| Description | Four-toothed whales or giant beaked whales are beaked whales in the genus Berardius ("tsuchi"). They include Arnoux's beaked whale (Berardius arnuxii) in cold Southern Hemisphere waters, and Baird's beaked whale (Berardius bairdii, "tsuchi-kujira") in the cold temperate waters of the North Pacific. A third species, Berardius minimus, (Latin transliteration="least four-toothed whale", commonly called "kuro-tsuchi") was distinguished from B. bairdii in the 2010s.
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| Source Data | |
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| Rank | genus |
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| Taxonomy (GBIF) | Life : Animalia : Chordata : Mammalia : Cetacea : Hyperoodontidae : Berardius |
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| Taxonomy (PBDB) | Life : Animalia : Chordata : Mammalia : Cetacea : Ziphiidae : Berardius |
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| Taxonomic Status (GBIF) | accepted |
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Classification
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| Scientific Name | Berardius Duvernoy, 1851 |
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| Name Published In | Duvernoy, G. L. 1851. Memoire sur les caracteres osteologiques des genus nouveaux ou des especes nouvelles de cetaces vivant ou fossiles. Annales des Sciences Naturelles, Zoologie, Série 3 15: 1-71. |
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| Opinions (PBDB) | | Name | Rank | Opinion | Evidence | Author |
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| Berardius | genus | belongs to Delphinidae | stated without evidence | Gray, 1863 | | Berardius | genus | belongs to Rhynchoceti | stated without evidence | Huxley, 1864 | | Berardius | genus | belongs to Ziphiina | stated without evidence | Gray, 1865 | | Berardius | genus | belongs to Ziphiinae | stated without evidence | Gill, 1871 | | Berardius | genus | belongs to Physeteridae | stated without evidence | Cope, 1890 | | Berardius | genus | belongs to Ziphiinae | stated without evidence | Trouessart, 1904 | | Berardius | genus | belongs to Ziphiidae | stated without evidence | Kellogg, 1928 | | Berardius | genus | belongs to Ziphiinae | stated without evidence | Weber, 1928 | | Berardius | genus | belongs to Ziphiidae | stated without evidence | Simpson, 1945 | | Berardius | genus | belongs to Ziphiinae | stated without evidence | Fraser and Purves, 1960 | | Berardius | genus | belongs to Ziphiidae | stated without evidence | Scheffer and Rice, 1963 | | Berardius | genus | belongs to Berardiina | stated without evidence | Moore, 1968 | | Berardius | genus | belongs to Ziphiinae | stated without evidence | Kasuya, 1973 | | Berardius | genus | belongs to Ziphiidae | stated without evidence | Barnes, 1977 | | Berardius | genus | belongs to Ziphiinae | stated without evidence | Muizon, 1990 | | Berardius | genus | belongs to Ziphiidae | stated without evidence | Vidal, 1991 | | Berardius | genus | belongs to Hyperoodontidae | implied | McKenna and Bell, 1997 | | Berardius | genus | belongs to Ziphiinae | stated without evidence | Rice, 1998 | | Berardius | genus | belongs to Ziphiidae | stated without evidence | Geisler and Sanders, 2003 | | Berardius | genus | belongs to Berardiinae | stated without evidence | Bianucci et al., 2007 | | Berardius | genus | belongs to Ziphiidae | stated without evidence | Agnarsson and May-Collado, 2008 | | Berardius | genus | belongs to Berardiinae | stated without evidence | Lambert et al., 2009 | | Berardius | genus | belongs to Ziphiidae | stated without evidence | Geisler et al., 2011 | | Berardius | genus | belongs to Berardiinae | stated without evidence | Lambert et al., 2013 | | Berardius | genus | belongs to Berardiinae | stated with evidence | Lambert and Louwye, 2016 |
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| Status (PBDB) | extant |
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| Taxon Size (PBDB) | 3 |
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| Extant Size (PBDB) | 3 (100%) |
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| First Recorded Appearance | 0.01 Ma
Pleistocene |
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| Environment | marine,freshwater (based on Odontoceti) |
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| Motility | actively mobile (based on Cetacea) |
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| Diet | piscivore, carnivore (based on Ziphiidae) |
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| Reproduction | viviparous (based on Odontoceti) |
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| Ontogeny | modification of parts (based on Cetacea) |
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| Taphonomy | hydroxylapatite (based on Odontoceti) |
