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Chantabury-Trat Volcanic Province, Thailandi
Regional Level Types
Chantabury-Trat Volcanic ProvinceVolcanic Field
ThailandCountry

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There are several area of extrusive basic alkaline volcanic rocks, the most extensive of which, to the east and NE of the town of Chantaburi extends over c.25 x 10km. To the north of the latter and immediately south of Pong Nam Ron is an area of flows c. 10 x 3 km, whereas to the east, close to the border with Cambodia, are the similar areas of Nong Bon Mines, Trat Province, Thailand and Bo Rai District, Trat Province, Thailand, which also cover several kms. About 10km west of Chantaburi is the prominent scoria of Tha Mai Volcano (Barr & Macdonald 1981).
Although most occurrences are represented by flows, vents have been exposed to varying degrees be erosion, such as Nong Bon Mines, Trat Province, Thailand, where the removal of a cone has revealed the feeder pipe.
Gem-quality corundum is mined over 3 belts in the area (Bar & Charusiri 2011). The more westerly belt (Khao Phloi Waen, Chanthaburi Province, Thailand or Tha Mai) produces principally blue, green and yellow stones, whereas mainly red stones are found in the east (Nong Bon Mines, Trat Province, Thailand). The intervening area produces a mixture of blue, green and red stones.

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Standard Detailed Gallery Strunz Chemical Elements

Mineral List

Mineral list contains entries from the region specified including sub-localities

7 valid minerals.

Rock Types Recorded

Note: data is currently VERY limited. Please bear with us while we work towards adding this information!

Rock list contains entries from the region specified including sub-localities

Select Rock List Type

Alphabetical List Tree Diagram

Detailed Mineral List:

