Parahopeite
A valid IMA mineral species - grandfathered
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About Parahopeite
Formula:
Zn3(PO4)2 · 4H2O
Colour:
Colourless, yellow-brown, golden brown
Lustre:
Vitreous, Pearly
Hardness:
3½
Specific Gravity:
3.31
Crystal System:
Triclinic
Member of:
Name:
In allusion to its polymorphic relationship to hopeite.
Type Locality:
Dimorph of:
Unique Identifiers
Mindat ID:
3092
Long-form identifier:
mindat:1:1:3092:8
GUID
(UUID V4):
(UUID V4):
140b0d20-f17c-4661-8d2d-5e5586a8559e
IMA Classification of Parahopeite
Approved, 'Grandfathered' (first described prior to 1959)
First published:
1908
Classification of Parahopeite
8.CA.70
8 : PHOSPHATES, ARSENATES, VANADATES
C : Phosphates without additional anions, with H2O
A : With small and large/medium cations
8 : PHOSPHATES, ARSENATES, VANADATES
C : Phosphates without additional anions, with H2O
A : With small and large/medium cations
40.3.3.1
40 : HYDRATED NORMAL PHOSPHATES,ARSENATES AND VANADATES
3 : A3(XO4)2·xH2O
40 : HYDRATED NORMAL PHOSPHATES,ARSENATES AND VANADATES
3 : A3(XO4)2·xH2O
19.6.4
19 : Phosphates
6 : Phosphates of Zn
19 : Phosphates
6 : Phosphates of Zn
Mineral Symbols
As of 2021 there are now IMA–CNMNC approved mineral symbols (abbreviations) for each mineral species, useful for tables and diagrams.
| Symbol | Source | Reference |
|---|---|---|
| Phop | IMA–CNMNC | Warr, L.N. (2021). IMA–CNMNC approved mineral symbols. Mineralogical Magazine, 85(3), 291-320. doi:10.1180/mgm.2021.43 |
Pronunciation of Parahopeite
Pronunciation:
| Play | Recorded by | Country |
|---|---|---|
| Jolyon Ralph | United Kingdom |
Physical Properties of Parahopeite
Vitreous, Pearly
Transparency:
Transparent
Comment:
Lustre somewhat pearly on the cleavage.
Colour:
Colourless, yellow-brown, golden brown
Comment:
Colourless in transmitted light.
Streak:
White
Hardness:
3½ on Mohs scale
Cleavage:
Perfect
On {010}, perfect.
On {010}, perfect.
Density:
3.31 g/cm3 (Measured) 3.304 g/cm3 (Calculated)
Optical Data of Parahopeite
Type:
Biaxial (+)
RI values:
nα = 1.614(3) nβ = 1.625(3) nγ = 1.637(3)
2V:
Measured: 90°
Max Birefringence:
δ = 0.023
Image shows birefringence interference colour range (at 30µm thickness)
and does not take into account mineral colouration.
and does not take into account mineral colouration.
Surface Relief:
Moderate
Dispersion:
r > v, moderately strong
Optical Extinction:
X ≃ a; Y ∧ c = 30° on {100}.
Comments:
2V nearly 90°.
Chemistry of Parahopeite
Mindat Formula:
Zn3(PO4)2 · 4H2O
Elements listed:
Crystallography of Parahopeite
Crystal System:
Triclinic
Class (H-M):
1 - Pinacoidal
Space Group:
P1
Cell Parameters:
a = 5.76 Å, b = 7.54 Å, c = 5.27 Å
α = 93.44°, β = 91.2°, γ = 91.4°
α = 93.44°, β = 91.2°, γ = 91.4°
Ratio:
a:b:c = 0.764 : 1 : 0.699
Unit Cell V:
228.34 ų (Calculated from Unit Cell)
Morphology:
Crystals elongated [001] and tabular {100}; frequently grouped in sub-parallel aggregates or fan-like or tufted groups.
Ledoux et al. (1917) report the following forms:
Pinacoids - {100}, {001}, {010}
Prisms - {310}, {110} {120}, {160}, {110}, {120}, {160}
Brachydomes - {021}, {032}, {011}, {012}, {011}
Marcodomes - (203}
Pyramids {111}, {111}, {111}, {111}, {423}, {131}, {231}, {322}, {112}, {121}, {5+12}, {143}, {162}, {271}, {121}, {131}
Ledoux et al. (1917) report the following forms:
Pinacoids - {100}, {001}, {010}
Prisms - {310}, {110} {120}, {160}, {110}, {120}, {160}
Brachydomes - {021}, {032}, {011}, {012}, {011}
Marcodomes - (203}
Pyramids {111}, {111}, {111}, {111}, {423}, {131}, {231}, {322}, {112}, {121}, {5+12}, {143}, {162}, {271}, {121}, {131}
Twinning:
On {100}, polysynthetic, common.
