Quick Links : Mindat手册 The Rock H. Currier Digital Library Mindat Newsletter [Free Download]

主页关于 Mindat Mindat手册 Mindat的历史版权 Who We Are 联系我们于 Mindat.org刊登广告

捐赠给 Mindat Corporate Sponsorship 赞助板页已赞助的板页在 Mindat刊登广告的广告商于 Mindat.org刊登广告

Learning Center What is a mineral?The most common minerals on earth Information for Educators Mindat Articles The Elements The Rock H. Currier Digital Library Geologic Time

搜索矿物的性质搜索矿物的化学 Advanced Locality Search 随意显示任何一种矿物 Random Locality 使用minID搜索邻近产地 Search Articles 搜索词汇表更多搜索选项

Mindat手册添加新照片 Rate Photos 产区编辑报告 Coordinate Completion Report 添加词汇表项目

Mining Companies 统计会员列表 Mineral Museums Clubs & Organizations 矿物展及活动 The Mindat目录表设备设置 The Mineral Quiz

照片搜索 Photo Galleries Search by Color 今天最新的照片昨天最新的照片用户照片相集过去每日精选照片相集 Photography

BETA TEST - Fossil data and pages are very much experimental and under development. Please report any problems

Sphenisciformes

Photos

Photo Gallery

Description

Penguins (order Sphenisciformes, family Spheniscidae) are a group of aquatic flightless birds. They live almost exclusively in the Southern Hemisphere, with only one species, the Galápagos penguin, found north of the equator. Highly adapted for life in the water, penguins have countershaded dark and white plumage, and their wings have evolved into flippers. Most penguins feed on krill, fish, squid and other forms of sea life which they catch while swimming underwater. They spend roughly half of their lives on land and the other half in the sea.

From Wikipedia article at https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sphenisciformes, which is released under the Creative Commons Attribution-Share-Alike License 3.0.

Source Data

Source	ID	Link
Global Biodiversity Information Facility ID (GBIF)	7190978	https://www.gbif.org/species/7190978
PaleoBioDB ID (PBDB)	36626	https://paleobiodb.org/classic/checkTaxonInfo?taxon_no=36626

Rank

order

Taxonomy (GBIF,PBDB)

Life : Animalia : Chordata : Aves : Sphenisciformes

Taxonomic Status (GBIF)

accepted

Classification
(PBDB,GBIF)

Rank	Name	Author
-	Eukaryota
-	Opisthokonta	Cavalier-Smith 1987
kingdom	Animalia
-	Triploblastica	Lankester 1877
-	Nephrozoa	Jondelius et al. 2002
-	Deuterostomia	Grobben 1908
phylum	Chordata	Haeckel 1847
subphylum	Vertebrata	Lamarck 1801
superclass	Gnathostomata	Gegenbauer 1874
-	Osteichthyes
-	Sarcopterygii	Romer 1955
subclass	Dipnotetrapodomorpha
subclass	Tetrapodomorpha
-	Tetrapoda
-	Reptiliomorpha	Säve-Söderbergh 1934
-	Anthracosauria	Säve-Söderbergh 1934
-	Batrachosauria
-	Cotylosauria
-	Amniota	Haeckel 1866
-	Sauropsida	Huxley 1864
class	Reptilia	Laurenti 1768
subclass	Eureptilia
-	Romeriida	Gauthier et al. 1988
-	Diapsida
-	Eosuchia
-	Neodiapsida	Benton 1985
-	Sauria	Gauthier 1984
-	Archosauromorpha
-	Crocopoda	Ezcurra 2016
-	Archosauriformes	Gauthier 1986
-	Eucrocopoda	Ezcurra 2016
-	Archosauria
informal	Avemetatarsalia	Benton 1999
-	Ornithodira	Gauthier 1986
-	Dinosauromorpha	Benton 1985
-	Dinosauriformes	Novas 1992
-	Dinosauria
-	Saurischia
-	Theropoda
-	Neotheropoda	Bakker 1986
-	Averostra	Paul 2002
-	Tetanurae	Gauthier 1986
order	Avetheropoda	Paul 1988
suborder	Coelurosauria	Huene 1914
-	Maniraptora	Gauthier 1986
-	Paraves	Sereno 1997
class	Aves	Linnaeus 1758
-	Pygostylia	Chiappe 2002
-	Ornithothoraces	Chiappe and Calvo 1994
-	Ornithuromorpha	Chiappe et al. 1999
subclass	Ornithurae	Haeckel 1866
-	Carinatae	Merrem 1813
order	Sphenisciformes	Sharpe 1891

Common Name

penguin

Scientific Name

Sphenisciformes

Opinions (PBDB)

