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Squalodontidae ✝

Photos

Photo Gallery

Squalodon sp.

North Carolina, USA

Squalodon sp.

North Carolina, USA

Squalodon sp.

North Carolina, USA

Description

Squalodontidae or the shark-toothed dolphins is an extinct family of large toothed whales who had long narrow jaws. Squalodontids are known from all continents except Antarctica, from the Oligocene to the Neogene, but they had a maximal diversity and global distribution during the Late Oligocene and Early to Middle Miocene (28 to 15 mya).

From Wikipedia article at https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Squalodontidae, which is released under the Creative Commons Attribution-Share-Alike License 3.0.

Source Data

Source	ID	Link
Global Biodiversity Information Facility ID (GBIF)	3240247	https://www.gbif.org/species/3240247
PaleoBioDB ID (PBDB)	42939	https://paleobiodb.org/classic/checkTaxonInfo?taxon_no=42939

Rank

family

Taxonomy (GBIF,PBDB)

Life : Animalia : Chordata : Mammalia : Cetacea : Squalodontidae

Taxonomic Status (GBIF)

accepted

Classification
(PBDB,GBIF)

Rank	Name	Author
-	Eukaryota
-	Opisthokonta	Cavalier-Smith 1987
kingdom	Animalia
-	Triploblastica	Lankester 1877
-	Nephrozoa	Jondelius et al. 2002
-	Deuterostomia	Grobben 1908
phylum	Chordata	Haeckel 1847
subphylum	Vertebrata	Lamarck 1801
superclass	Gnathostomata	Gegenbauer 1874
-	Osteichthyes
-	Sarcopterygii	Romer 1955
subclass	Dipnotetrapodomorpha
subclass	Tetrapodomorpha
-	Tetrapoda
-	Reptiliomorpha	Säve-Söderbergh 1934
-	Anthracosauria	Säve-Söderbergh 1934
-	Batrachosauria
-	Cotylosauria
-	Amniota	Haeckel 1866
-	Synapsida	Osborn 1903
-	Therapsida
infraorder	Cynodontia
-	Epicynodontia	Hopson and Kitching 2001
infraorder	Eucynodontia	Kemp 1982
-	Probainognathia	Hopson 1990
-	Mammaliamorpha	Rowe 1988
-	Mammaliaformes	Rowe 1988
class	Mammalia	Linnaeus 1758
order	Cetacea	Brisson 1762
-	Pelagiceti	Uhen 2008
-	Neoceti	Fordyce and de Muizon 2001
suborder	Odontoceti	Flower 1867
superfamily	Platanistoidea	Simpson 1945
family	Squalodontidae	Brandt 1873

Scientific Name

Squalodontidae

Opinions (PBDB)