Crystal Structure
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Data courtesy of the American Mineralogist Crystal Structure Database. Click on an AMCSD ID to view structure
| ID | Species | Reference | Link | Year | Locality | Pressure (GPa) | Temp (K) |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 0010701 | Parahopeite | Chao G Y (1969) Refinement of the crystal structure of parahopeite Zeitschrift fur Kristallographie 130 261-266 |  | 1969 | not given | 0 | 293 |
CIF Raw Data - click here to close
X-Ray Powder Diffraction
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Radiation - Copper Kα
Data courtesy of RRUFF project at University of Arizona, used with permission.
Powder Diffraction Data:
| d-spacing | Intensity |
|---|---|
| 7.53 Å | (100) |
| 2.981 Å | (80) |
| 4.44 Å | (70) |
| 5.27 Å | (40) |
| 2.887 Å | (40) |
| 5.78 Å | (30) |
| 3.77 Å | (30) |
Comments:
Kabwe, Zambia, ICDD 24-1461.
Geological Environment
Paragenetic Mode(s):
| Paragenetic Mode | Earliest Age (Ga) |
|---|---|
| Stage 7: Great Oxidation Event | <2.4 |
| 47a : [Near-surface hydration of prior minerals] | |
| 47c : [Carbonates, phosphates, borates, nitrates] |
Type Occurrence of Parahopeite
General Appearance of Type Material:
Crystals, resembling hemimorphite. Platy crystals thickly grouped together on tarbuttite. Thin, platy crystals are clustered in tufts on nodular, ochreous limonite.
Place of Conservation of Type Material:
The Natural History Museum, London, England, number 1907,980.
Geological Setting of Type Material:
A secondary mineral in the oxidized zone of a zinc-bearing hydrothermal mineral deposit.
Associated Minerals at Type Locality:
Other Language Names for Parahopeite
German:Parahopeit
Russian:Парагопеит
Simplified Chinese:副磷锌矿
Spanish:Parahopeita
Traditional Chinese:副磷鋅礦
Relationship of Parahopeite to other Species
Member of:
Other Members of this group:
| Arsenohopeite | Zn3(AsO4)2 · 4H2O | Orth. mmm (2/m 2/m 2/m) : Pnma |
| Davidlloydite | Zn3(AsO4)2 · 4H2O | Tric. 1 : P1 |
| Hopeite | ZnZn2(PO4)2 · 4H2O | Orth. mmm (2/m 2/m 2/m) : Pnma |
| Nizamoffite | Mn2+Zn2(PO4)2(H2O)4 | Orth. mmm (2/m 2/m 2/m) : Pbcm |
| Sergeysmirnovite | MgZn2(PO4)2 · 4H2O | Orth. mmm (2/m 2/m 2/m) : Pnma |
| Unnamed (Mg-analogue of Hopeite) | Mg3(PO4)2 · 4H2O |
Common Associates
Associated Minerals Based on Photo Data:
| 21 photos of Parahopeite associated with Hopeite | ZnZn2(PO4)2 · 4H2O |
| 15 photos of Parahopeite associated with Scholzite | CaZn2(PO4)2 · 2H2O |
| 8 photos of Parahopeite associated with Tarbuttite | Zn2(PO4)(OH) |
| 5 photos of Parahopeite associated with Phosphophyllite | Zn2Fe(PO4)2 · 4H2O |
| 4 photos of Parahopeite associated with Switzerite | Mn2+3(PO4)2 · 7H2O |
| 3 photos of Parahopeite associated with Pyromorphite | Pb5(PO4)3Cl |
| 3 photos of Parahopeite associated with Goethite | α-Fe3+O(OH) |
| 3 photos of Parahopeite associated with Hemimorphite | Zn4Si2O7(OH)2 · H2O |
| 2 photos of Parahopeite associated with Spencerite | Zn4(PO4)2(OH)2 · 3H2O |
| 1 photo of Parahopeite associated with Collinsite | Ca2Mg(PO4)2 · 2H2O |
Related Minerals - Strunz-mindat Grouping
| 8.CA. | Davidlloydite | Zn3(AsO4)2 · 4H2O |
| 8.CA. | Apexite | NaMg(PO4) · 9H2O |
| 8.CA. | Brandãoite | BeAl2(PO4)2(OH)2(H2O)5 |
| 8.CA.05 | Fransoletite | Ca3Be2(PO4)2(PO3OH)2 · 4H2O |
| 8.CA.05 | Parafransoletite | Ca3Be2(PO4)2(PO3OH)2 · 4H2O |
| 8.CA.10 | Ehrleite | Ca4Be3Zn2(PO4)6 · 9H2O |
| 8.CA.15 | Faheyite | Be2Mn2+Fe3+2(PO4)4 · 6H2O |
| 8.CA.20 | Gainesite | Na(Na,K)(Be,Li)Zr2(PO4)4 · 1.5-2H2O |