'Alkali Feldspar'
Reference: Barr, S. M., & Charusiri, P. U. N. Y. A. (2011). Volcanic rocks. In: Ridd, M.F., Barber, A.J. & Crow, M.J. (eds) The Geology of Thailand. Geological Society, London, 415-439. Barr, S. M., & James, D. E. (1990). Trace element characteristics of Upper Cenozoic basaltic rocks of Thailand, Kampuchea and Vietnam. Journal of Southeast Asian Earth Sciences, 4(3), 233-242. Barr, S. M., & MacDonald, A. S. (1978). Geochemistry and petrogenesis of Late Cenozoic alkaline basalts of Thailand. Geological Society of Malaysia Bulletin, 10, 25-52. Barr, S. M., & MacDonald, A. S. (1981). Geochemistry and geochronology of late Cenozoic basalts of Southeast Asia: Summary. Geological Society of America Bulletin, 92, Part I, 508-512; Part II, 1069-1142. Sutthirat, C., Saminpanya, S., Droop, G. T. R., Henderson, C. M. B., & Manning, D. A. C. (2001). Clinopyroxene-corundum assemblages from alkali basalt and alluvium, eastern Thailand: constraints on the origin of Thai rubies. Mineralogical Magazine, 65, 277-295. Promprated, P., Taylor, L. A., & Neal, C. R. (2003). Petrochemistry of mafic granulite xenoliths from the Chantaburi basaltic field: implications for the nature of the lower crust beneath Thailand. International Geology Review, 45(5), 383-406.
Analcime
Formula: Na(AlSi2O6) · H2O
Reference: Barr, S. M., & Charusiri, P. U. N. Y. A. (2011). Volcanic rocks. In: Ridd, M.F., Barber, A.J. & Crow, M.J. (eds) The Geology of Thailand. Geological Society, London, 415-439. Barr, S. M., & James, D. E. (1990). Trace element characteristics of Upper Cenozoic basaltic rocks of Thailand, Kampuchea and Vietnam. Journal of Southeast Asian Earth Sciences, 4(3), 233-242. Barr, S. M., & MacDonald, A. S. (1978). Geochemistry and petrogenesis of Late Cenozoic alkaline basalts of Thailand. Geological Society of Malaysia Bulletin, 10, 25-52. Barr, S. M., & MacDonald, A. S. (1981). Geochemistry and geochronology of late Cenozoic basalts of Southeast Asia: Summary. Geological Society of America Bulletin, 92, Part I, 508-512; Part II, 1069-1142. Sutthirat, C., Saminpanya, S., Droop, G. T. R., Henderson, C. M. B., & Manning, D. A. C. (2001). Clinopyroxene-corundum assemblages from alkali basalt and alluvium, eastern Thailand: constraints on the origin of Thai rubies. Mineralogical Magazine, 65, 277-295. Promprated, P., Taylor, L. A., & Neal, C. R. (2003). Petrochemistry of mafic granulite xenoliths from the Chantaburi basaltic field: implications for the nature of the lower crust beneath Thailand. International Geology Review, 45(5), 383-406.
'Clinopyroxene Subgroup'
Reference: Barr, S. M., & Charusiri, P. U. N. Y. A. (2011). Volcanic rocks. In: Ridd, M.F., Barber, A.J. & Crow, M.J. (eds) The Geology of Thailand. Geological Society, London, 415-439. Barr, S. M., & James, D. E. (1990). Trace element characteristics of Upper Cenozoic basaltic rocks of Thailand, Kampuchea and Vietnam. Journal of Southeast Asian Earth Sciences, 4(3), 233-242. Barr, S. M., & MacDonald, A. S. (1978). Geochemistry and petrogenesis of Late Cenozoic alkaline basalts of Thailand. Geological Society of Malaysia Bulletin, 10, 25-52. Barr, S. M., & MacDonald, A. S. (1981). Geochemistry and geochronology of late Cenozoic basalts of Southeast Asia: Summary. Geological Society of America Bulletin, 92, Part I, 508-512; Part II, 1069-1142. Sutthirat, C., Saminpanya, S., Droop, G. T. R., Henderson, C. M. B., & Manning, D. A. C. (2001). Clinopyroxene-corundum assemblages from alkali basalt and alluvium, eastern Thailand: constraints on the origin of Thai rubies. Mineralogical Magazine, 65, 277-295. Promprated, P., Taylor, L. A., & Neal, C. R. (2003). Petrochemistry of mafic granulite xenoliths from the Chantaburi basaltic field: implications for the nature of the lower crust beneath Thailand. International Geology Review, 45(5), 383-406.
Corundum
Formula: Al2O3
Reference: E.Ya. Kievlenko (2003) Geology of gems, p. 66
Corundum var. Ruby
Formula: Al2O3