Name	Rank	Opinion	Evidence	Author
Squalodontidae	family	belongs to Odontoceti	stated without evidence	Lydekker, 1887
Squalodontidae	family	belongs to Cetacea	stated without evidence	Newton, 1891
Squalodontidae	family	belongs to Archaeoceti	stated without evidence	Paquier, 1894
Squalodontidae	family	belongs to Odontoceta	stated with evidence	Ameghino, 1894
Squalodontidae	family	belongs to Odontoceti	stated without evidence	Zittel, 1894
Squalodontidae	family	belongs to Cetacea	stated without evidence	Rhoads, 1903
Squalodontidae	family	belongs to Odontoceti	stated without evidence	Case, 1904
Squalodontidae	family	belongs to Squaloceti	stated without evidence	Abel, 1914
Squalodontidae	family	belongs to Odontoceti	stated without evidence	Miller, 1923
Squalodontidae	family	belongs to Squaloceti	stated without evidence	Dal Piaz, 1929
Squalodontidae	family	belongs to Odontocete	stated without evidence	Hay, 1930
Squalodontidae	family	belongs to Squaloceti	stated without evidence	Van Deinse, 1931
Squalodontidae	family	belongs to Archaeoceti	stated without evidence	Benham, 1935
Squalodontidae	family	belongs to Odontoceti	stated without evidence	Slijper, 1936
Squalodontidae	family	belongs to Squalodontoidea	stated without evidence	Simpson, 1945
Squalodontidae	family	belongs to Odontoceti	stated without evidence	Keyes, 1973
Squalodontidae	family	belongs to Platanistoidea	stated without evidence	Muizon, 1984
Squalodontidae	family	belongs to Odontoceti	stated without evidence	Pilleri, 1985
Squalodontidae	family	belongs to Squalodontoidea	stated without evidence	Barnes et al., 1985
Squalodontidae	family	belongs to Platanistoidea	stated without evidence	Muizon, 1987
Squalodontidae	family	belongs to Squalodontoidea	stated with evidence	Pilleri, 1987
Squalodontidae	family	belongs to Odontoceti	implied	Carroll, 1988
Squalodontidae	family	belongs to Platanistoidea	stated without evidence	Muizon, 1990
Squalodontidae	family	belongs to Squalodontoidea	stated without evidence	Vidal, 1991
Squalodontidae	family	belongs to Odontoceti	stated without evidence	Benton, 1993
Squalodontidae	family	belongs to Platanistoidea	stated without evidence	Fordyce and Barnes, 1994
Squalodontidae	family	belongs to Squalodontoidea	implied	McKenna and Bell, 1997
Squalodontidae	family	belongs to Platanistoidea	stated without evidence	Rice, 1998
Squalodontidae	family	belongs to Squalodontoidea	stated without evidence	Dubrovo and Sanders, 2000
Squalodontidae	family	belongs to Odontoceti	implied	Sach and Heizmann, 2001
Squalodontidae	family	belongs to Platanistoidea	stated without evidence	Fordyce and de Muizon, 2001
Squalodontidae	family	belongs to Odontoceti	stated without evidence	Geisler and Sanders, 2003
Squalodontidae	family	belongs to Platanistoidea	stated without evidence	Gingerich, 2005
Squalodontidae	family	belongs to Platanistoidea	stated with evidence	Godfrey et al., 2006
Squalodontidae	family	belongs to Platanistoidea	stated without evidence	Barnes, 2006
Squalodontidae	family	belongs to Odontoceti	stated without evidence	Geisler et al., 2011
Squalodontidae	family	belongs to Platanistoidea	stated without evidence	Bianucci et al., 2011
Squalodontidae	family	belongs to Platanistoidea	stated with evidence	Marx et al., 2016
Squalodontidae	family	belongs to Odontoceti	stated without evidence	Berta, 2017

Status (PBDB)

extinct

Taxon Size (PBDB)

First Recorded Appearance

33.9 - 28.1 Ma
Oligocene

Last Recorded Appearance

5.33 - 0.01 Ma
Cenozoic

Environment

marine,freshwater (based on Odontoceti)

Motility

actively mobile (based on Cetacea)

Diet

carnivore (based on Odontoceti)

Reproduction

viviparous (based on Odontoceti)

Ontogeny

modification of parts (based on Cetacea)

Taphonomy

hydroxylapatite (based on Odontoceti)

Primary Reference (PBDB)

J. F. Brandt. 1873. Untersuchungen über die fossilen und subfossilen cetaceen Europa's. Mémoires de L'Académie Impériale des Sciences de Saint-Petersbourg, Series 7 20(1):1-372

Wikipedia

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Squalodontidae

Fossil Distribution

Subtaxa

Name	Status	Fossil Occurrences	Oldest	Youngest
Squalodontinae ✝ subfamily	listed (PBDB)
Austrosqualodon ✝ genus	accepted (GBIF) listed (PBDB)	1	27.3 Ma Oligocene	27.3 Ma Oligocene
Eosqualodon ✝ genus	accepted (GBIF) listed (PBDB)	2	28.1 Ma Oligocene	23.0 Ma Miocene
Mammalodon ✝ genus	accepted (GBIF) listed (PBDB)	6	28.1 Ma Oligocene	25.2 Ma Oligocene
Metasqualodon ✝ genus	accepted (GBIF) listed (PBDB)	4	28.4 Ma Oligocene	28.1 Ma Oligocene
Microcetus ✝ genus	accepted (GBIF) listed (PBDB)	2	28.1 Ma Oligocene	28.1 Ma Oligocene
Phoberodon ✝ genus	accepted (GBIF) listed (PBDB)	1	23.0 Ma Miocene	23.0 Ma Miocene
Prosqualodon ✝ genus	accepted (GBIF) listed (PBDB)	9	28.1 Ma Oligocene	16.0 Ma Miocene
Squalodon ✝ genus	accepted (GBIF) listed (PBDB)	96	33.9 Ma Oligocene	5.33 Ma Miocene
Tangaroasaurus ✝ genus	accepted (GBIF) listed (PBDB)	1	16.0 Ma Miocene	16.0 Ma Miocene