Name	Rank	Opinion	Evidence	Author
Sphenisciformes	order	belongs to Carinatae	stated with evidence	Gadow, 1898
Sphenisciformes	order	belongs to Neognathae	implied	Carroll, 1988
Sphenisciformes	order	belongs to Aves	stated without evidence	Baird, 1992
Sphenisciformes	order	belongs to Aves	second hand	Sepkoski, 2002
Sphenisciformes	order	belongs to Aves	stated without evidence	Myrcha et al., 2002
Sphenisciformes	order	belongs to Pansphenisciformes	stated without evidence	Clarke et al., 2003
Sphenisciformes	order	belongs to Aves	stated without evidence	Jadwiszczak, 2006
Sphenisciformes	order	belongs to Neoaves	stated without evidence	Slack et al., 2006
Sphenisciformes	order	belongs to Procellariimorphae	stated without evidence	Livezey and Zusi, 2007
Sphenisciformes	unranked clade	belongs to Neognathae	stated without evidence	Clarke et al., 2007
Sphenisciformes	order	belongs to Aves	stated without evidence	Jadwiszczak, 2012

Status (PBDB)

extant

Taxon Size (PBDB)

136

Extant Size (PBDB)

28 (21%)

First Recorded Appearance

66.0 - 59.2 Ma
Paleocene

Environment

marine

Motility

actively mobile (based on Theropoda)

Diet

carnivore (based on Coelurosauria)

Reproduction

oviparous, dispersal=direct/internal,mobile (based on Theropoda)

Ontogeny

accretion,modification of parts (based on Theropoda)

Taphonomy

hydroxylapatite,compact or dense (based on Theropoda)

Primary Reference (PBDB)

J. J. Sepkoski, Jr. 2002. A compendium of fossil marine animal genera. Bulletins of American Paleontology 363:1-560

Common Name(s)

Penguins, Penguin, Pingouins

Wikipedia

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sphenisciformes

Fossil Distribution

Subtaxa

Name	Status	Fossil Occurrences	Oldest	Youngest
Spheniscidae family	accepted (GBIF) listed (PBDB)	175	66.0 Ma Late/Upper Cretaceous	0 Ma Extant
Palaeospheniscinae ✝ subfamily	listed (PBDB)	25	28.4 Ma Oligocene	5.33 Ma Miocene
Paraptenodytinae ✝ subfamily	listed (PBDB)
Anthropornis ✝ genus	listed (PBDB)	15	56.0 Ma Paleocene	28.4 Ma Oligocene
Aprosdokitos ✝ genus	accepted (GBIF) listed (PBDB)	1	38.0 Ma Eocene	38.0 Ma Eocene
Archaeospheniscus ✝ genus	listed (PBDB)	9	56.0 Ma Paleocene	27.3 Ma Oligocene
Delphinornis ✝ genus	listed (PBDB)	15	56.0 Ma Paleocene	28.4 Ma Oligocene
Duntroonornis ✝ genus	listed (PBDB)	1	27.3 Ma Oligocene	27.3 Ma Oligocene
Icadyptes ✝ genus	listed (PBDB)	1	38.0 Ma Eocene	38.0 Ma Eocene
Inkayacu ✝ genus	listed (PBDB)	1	38.0 Ma Eocene	38.0 Ma Eocene
Kaiika ✝ genus	listed (PBDB)	1	55.8 Ma Eocene	55.8 Ma Eocene
Kairuku ✝ genus	listed (PBDB)	9	37.2 Ma Eocene	27.3 Ma Oligocene
Korora ✝ genus	listed (PBDB)	1	25.2 Ma Oligocene	25.2 Ma Oligocene
Kumimanu ✝ genus	doubtful (GBIF) listed (PBDB)	1	66.0 Ma Late/Upper Cretaceous	66.0 Ma Late/Upper Cretaceous
Kupoupou ✝ genus	listed (PBDB)	1	66.0 Ma Late/Upper Cretaceous	66.0 Ma Late/Upper Cretaceous
Marambiornis ✝ genus	listed (PBDB)	3	47.8 Ma Eocene	38.0 Ma Eocene
Mesetaornis ✝ genus	listed (PBDB)	3	56.0 Ma Paleocene	41.3 Ma Eocene
Muriwaimanu ✝ genus	doubtful (GBIF) listed (PBDB)	3	61.6 Ma Paleocene	58.7 Ma Paleocene
Pachydyptes ✝ genus	listed (PBDB)	3	38.0 Ma Eocene	36.0 Ma Eocene
Perudyptes ✝ genus	listed (PBDB)	1	47.8 Ma Eocene	47.8 Ma Eocene
Platydyptes ✝ genus	listed (PBDB)	5	36.0 Ma Eocene	25.2 Ma Oligocene
Sequiwaimanu ✝ genus	doubtful (GBIF) listed (PBDB)	1	66.0 Ma Late/Upper Cretaceous	66.0 Ma Late/Upper Cretaceous
Tonniornis ✝ genus	listed (PBDB)	2	38.0 Ma Eocene	38.0 Ma Eocene
Waimanu ✝ genus	listed (PBDB)	1	61.6 Ma Paleocene	61.6 Ma Paleocene
Wimanornis ✝ genus	listed (PBDB)	2	38.0 Ma Eocene	38.0 Ma Eocene