Reference: E.Ya. Kievlenko (2003) Geology of gems, p. 66
Corundum var. Sapphire
Formula: Al2O3
Reference: Barr, S. M., & Charusiri, P. U. N. Y. A. (2011). Volcanic rocks. In: Ridd, M.F., Barber, A.J. & Crow, M.J. (eds) The Geology of Thailand. Geological Society, London, 415-439. Barr, S. M., & James, D. E. (1990). Trace element characteristics of Upper Cenozoic basaltic rocks of Thailand, Kampuchea and Vietnam. Journal of Southeast Asian Earth Sciences, 4(3), 233-242. Barr, S. M., & MacDonald, A. S. (1978). Geochemistry and petrogenesis of Late Cenozoic alkaline basalts of Thailand. Geological Society of Malaysia Bulletin, 10, 25-52. Barr, S. M., & MacDonald, A. S. (1981). Geochemistry and geochronology of late Cenozoic basalts of Southeast Asia: Summary. Geological Society of America Bulletin, 92, Part I, 508-512; Part II, 1069-1142. Sutthirat, C., Saminpanya, S., Droop, G. T. R., Henderson, C. M. B., & Manning, D. A. C. (2001). Clinopyroxene-corundum assemblages from alkali basalt and alluvium, eastern Thailand: constraints on the origin of Thai rubies. Mineralogical Magazine, 65, 277-295. Promprated, P., Taylor, L. A., & Neal, C. R. (2003). Petrochemistry of mafic granulite xenoliths from the Chantaburi basaltic field: implications for the nature of the lower crust beneath Thailand. International Geology Review, 45(5), 383-406.
'Fayalite-Forsterite Series'
Reference: Barr, S. M., & Charusiri, P. U. N. Y. A. (2011). Volcanic rocks. In: Ridd, M.F., Barber, A.J. & Crow, M.J. (eds) The Geology of Thailand. Geological Society, London, 415-439. Barr, S. M., & James, D. E. (1990). Trace element characteristics of Upper Cenozoic basaltic rocks of Thailand, Kampuchea and Vietnam. Journal of Southeast Asian Earth Sciences, 4(3), 233-242. Barr, S. M., & MacDonald, A. S. (1978). Geochemistry and petrogenesis of Late Cenozoic alkaline basalts of Thailand. Geological Society of Malaysia Bulletin, 10, 25-52. Barr, S. M., & MacDonald, A. S. (1981). Geochemistry and geochronology of late Cenozoic basalts of Southeast Asia: Summary. Geological Society of America Bulletin, 92, Part I, 508-512; Part II, 1069-1142. Sutthirat, C., Saminpanya, S., Droop, G. T. R., Henderson, C. M. B., & Manning, D. A. C. (2001). Clinopyroxene-corundum assemblages from alkali basalt and alluvium, eastern Thailand: constraints on the origin of Thai rubies. Mineralogical Magazine, 65, 277-295. Promprated, P., Taylor, L. A., & Neal, C. R. (2003). Petrochemistry of mafic granulite xenoliths from the Chantaburi basaltic field: implications for the nature of the lower crust beneath Thailand. International Geology Review, 45(5), 383-406.
'Feldspar Group'
Reference: Barr, S. M., & Charusiri, P. U. N. Y. A. (2011). Volcanic rocks. In: Ridd, M.F., Barber, A.J. & Crow, M.J. (eds) The Geology of Thailand. Geological Society, London, 415-439. Barr, S. M., & James, D. E. (1990). Trace element characteristics of Upper Cenozoic basaltic rocks of Thailand, Kampuchea and Vietnam. Journal of Southeast Asian Earth Sciences, 4(3), 233-242. Barr, S. M., & MacDonald, A. S. (1978). Geochemistry and petrogenesis of Late Cenozoic alkaline basalts of Thailand. Geological Society of Malaysia Bulletin, 10, 25-52. Barr, S. M., & MacDonald, A. S. (1981). Geochemistry and geochronology of late Cenozoic basalts of Southeast Asia: Summary. Geological Society of America Bulletin, 92, Part I, 508-512; Part II, 1069-1142. Sutthirat, C., Saminpanya, S., Droop, G. T. R., Henderson, C. M. B., & Manning, D. A. C. (2001). Clinopyroxene-corundum assemblages from alkali basalt and alluvium, eastern Thailand: constraints on the origin of Thai rubies. Mineralogical Magazine, 65, 277-295. Promprated, P., Taylor, L. A., & Neal, C. R. (2003). Petrochemistry of mafic granulite xenoliths from the Chantaburi basaltic field: implications for the nature of the lower crust beneath Thailand. International Geology Review, 45(5), 383-406.
'Garnet Group'
Formula: X3Z2(SiO4)3
