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Paraptenodytes

Description

Paraptenodytes is an extinct genus of penguins which contains two or three species sized between a Magellanic penguin and an emperor penguin (Aptenodytes forsteri). They are known from fossil bones ranging from a partial skeleton and some additional material in the case of P. antarcticus, the type specimen for the genus, and a single humerus in the case of P. brodkorbi. The latter species is therefore often considered invalid; a recent study considers it indeed valid, but distinct enough not to belong into Paraptenodytes. The fossils were found in the Santa Cruz and Chubut Provinces of Patagonia, Argentina, in the Gaiman, Monte León and Santa Cruz Formations of Early to Middle Miocene age. Later occurrences are apparently from Late Miocene or possibly even Early Pliocene deposits.


Source Data
SourceIDLink
Global Biodiversity Information Facility ID (GBIF)4844784https://www.gbif.org/species/4844784
PaleoBioDB ID (PBDB)39730https://paleobiodb.org/classic/checkTaxonInfo?taxon_no=39730
Rankgenus
Taxonomy (GBIF)Life : Animalia : Chordata : Reptilia : Dinosauria : Paraptenodytes
Taxonomy (PBDB)Life : Animalia : Chordata : Aves : Sphenisciformes : Spheniscidae : Paraptenodytes
Taxonomic Status (GBIF)accepted
Classification
(PBDB,GBIF)
RankNameAuthor
-Eukaryota
-OpisthokontaCavalier-Smith 1987
kingdomAnimalia
-TriploblasticaLankester 1877
-NephrozoaJondelius et al. 2002
-DeuterostomiaGrobben 1908
phylumChordataHaeckel 1847
subphylumVertebrataLamarck 1801
superclassGnathostomataGegenbauer 1874
-Osteichthyes
-SarcopterygiiRomer 1955
subclassDipnotetrapodomorpha
subclassTetrapodomorpha
-Tetrapoda
-ReptiliomorphaSäve-Söderbergh 1934
-AnthracosauriaSäve-Söderbergh 1934
-Batrachosauria
-Cotylosauria
-AmniotaHaeckel 1866
-SauropsidaHuxley 1864
classReptiliaLaurenti 1768
subclassEureptilia
-RomeriidaGauthier et al. 1988
-Diapsida
-Eosuchia
-NeodiapsidaBenton 1985
-SauriaGauthier 1984
-Archosauromorpha
-CrocopodaEzcurra 2016
-ArchosauriformesGauthier 1986
-EucrocopodaEzcurra 2016
-Archosauria
informalAvemetatarsaliaBenton 1999
-OrnithodiraGauthier 1986
-DinosauromorphaBenton 1985
-DinosauriformesNovas 1992
-Dinosauria
-Saurischia
-Theropoda
-NeotheropodaBakker 1986
-AverostraPaul 2002
-TetanuraeGauthier 1986
orderAvetheropodaPaul 1988
suborderCoelurosauriaHuene 1914
-ManiraptoraGauthier 1986
-ParavesSereno 1997
classAvesLinnaeus 1758
-PygostyliaChiappe 2002
-OrnithothoracesChiappe and Calvo 1994
-OrnithuromorphaChiappe et al. 1999
subclassOrnithuraeHaeckel 1866
-CarinataeMerrem 1813
orderSphenisciformesSharpe 1891
familySpheniscidaeBonaparte 1831
genusParaptenodytesAmeghino 1891
Scientific NameParaptenodytes
Opinions (PBDB)
NameRankOpinionEvidenceAuthor
Paraptenodytesgenusbelongs to Spheniscidaestated without evidenceAmeghino, 1891
Paraptenodytesgenusbelongs to Paraptenodytinaestated without evidenceSimpson, 1946
Paraptenodytesgenusbelongs to Spheniscidaestated without evidenceSimpson, 1972
Paraptenodytesgenusbelongs to SpheniscidaeimpliedCarroll, 1988
Paraptenodytesgenusbelongs to Paraptenodytinaestated without evidenceAcosta Hospitaleche, 2005
Paraptenodytesgenusbelongs to Spheniscidaestated without evidenceAcosta Hospitaleche and Tambussi, 2008
Status (PBDB)extinct
Taxon Size (PBDB)4
First Recorded Appearance23.0 - 20.4 Ma
Miocene
Last Recorded Appearance16.0 - 11.6 Ma
Miocene
Environmentmarine (based on Sphenisciformes)
Motilityactively mobile (based on Theropoda)
Dietcarnivore (based on Coelurosauria)
Reproductionoviparous, dispersal=direct/internal,mobile (based on Theropoda)
Ontogenyaccretion,modification of parts (based on Theropoda)
Taphonomyhydroxylapatite,compact or dense (based on Theropoda)
Primary Reference (PBDB)F. Ameghino. 1891. Enumeracion de las aves fosiles de la Republica Argentina. Revista Argentina de Historia Naturales 1:441-453
Wikipediahttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paraptenodytes