Obsolete Names

Name	Source	Taxon Rank	Taxonomy
Mesoceti	GBIF	family	Animalia : Chordata : Mammalia : Cetacea : Mesoceti
Portheodon Gill, 1872	GBIF	genus	Animalia : Chordata : Mammalia : Cetacea : Squalodontidae : *Portheodon*
Zeuglodon vredense (Landois, 1844)	GBIF	species	Animalia : Chordata : Mammalia : Cetacea : Squalodontidae : *Zeuglodon vredense*
Squalodon andrewi Benham, 1942	GBIF	species	Animalia : Chordata : Mammalia : Cetacea : Squalodontidae : *Squalodon andrewi*
Zeuglodon vredensis (Landois, 1844)	GBIF	species	Animalia : Chordata : Mammalia : Cetacea : Squalodontidae : *Zeuglodon vredensis*
Basilosaurus vredensis (Landois, 1844)	GBIF	species	Animalia : Chordata : Mammalia : Cetacea : Squalodontidae : *Basilosaurus vredensis*

Synonymy List

Year	Name and Author
1838	Pachyodon Meyer p. 414
1844	Zeuglodon vredense Landois p. 49
1853	Pachyodon Bronn p. 774
1872	Portheodon Gill
1873	Squalodontidae Brandt p. 576
1887	Squalodontidae Lydekker p. 75
1889	Squalodontidae Cope p. 876
1890	Squalodontidae Cope p. 602
1891	Squalodontidae Newton p. 75
1894	Squalodontidae Ameghino p. 436
1894	Mesoceti Dames
1894	Squalodontidae Paquier p. 5
1894	Zeuglodon vredense Zittel p. 168
1894	Squalodontidae Zittel p. 169
1895	Squalodontidae Flores p. 11
1898	Zeuglodon vredensis Trouessart p. 1010
1898	Squalodontidae Trouessart p. 1012
1902	Squalodontidae Hay p. 588
1903	Squalodontidae Rhoads p. 247
1904	Squalodontidae Case p. 6
1904	Basilosaurus vredensis Trouessart p. 753
1904	Squalodontidae Trouessart p. 754
1905	Squalodontidae Abel p. 46
1908	Squalodontidae True p. 391
1911	Squalodontidae Jaekel p. 231
1914	Squalodontidae Abel p. 221
1919	Squalodontidae Abel p. 762
1923	Squalodontidae Miller p. 40
1925	Squalodontidae Zittel p. 85
1928	Squalodontidae Kellogg p. 32 figs. Table 1
1929	Squalodontidae Dal Piaz p. 73
1930	Squalodontidae Hay p. 580
1931	Squalodontidae Van Deinse p. 33
1935	Squalodontidae Benham p. 243
1936	Squalodontidae Slijper p. 543
1937	Prosqualodon hamiltoni Benham pp. 8-9
1942	Squalodon andrewi Benham p. 267
1942	Prosqualodon hamiltoni Kellogg p. 447
1945	Squalodontidae Simpson p. 100
1961	Squalodontidae Rothausen p. 113
1968	Squalodontidae Rothausen p. 87
1971	Squalodontidae Ginsburg and Janvier p. 167