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| Primary Reference (PBDB) | M. Duvernoy. 1851. Memoire sure les characteres osteologiques des genres nouveaus ou des especesnouvelles de cetaces vivants out fossiles. Annales des Sciences Naturelles 15:1-71 |
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| Common Name(s) | Giant Beaked Whales, Giant Bottle-nosed Whales |
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| Wikipedia | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Berardius |
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| Duvernoy M. Memoire sure les characteres osteologiques des genres nouveaus ou des especesnouvelles de cetaces vivants out fossiles, Annales des Sciences Naturelles 15, 1-71 |
| Huxley T. H. On the cetacean fossils termed Ziphius by Cuvier, with a notice of a new species (Belemnoziphius compressus) from the Red Crag, Proceedings of the Geological Society 20, 388-396 |
| Gray J. E. , Catalogue of Seals and Whales in the British Museum, 1-402 |
| Gray J. E. , Synopsis of the species of whales and dolphins in the Collection of the British Museum, 1-10 |
| Gill T. Synopsis of the primary subdivisions of the cetaceans, Communications of the Essex Institute 6, 121-126 |
| Gill T. Arrangement of the Families of Mammals, Smithsonian Miscellaneous Collections 11 230, 1-98 |
| Palmer T. S. (1904) Index generum mammalium: a list of the genera and families of mammals, North American Fauna 23, 1-984 |
| Trouessart E. L. (1904) , Catalogus Mammalium Tam Viventium Quam Fossilium, Fourth Edition, 1-929 |
| Simpson G. G. (1945) The principles of classification and a classification of mammals, Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History 85, 1-350 |
| Ellerman J. R., Morrisson-Scott T. C. S. (1951) , Checklist of Palaearctic and Indian Mammals 1758 to 1946, 1-810 |
| Fraser F. C., Purves P. E. (1960) Hearing in Cetaceans, Bulletin of the British Museum (Natural History) 7 1, 1-140 |
| Scheffer V. B., Rice D. W. (1963) A list of the marine mammals of the world, United States Fish and Wildlife Service Special Scientific Report - Fisheries 431, 1-12 |
| Moore J. C. (1968) Relationships among the living genera of beaked whales with classifications, diagnoses and keys, Fieldiana: Zoology 53 4, 209-298 |
| Barnes L. G. (1977) Outline of eastern North Pacific fossil cetacean assemblages, Systematic Zoology 25 4, 321-343 |
| Muizon C. (1990) A new Ziphiidae (Cetacea) from the Early Miocene of Washington State (USA) and phylogenetic analysis of the major groups of odontocetes, Bulletin du Museum National d'Histoire Naturelle. 4e Serie. Section C. Sciences de la Terre. Paleontologie, Geologie, Mineralogie 12 3-4, 279-326 |
| Vidal O. (1991) Catalog of osteological collections of aquatic mammals from Mexico, NOAA Technical Reports NMFS 97, 1-36 |
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| Fordyce R. E., de Muizon C. (2001) Evolutionary history of the cetaceans: a review, Secondary Adaptations of Tetrapods to Life in the Water, 169-233 |
| Lambert O. (2005) Systematics and phylogeny of the fossil beaked whales Ziphirostrum du Bus, 1868 and Choneziphius Duvernoy, 1851 (Mammalia, Cetacea, Odontoceti), from the Neogene of Antwerp (North of Belgium), Geodiversitas 27 3, 443-497 |
| Mead J. G., Brownell R. L. (2005) Order Cetacea, Mammalian Species of the World, 723-743 |
| Bianucci G., Lambert O., et al (2007) A high diversity in fossil beaked whales (Mammalia, Odontoceti, Ziphiidae) recovered by trawling from the sea floor off South Africa, Geodiversitas 29 4, 561-618 |
| Agnarsson I., May-Collado L. J. (2008) The phylogeny of Cetartiodactyla: The importance of dense taxon sampling, missing data, and the remarkable promise of cytochrome b to provide reliable species-level phylogenies, Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution 48, 964-985 |
| Lambert O., et al (2009) A new beaked whale (Odontoceti, Ziphiidae) from the middle Miocene of Peru, Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology 29 3, 910-922 |
| Bianucci G., Lambert O., et al (2010) High concentration of long-snouted beaked whales (Genus Messapicetus) from the Miocene of Peru, Palaeontology 53 5, 1077-1098 |
| Geisler J. H., McGowen M. R., et al (2011) A supermatrix analysis of genomic, morphological, and paleontological data from crown Cetacea, BMC Evolutionary Biology 11 112, 1-33 |
| Lambert O., Louwye S. (2016) A new early Pliocene species of Mesoplodon: a calibration mark for the radiation of this species- rich beaked whale genus, Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology, e1055754 doi:10.1080/02724634.2015.1055754 |
| Marx F. G., Lambert O., et al (2016) Cetacean Paleobiology, 1-319 |
| Ramassamy B. (2016) Description of a new long-snouted beaked whale from the Late Miocene of Denmark: evolution of suction feeding and sexual dimorphism in the Ziphiidae (Cetacea: Odontoceti), Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 178, 381-409 doi:10.1111/zoj.12418 |
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Berardius