Reference: Barr, S. M., & Charusiri, P. U. N. Y. A. (2011). Volcanic rocks. In: Ridd, M.F., Barber, A.J. & Crow, M.J. (eds) The Geology of Thailand. Geological Society, London, 415-439. Barr, S. M., & James, D. E. (1990). Trace element characteristics of Upper Cenozoic basaltic rocks of Thailand, Kampuchea and Vietnam. Journal of Southeast Asian Earth Sciences, 4(3), 233-242. Barr, S. M., & MacDonald, A. S. (1978). Geochemistry and petrogenesis of Late Cenozoic alkaline basalts of Thailand. Geological Society of Malaysia Bulletin, 10, 25-52. Barr, S. M., & MacDonald, A. S. (1981). Geochemistry and geochronology of late Cenozoic basalts of Southeast Asia: Summary. Geological Society of America Bulletin, 92, Part I, 508-512; Part II, 1069-1142. Sutthirat, C., Saminpanya, S., Droop, G. T. R., Henderson, C. M. B., & Manning, D. A. C. (2001). Clinopyroxene-corundum assemblages from alkali basalt and alluvium, eastern Thailand: constraints on the origin of Thai rubies. Mineralogical Magazine, 65, 277-295. Promprated, P., Taylor, L. A., & Neal, C. R. (2003). Petrochemistry of mafic granulite xenoliths from the Chantaburi basaltic field: implications for the nature of the lower crust beneath Thailand. International Geology Review, 45(5), 383-406.; Barr, S. M., & Charusiri, P. U. N. Y. A. (2011). Volcanic rocks. In: Ridd, M.F., Barber, A.J. & Crow, M.J. (eds) The Geology of Thailand. Geological Society, London, 415-439. Barr, S. M., & James, D. E. (1990). Trace element characteristics of Upper Cenozoic basaltic rocks of Thailand, Kampuchea and Vietnam. Journal of Southeast Asian Earth Sciences, 4(3), 233-242. Barr, S. M., & MacDonald, A. S. (1978). Geochemistry and petrogenesis of Late Cenozoic alkaline basalts of Thailand. Geological Society of Malaysia Bulletin, 10, 25-52. Barr, S. M., & MacDonald, A. S. (1981). Geochemistry and geochronology of late Cenozoic basalts of Southeast Asia: Summary. Geological Society of America Bulletin, 92, Part I, 508-512; Part II, 1069-1142. Sutthirat, C., Saminpanya, S., Droop, G. T. R., Henderson, C. M. B., & Manning, D. A. C. (2001). Clinopyroxene-corundum assemblages from alkali basalt and alluvium, eastern Thailand: constraints on the origin of Thai rubies. Mineralogical Magazine, 65, 277-295. Promprated, P., Taylor, L. A., & Neal, C. R. (2003). Petrochemistry of mafic granulite xenoliths from the Chantaburi basaltic field: implications for the nature of the lower crust beneath Thailand. International Geology Review, 45(5), 383-406.
'Glass'
Reference: Barr, S. M., & Charusiri, P. U. N. Y. A. (2011). Volcanic rocks. In: Ridd, M.F., Barber, A.J. & Crow, M.J. (eds) The Geology of Thailand. Geological Society, London, 415-439. Barr, S. M., & James, D. E. (1990). Trace element characteristics of Upper Cenozoic basaltic rocks of Thailand, Kampuchea and Vietnam. Journal of Southeast Asian Earth Sciences, 4(3), 233-242. Barr, S. M., & MacDonald, A. S. (1978). Geochemistry and petrogenesis of Late Cenozoic alkaline basalts of Thailand. Geological Society of Malaysia Bulletin, 10, 25-52. Barr, S. M., & MacDonald, A. S. (1981). Geochemistry and geochronology of late Cenozoic basalts of Southeast Asia: Summary. Geological Society of America Bulletin, 92, Part I, 508-512; Part II, 1069-1142. Sutthirat, C., Saminpanya, S., Droop, G. T. R., Henderson, C. M. B., & Manning, D. A. C. (2001). Clinopyroxene-corundum assemblages from alkali basalt and alluvium, eastern Thailand: constraints on the origin of Thai rubies. Mineralogical Magazine, 65, 277-295. Promprated, P., Taylor, L. A., & Neal, C. R. (2003). Petrochemistry of mafic granulite xenoliths from the Chantaburi basaltic field: implications for the nature of the lower crust beneath Thailand. International Geology Review, 45(5), 383-406.
Ilmenite
Formula: Fe2+TiO3
Reference: E.Ya. Kievlenko (2003) Geology of gems, p. 66
Magnetite
Formula: Fe2+Fe3+2O4
Reference: E.Ya. Kievlenko (2003) Geology of gems, p. 66
Magnetite var. Titanium-bearing Magnetite
Formula: Fe2+(Fe3+,Ti)2O4