Year	Name and Author
1973	Prosqualodon hamiltoni Keyes p. 389
1973	Squalodon andrewi Keyes p. 389
1973	Squalodontidae Keyes p. 389
1977	Squalodontidae Whitmore and Sanders p. 305
1980	Prosqualodon hamiltoni Fordyce p. iii figs. Table 2
1984	Squalodontidae Muizon p. 68
1984	Squalodontidae Whitmore p. 230
1985	Squalodontidae Barnes et al. p. 25
1985	Squalodontidae Pilleri p. 11
1987	Squalodontidae Muizon p. 13
1987	Squalodontidae Pilleri p. 147
1988	Squalodontidae Carroll
1990	Squalodontidae Muizon p. 312
1991	Squalodontidae Vidal p. 5
1993	Squalodontidae Benton p. 761
1994	Squalodontidae Fordyce and Barnes p. 429 figs. Table 1
1994	Squalodontidae Muizon p. 136
1995	Squalodontidae Fordyce et al. p. 379
1997	Squalodontidae McKenna and Bell p. 373
1998	Squalodontidae Rice
2000	Squalodontidae Dubrovo and Sanders p. 580
2001	Squalodontidae Fordyce and de Muizon p. 178
2001	Squalodontidae Sach and Heizmann p. 42
2002	Squalodontidae Rice p. 231 figs. Table 1
2003	Squalodontidae Geisler and Sanders p. 28
2005	Squalodontidae Cahuzac et al. p. 420
2005	Squalodontidae Gingerich p. 237 figs. Table 15.1
2006	Squalodontidae Barnes p. 32
2006	Squalodontidae Godfrey et al. p. 68A
2007	Squalodontidae Bianucci and Landini p. 45 figs. Table 2.1
2008	Squalodontidae Uhen et al. p. 583
2008	Squalodontidae Whitmore and Kaltenbach p. 183
2009	Squalodontidae Barnes and Reynolds p. 487
2009	Squalodontidae Rice p. 235 figs. Table 1
2011	Squalodontidae Bianucci et al. p. 560
2011	Squalodontidae Geisler et al. p. 5 figs. Table 1
2012	Basilosaurus vredensis Kalmykov p. 179
2014	Squalodontidae Aguirre-Fernández and Fordyce p. 195
2014	Squalodontidae Carone and Marra p. 122
2016	Squalodontidae Marx et al. p. 120
2017	Squalodontidae Berta p. 160

References

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Meyer H. v. Mittheilungen, an Professor Bronn gerichtet, Neus Jahrbuch fur Mineralogie, Geognosie, Geologie und Petrefaktenkunde 1838, 413-418

Landois A. Derselbe machte ferner Mittheilung von dem Funde von Zeuglodonresten bei Munster, Verhandlungen des naturhistorischen Vereines der preussischen Rheinlande und Westfalens. Correspondenzblatt 41 2, 49-50

Gill T. Arrangement of the Families of Mammals, Smithsonian Miscellaneous Collections 11 230, 1-98

Lydekker R. , Catalogue of the Fossil Mammalia in the British Museum (Natural History) 5, 1-345

Cope E. D. Synopsis of the families of Vertebrata, The American Naturalist 23, 1-29

Newton E. T. The vertebrata of the Pliocene deposits of Britain, Memoirs of the Geological Survey of the United Kingdom, 1-137

Ameghino F. Enumeration synoptique des especes de mammifères fossiles des formations éocènes de Patagonie, Boletin de la Academia Nacional de Ciencias en Cordoba (Republica Argentina) 13, 259-452

Dames W. Über Zeuglodonten aus Aegypten und die Beziehungen der Archaeoceten zu den Übrigen Cetaceen, Palaeontologische Abhandlungen 1 5, 189-221

Paquier V. Etude sur quelques cetaces du Miocene, Memoires Societe Geologique de France 12, 1-20

Flores E. Catalogo dei mammiferi fossili dell' Italia meridionale continentale, Atti della Acccademia pontaniana 25 18, 3-48

Trouessart E. L. , Catalogus mammalium tam viventium quam fossilum 5, 665-1264

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Rhoads S. N. (1903) The Mammals of Pennsylvania and New Jersey: A Biographic, Historic and Descriptive Account of the Furred Animals of Land and Sea, Both Living and Extinct, Known to Have Existed in These States, 1-266

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Abel O. (1914) Die vorfahren der bartenwale, Denkschriften der Kaiserlichen Akademie der Wissenschaften Mathematisch-Naturwissenschaftliche Klasse 90, 155-224

Abel O. (1919) Die Stämme der Wirbeltiere, Walter de Gruyter, Berlin, Leipzig, 914 p.

Miller G. S. (1923) The telescoping of the cetacean skull, Smithsonian Miscellaneous Collections 76 5, 1-70

Hay O. P. (1930) Second Bibliography and Catalogue of the Fossil Vertebrata of North America, Carnegie Institution of Washington 390 II, 1-1074

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SN2000: Brands, S. J. (compiler) 1989-2005. Systema Naturae 2000. Amsterdam, The Netherlands (2006 version). Available online at http://sn2000.taxonomy.nl/. - via The Interim Register of Marine and Nonmarine Genera

Data courtesy of: PBDB: The Paleobiology Database, Creative Commons CC-BY licenced. , GBIF: the Global Biodiversity Information Facility, various licences, iDigBio, various licences, and EOL: The Encyclopedia of Life (Open Data Public Domain). Because fossils are made of minerals too!

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