Synonymy List

Year	Name and Author
1891	Sphenisciformes Sharpe
1898	Sphenisciformes Gadow p. 32
1988	Sphenisciformes Carroll
1992	Sphenisciformes Baird p. 24
2002	Sphenisciformes Myrcha et al. p. 17
2002	Sphenisciformes Sepkoski, Jr.
2003	Sphenisciformes Clarke et al. p. 3
2006	Sphenisciformes Jadwiszczak p. 11

Year	Name and Author
2006	Sphenisciformes Slack et al. p. 1150
2007	Sphenisciformes Clarke et al. p. 11545
2007	Sphenisciformes Livezey and Zusi p. 90
2010	Sphenisciformes Ksepka and Clarke p. 7
2011	Sphenisciformes Fordyce and Thomas p. 45
2012	Sphenisciformes Jadwiszczak p. 262
2012	Sphenisciformes Park and Fitzgerald p. 317
2014	Sphenisciformes del Hoyo et al.

References

Sepkoski, Jr. J. J. (2002) A compendium of fossil marine animal genera, Bulletins of American Paleontology 363, 1-560

Gadow H. , A Classification of Vertebrata Recent and Extinct, xvii-82

Carroll R. L. (1988) , Vertebrate Paleontology and Evolution, 1-698

Baird R. F. (1992) Fossil avian assemblage of Pitfall Origin from Holocene sediments in Amphitheatre Cave (G-2), South-western Victoria, Australia, Records of the Australian Museum 44, 21-44

Myrcha A., Jadwiszczak P., et al (2002) Taxonomic revision of Eocene Antarctic penguins based on tarsometatarsal morphology, Polish Polar Research 23 1, 5-46

Clarke J. A., Olivero E. B., et al (2003) Decription of the earliest fossil penguin from South America, and first Paleogene vertebrate locality of Teirra del Fuego, Argentina, American Museum Novitates 3423, 1-18

Slack K. E., Jones C. M., et al (2006) Early penguin fossils, plus mitochondrial genomes, calibrate avian evolution, Molecular Biology and Evolution 23 6, 1144-1155

Clarke J. A., Ksepka D. T., et al (2007) Paleogene equatorial penguins challenge the proposed relationship between biogeography, diversity and Cenozoic climate change, Proceedings of the Academy of Natural Sciences 104 28, 11545-11550

Livezey B. C., Zusi R. L. (2007) Higher-order phylogeny of modern birds (Theropoda, Aves: Neornithes) based on comparative anatomy. II. Analysis and discussion, Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 149 1, 1-95

Ksepka D. T., Clarke J. A. (2010) The basal penguin (Aves: Sphenisciformes) Perudyptes devriesi and a phylogenetic evaluation of the penguin fossil record, Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History 337, 1-77

Fordyce R. E., Thomas D. B. (2011) Kaiika maxwelli, a new Early Eocene archaic penguin (Sphenisciformes, Aves) from Waihao Valley, South Canterbury, New Zealand, New Zealand Journal of Geology and Geophysics 54 1, 43-51

Jadwiszczak P. (2012) Partial limb skeleton of a “giant penguin” Anthropornis from the Eocene of Antarctic Peninsula, Polish Polar Research 33 3, 259-274

Park T., Fitzgerald E. M. G. (2012) A review of Australian fossil penguins (Aves: Sphenisciformes), Memoirs of Museum Victoria 69, 309-225

del Hoyo J., Collar N. J., et al (2014) HBW and BirdLife International Illustrated Checklist of the Birds of the World. Volume 1: Non-passerines, 1-904

Daniel González-Acuña,Vanstreels, Ralph Eric Thijl,Miranda, Flavia R.,Ruoppolo, Valeria,Reis, Ana Olívia de Almeida,Costa, Erli Schneider,Pessôa, Adriana Rodrigues de Lira,Torres, João Paulo Machado,Teixeira da Cunha, Larissa Schmauder Teixeira,Piuco, Roberta da Cruz,Valiati, Victor Hugo,Labruna, Marcelo B.,Petry, Maria Virginia,Epiphanio, Sabrina,Catão-Dias, é Luiz (08/2014) Investigation of blood parasites of pygoscelid penguins at the King George and Elephant Islands, South Shetlands Archipelago, Antarctica - via Phthiraptera.info

Data courtesy of: PBDB: The Paleobiology Database, Creative Commons CC-BY licenced. , GBIF: the Global Biodiversity Information Facility, various licences, iDigBio, various licences, and EOL: The Encyclopedia of Life (Open Data Public Domain). Because fossils are made of minerals too!

Quick NavTop Fossil Distribution Subtaxa Synonymy List References

Go to top of page