| 8.CA.20 | Mccrillisite | NaCs(Be,Li)Zr2(PO4)4 · 1-2H2O |
| 8.CA.20 | Selwynite | NaK(Be,Al)Zr2(PO4)4 · 2H2O |
| 8.CA.25 | Pahasapaite | Li8(Ca,Li,K)10.5Be24(PO4)24 · 38H2O |
| 8.CA.30 | Hopeite | ZnZn2(PO4)2 · 4H2O |
| 8.CA.30 | Arsenohopeite | Zn3(AsO4)2 · 4H2O |
| 8.CA.30 | Nizamoffite | Mn2+Zn2(PO4)2(H2O)4 |
| 8.CA.30 | Unnamed (Mg-analogue of Hopeite) | Mg3(PO4)2 · 4H2O |
| 8.CA.35 | Warikahnite | Zn3(AsO4)2 · 2H2O |
| 8.CA.40 | Phosphophyllite | Zn2Fe(PO4)2 · 4H2O |
| 8.CA.42 | Steinmetzite | Zn2Fe3+(PO4)2(OH) · 3H2O |
| 8.CA.45 | Parascholzite | CaZn2(PO4)2 · 2H2O |
| 8.CA.45 | Scholzite | CaZn2(PO4)2 · 2H2O |
| 8.CA.50 | Keyite | Cu2+3Zn4Cd2(AsO4)6 · 2H2O |
| 8.CA.55 | Pushcharovskite | K0.6Cu18[AsO2(OH)2]4[AsO3OH]10(AsO4)(OH)9.6 · 18.6H2O |
| 8.CA.60 | Prosperite | Ca2Zn4(AsO4)4 · H2O |
| 8.CA.65 | Gengenbachite | KFe3+3(PO3OH)4[PO2(OH)2]2 · 6H2O |
| 8.CA.70 | Reaphookhillite | MgZn2(PO4)2 · 4H2O |
| 8.CA.75 | Stergiouite | CaZn2(AsO4)2 · 4H2O |
| 8.CA.80 | Limousinite | BaCa[Be4P4O16] · 6H2O |
| 8.CA.85 | Minjiangite | BaBe2(PO4)2 |
| 8.CA.85 | Wilancookite | (Ba5Li2◻)Ba6Be24P24O96 · 26H2O |
Other Information
Health Risks:
No information on health risks for this material has been entered into the database. You should always treat mineral specimens with care.
Internet Links for Parahopeite
mindat.org URL:
https://www.mindat.org/min-3092.html
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References for Parahopeite
Reference List:
Spencer, L. J. (1908) On Hopeite and other zinc phosphates and associated minerals from the Broken Hill mines, North-Western Rhodesia. Mineralogical Magazine and Journal of the Mineralogical Society, 15 (68) 1-38 doi:10.1180/minmag.1908.015.68.02 p.18
Larsen, Esper S. (1921) The microscopic determination of the nonopaque minerals. Bulletin Vol. 679. US Geological Survey doi:10.3133/b679 p.117
Wolfe, C. W. (1940) Classification of minerals of the type A3(XO4)2·nH2O (concluded) American Mineralogist, 25 (12) 787-809 p.788
Hill, R. J., Milnes, A. R. (1974) Phosphate minerals from Reaphook Hill, Flinders Ranges, South Australia. Mineralogical Magazine, 39 (306) 684-695 doi:10.1180/minmag.1974.039.306.06
Localities for Parahopeite
symbol to view information about a locality.
The Locality List
- This locality has map coordinates listed.
- This locality has estimated coordinates.
ⓘ - Click for references and further information on this occurrence.
? - Indicates mineral may be doubtful at this locality.
- Good crystals or important locality for species.
- World class for species or very significant.
(TL) - Type Locality for a valid mineral species.
(FRL) - First Recorded Locality for everything else (eg varieties).
All localities listed without proper references should be considered as questionable.
Australia | |
| SA Geodata Database - Mineral Deposit ... +1 other reference |
Canada | |
| Palache et al. (1951) +1 other reference |
| Peatfield (n.d.) +1 other reference |
China | |
| Lairen Lai and Nicheng Shi (1984) | |
Germany | |
| Dill et al. (2009) |
| Dill (2009) |
| Dill H.G.: "Mineralogical and chemical ... +1 other reference | |
| www.berthold-weber.de (2001) | |
| Weiß (1990) |
| Lapis (1) |
UK | |
| Hartley (1984) +2 other references |
| Stanley et al. (1991) | |
| Dunham et al. (2nd Edition) |
Zambia (TL) | |
| Mineralogical Record: 11: 339. +2 other references |
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Hudson Bay Mine, Salmo, Nelson Mining Division, British Columbia, Canada