Fossil Distribution

Subtaxa

NameStatusCommon Name(s)Fossil OccurrencesOldestYoungest
Paraptenodytes antarcticus
species
accepted (GBIF)
listed (PBDB)
323.0 Ma
Miocene
16.0 Ma
Miocene
Paraptenodytes brodkorbi
species
accepted (GBIF)
listed (PBDB)
123.0 Ma
Miocene
23.0 Ma
Miocene
Paraptenodytes robustus
species
accepted (GBIF)
listed (PBDB)
523.0 Ma
Miocene
23.0 Ma
Miocene

Synonymy List

YearName and Author
1891Paraptenodytes Ameghino p. 447
1901Paraptenodytes Ameghino p. 81
1905Metancylornis Ameghino p. 129
1905Isotremornis Ameghino p. 134
1905Paraptenodytes Ameghino p. 138
1933Metancylornis Lambrecht p. 231
1933Isotremornis Lambrecht p. 232
1933Paraptenodytes Lambrecht p. 232
1946Metancylornis Simpson p. 32
YearName and Author
1946Isotremornis Simpson p. 33
1946Paraptenodytes Simpson p. 33
1963Paraptenodytes Brodkorb p. 238
1963Isotremornis Brodkorb p. 239
1972Paraptenodytes Simpson p. 18
1988Paraptenodytes Carroll
2005Paraptenodytes Acosta Hospitaleche p. 407
2008Paraptenodytes Acosta Hospitaleche and Tambussi p. 117

References

Ameghino F. Enumeracion de las aves fosiles de la Republica Argentina, Revista Argentina de Historia Naturales 1, 441-453
Ameghino F. (1901) L' age des Formations sedimentaires de Patagonie, Anales de la Sociedad Cientifica Argentina 52, 189-197
Ameghino F. (1905) Enumeracion de los Impennes Fosiles de Patagonia y de la Isla Seymour, Anales del Museo Nacional de Buenos Aires 6, 97-167
Lambrecht K. (1933) Handbuch der Palaeornithologie, 1-1024
Simpson G. G. (1946) Fossil Penguins, Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History 87 1, 1-100
Brodkorb P. (1963) Catalogue of fossil birds. Part 1 (Archaeopterygiformes through Ardeiformes), Bulletin of the Florida State Museum, Biological Sciences 7 4, 179-293
Simpson G. G. (1972) Conspectus of Patagonian fossil penguins, American Museum Novitates 2488, 1-37
Carroll R. L. (1988) , Vertebrate Paleontology and Evolution, 1-698
Acosta Hospitaleche C., Tambussi C. (2008) South American fossil penguins: a systematic update, Oryctos 7, 109-127
Data courtesy of: PBDB: The Paleobiology Database, Creative Commons CC-BY licenced. , GBIF: the Global Biodiversity Information Facility, various licences, iDigBio, various licences, and EOL: The Encyclopedia of Life (Open Data Public Domain). Because fossils are made of minerals too!
 
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