Reference: Barr, S. M., & Charusiri, P. U. N. Y. A. (2011). Volcanic rocks. In: Ridd, M.F., Barber, A.J. & Crow, M.J. (eds) The Geology of Thailand. Geological Society, London, 415-439. Barr, S. M., & James, D. E. (1990). Trace element characteristics of Upper Cenozoic basaltic rocks of Thailand, Kampuchea and Vietnam. Journal of Southeast Asian Earth Sciences, 4(3), 233-242. Barr, S. M., & MacDonald, A. S. (1978). Geochemistry and petrogenesis of Late Cenozoic alkaline basalts of Thailand. Geological Society of Malaysia Bulletin, 10, 25-52. Barr, S. M., & MacDonald, A. S. (1981). Geochemistry and geochronology of late Cenozoic basalts of Southeast Asia: Summary. Geological Society of America Bulletin, 92, Part I, 508-512; Part II, 1069-1142. Sutthirat, C., Saminpanya, S., Droop, G. T. R., Henderson, C. M. B., & Manning, D. A. C. (2001). Clinopyroxene-corundum assemblages from alkali basalt and alluvium, eastern Thailand: constraints on the origin of Thai rubies. Mineralogical Magazine, 65, 277-295. Promprated, P., Taylor, L. A., & Neal, C. R. (2003). Petrochemistry of mafic granulite xenoliths from the Chantaburi basaltic field: implications for the nature of the lower crust beneath Thailand. International Geology Review, 45(5), 383-406.
Nepheline
Formula: Na3K(Al4Si4O16)
Reference: Barr, S. M., & Charusiri, P. U. N. Y. A. (2011). Volcanic rocks. In: Ridd, M.F., Barber, A.J. & Crow, M.J. (eds) The Geology of Thailand. Geological Society, London, 415-439. Barr, S. M., & James, D. E. (1990). Trace element characteristics of Upper Cenozoic basaltic rocks of Thailand, Kampuchea and Vietnam. Journal of Southeast Asian Earth Sciences, 4(3), 233-242. Barr, S. M., & MacDonald, A. S. (1978). Geochemistry and petrogenesis of Late Cenozoic alkaline basalts of Thailand. Geological Society of Malaysia Bulletin, 10, 25-52. Barr, S. M., & MacDonald, A. S. (1981). Geochemistry and geochronology of late Cenozoic basalts of Southeast Asia: Summary. Geological Society of America Bulletin, 92, Part I, 508-512; Part II, 1069-1142. Sutthirat, C., Saminpanya, S., Droop, G. T. R., Henderson, C. M. B., & Manning, D. A. C. (2001). Clinopyroxene-corundum assemblages from alkali basalt and alluvium, eastern Thailand: constraints on the origin of Thai rubies. Mineralogical Magazine, 65, 277-295. Promprated, P., Taylor, L. A., & Neal, C. R. (2003). Petrochemistry of mafic granulite xenoliths from the Chantaburi basaltic field: implications for the nature of the lower crust beneath Thailand. International Geology Review, 45(5), 383-406.
'Plagioclase'
Formula: (Na,Ca)[(Si,Al)AlSi2]O8
Reference: Barr, S. M., & Charusiri, P. U. N. Y. A. (2011). Volcanic rocks. In: Ridd, M.F., Barber, A.J. & Crow, M.J. (eds) The Geology of Thailand. Geological Society, London, 415-439. Barr, S. M., & James, D. E. (1990). Trace element characteristics of Upper Cenozoic basaltic rocks of Thailand, Kampuchea and Vietnam. Journal of Southeast Asian Earth Sciences, 4(3), 233-242. Barr, S. M., & MacDonald, A. S. (1978). Geochemistry and petrogenesis of Late Cenozoic alkaline basalts of Thailand. Geological Society of Malaysia Bulletin, 10, 25-52. Barr, S. M., & MacDonald, A. S. (1981). Geochemistry and geochronology of late Cenozoic basalts of Southeast Asia: Summary. Geological Society of America Bulletin, 92, Part I, 508-512; Part II, 1069-1142. Sutthirat, C., Saminpanya, S., Droop, G. T. R., Henderson, C. M. B., & Manning, D. A. C. (2001). Clinopyroxene-corundum assemblages from alkali basalt and alluvium, eastern Thailand: constraints on the origin of Thai rubies. Mineralogical Magazine, 65, 277-295. Promprated, P., Taylor, L. A., & Neal, C. R. (2003). Petrochemistry of mafic granulite xenoliths from the Chantaburi basaltic field: implications for the nature of the lower crust beneath Thailand. International Geology Review, 45(5), 383-406.
Spinel
Formula: MgAl2O4
Reference: E.Ya. Kievlenko (2003) Geology of gems, p. 66
Zircon
Formula: Zr(SiO4)
Reference: E.Ya. Kievlenko (2003) Geology of gems, p. 66

