthony |
| Shaoxiu Yang (1991) |
| Shaoxiu Yang (1991) |
| Yaoting Lin and Jinquan He (2004) |
| Xiyu Zheng and Shengsong Yu (1981) |
| Yanling Tang (2005) +1 other reference |
| Bingxiao Li (1992) |
Czech Republic | |
| Varilová et al. (2011) |
France | |
| Eytier J.R. & Ch. et al. (2004) |
Germany | |
| Weiß (1990) |
| Weiß (1990) |
| Weiß (1990) |
| |
| Bode "Mineralien und Fundstellen BRD" ... |
| Andreas Gerstenberg collection |
| Weiß (1990) |
| Blaß et al. (1995) |
| Hentschel (2014) +1 other reference |
| Frenzel (1964) |
| Frenzel (1964) | |
| Hentschel (2014) +1 other reference |
| |
| T. Witzke & F. Rüger: Lapis 1998 (7/8) |
| Palache et al. (1951) |
Italy | |
| D’Angeli et al. (2022) |
| Russo +2 other references |
| Cavarretta et al. (1982) +2 other references |
| Sbacchi et al. (2019) |
Japan | |
| Seki et al. (1987) |
Kazakhstan | |
| Pekov et al. (1993) |
Kenya | |
| Bowell et al. (1996) |
Namibia | |
| Martini et al. (1999) |
Poland | |
| Marszałek +2 other references |
Romania | |
| Mineralogical Magazine: 65 (1) |
Russia | |
| Pavel M. Kartashov analytical data (2011) |
| Shablinskii et al. (2022) |
| kimberlites of Udachnaya-East pipe (Siberia) +1 other reference |
UK | |
| Kemp et al. (2016) |
Ukraine (TL) | |
| Palache et al. (1951) +2 other references |
| Palache et al. (1951) |
USA | |
| Palache et al. (1951) |
| Castor et al. (2004) |
| Northrop et al. (1996) |
| Hawley +5 other references |
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Glückauf mine, Sondershausen, Kyffhäuser District, Thuringia, Germany