Gallery:

List of minerals arranged by Strunz 10th Edition classification

Group 4 - Oxides and Hydroxides
Corundum4.CB.05Al2O3
var. Ruby4.CB.05Al2O3
var. Sapphire4.CB.05Al2O3
Ilmenite4.CB.05Fe2+TiO3
Magnetite4.BB.05Fe2+Fe3+2O4
var. Titanium-bearing Magnetite4.BB.05Fe2+(Fe3+,Ti)2O4
Spinel4.BB.05MgAl2O4
Group 9 - Silicates
Analcime9.GB.05Na(AlSi2O6) · H2O
Nepheline9.FA.05Na3K(Al4Si4O16)
Zircon9.AD.30Zr(SiO4)
Unclassified Minerals, Rocks, etc.
'Alkali Feldspar'-
'Clinopyroxene Subgroup'-
'Fayalite-Forsterite Series'-
'Feldspar Group'-
'Garnet Group'-X3Z2(SiO4)3
'Glass'-
'Plagioclase'-(Na,Ca)[(Si,Al)AlSi2]O8

List of minerals for each chemical element

HHydrogen
H AnalcimeNa(AlSi2O6) · H2O
OOxygen
O IlmeniteFe2+TiO3
O MagnetiteFe2+Fe23+O4
O Corundum var. RubyAl2O3
O SpinelMgAl2O4
O ZirconZr(SiO4)
O CorundumAl2O3
O Garnet GroupX3Z2(SiO4)3
O NephelineNa3K(Al4Si4O16)
O AnalcimeNa(AlSi2O6) · H2O
O Plagioclase(Na,Ca)[(Si,Al)AlSi2]O8
O Magnetite var. Titanium-bearing MagnetiteFe2+(Fe3+,Ti)2O4
O Corundum var. SapphireAl2O3
NaSodium
Na NephelineNa3K(Al4Si4O16)
Na AnalcimeNa(AlSi2O6) · H2O
Na Plagioclase(Na,Ca)[(Si,Al)AlSi2]O8
MgMagnesium
Mg SpinelMgAl2O4
AlAluminium
Al Corundum var. RubyAl2O3
Al SpinelMgAl2O4
Al CorundumAl2O3
Al NephelineNa3K(Al4Si4O16)
Al AnalcimeNa(AlSi2O6) · H2O
Al Plagioclase(Na,Ca)[(Si,Al)AlSi2]O8
Al Corundum var. SapphireAl2O3
SiSilicon
Si ZirconZr(SiO4)
Si Garnet GroupX3Z2(SiO4)3
Si NephelineNa3K(Al4Si4O16)
Si AnalcimeNa(AlSi2O6) · H2O
Si Plagioclase(Na,Ca)[(Si,Al)AlSi2]O8
KPotassium
K NephelineNa3K(Al4Si4O16)
CaCalcium
Ca Plagioclase(Na,Ca)[(Si,Al)AlSi2]O8
TiTitanium
Ti IlmeniteFe2+TiO3
Ti Magnetite var. Titanium-bearing MagnetiteFe2+(Fe3+,Ti)2O4
FeIron
Fe IlmeniteFe2+TiO3
Fe MagnetiteFe2+Fe23+O4
Fe Magnetite var. Titanium-bearing MagnetiteFe2+(Fe3+,Ti)2O4
ZrZirconium
Zr ZirconZr(SiO4)

References

Sort by

Year (asc) Year (desc) Author (A-Z) Author (Z-A)
Barr, S. M., & Charusiri, P. U. N. Y. A. (2011). Volcanic rocks. In: Ridd, M.F., Barber, A.J. & Crow, M.J. (eds) The Geology of Thailand. Geological Society, London, 415-439.
Barr, S. M., & James, D. E. (1990). Trace element characteristics of Upper Cenozoic basaltic rocks of Thailand, Kampuchea and Vietnam. Journal of Southeast Asian Earth Sciences, 4(3), 233-242.
Barr, S. M., & MacDonald, A. S. (1978). Geochemistry and petrogenesis of Late Cenozoic alkaline basalts of Thailand. Geological Society of Malaysia Bulletin, 10, 25-52.
Barr, S. M., & MacDonald, A. S. (1981). Geochemistry and geochronology of late Cenozoic basalts of Southeast Asia: Summary. Geological Society of America Bulletin, 92, Part I, 508-512; Part II, 1069-1142.
Promprated, P., Taylor, L. A., & Neal, C. R. (2003). Petrochemistry of mafic granulite xenoliths from the Chantaburi basaltic field: implications for the nature of the lower crust beneath Thailand. International Geology Review, 45(5), 383-406.
Sutthirat, C., Saminpanya, S., Droop, G. T. R., Henderson, C. M. B., & Manning, D. A. C. (2001). Clinopyroxene-corundum assemblages from alkali basalt and alluvium, eastern Thailand: constraints on the origin of Thai rubies. Mineralogical Magazine, 65, 277-295.

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