Petrified and carbonised wood specimens sporadically outcropping from a conglomerate bed (mainly consisting of ophiolitic clasts in a sand-clay matrix varying in colour from dark grey to dark green), attributed to the Upper Tortonian (Late Miocene), along a ridge, covered by dense shrub, located at about 70 m a.s.l. on the left side of the Ugione stream (Torrente Ugione), below the Poggio Corbolone ophiolitic body.

Loose specimens, likely coming from this occurrence and a similar one located on the right side of the Ugione stream (Collesalvetti municipal territory, see https://www.mindat.org/loc-308080.html), are also found downstream along the Ugione stream bed (that divides the municipal territories of Livorno and Collesalvetti).

Lignite fissures and fractures often contain pyrite, hartite, and gypsum; petrified wood mostly consists of opal, chalcedony, and quartz (crystals less than 2-3 mm in length). A few specimens of wood, internally petrified with some carbonised parts towards the outside, contain garnet-red to dark orange droplets of amber.

Select Mineral List Type

Standard Detailed Gallery Strunz Chemical Elements

Mineral List

ⓘ 'Amber'

5 valid minerals.

Rock Types Recorded

Note: data is currently VERY limited. Please bear with us while we work towards adding this information!

Select Rock List Type

Alphabetical List Tree Diagram

ⓘ Lignite

ⓘ 'Petrified Wood'

Detailed Mineral List:

ⓘ 'Amber'

Reference: Sammartino, F. (2015-2016) Primo ritrovamento di ambra sui Monti Livornesi. Nota preliminare. Quaderni del Museo di Storia Naturale di Livorno, 26, 117-120.

ⓘ Branchite

Formula: C₂₀H₃₄

Reference: Sammartino, F., Borzatti, A., von Löwenstern, A., and Grassi, R. (2011-2012) Rinvenimento e studio di alcuni macrofossili vegetali del tardo Miocene sui Monti Livornesi. Quaderni del Museo di Storia Naturale di Livorno, 24, 11-19; Sammartino, F. (2015-2016) Primo ritrovamento di ambra sui Monti Livornesi. Nota preliminare. Quaderni del Museo di Storia Naturale di Livorno, 26, 117-120.

ⓘ Gypsum

Formula: CaSO₄ · 2H₂O

ⓘ Opal

Formula: SiO₂ · nH₂O

ⓘ Pyrite

Formula: FeS₂

ⓘ Quartz

Formula: SiO₂

ⓘ Quartz var. Chalcedony

Formula: SiO₂

Gallery:

List of minerals arranged by Strunz 10th Edition classification

Group 2 - Sulphides and Sulfosalts
ⓘ	Pyrite	2.EB.05a	FeS₂
Group 4 - Oxides and Hydroxides
ⓘ	Opal	4.DA.10	SiO₂ · nH₂O
ⓘ	Quartz	4.DA.05	SiO₂
ⓘ	var. Chalcedony	4.DA.05	SiO₂
Group 7 - Sulphates, Chromates, Molybdates and Tungstates
ⓘ	Gypsum	7.CD.40	CaSO₄ · 2H₂O
Group 10 - Organic Compounds
ⓘ	Branchite	10.BA.10	C₂₀H₃₄
Unclassified Minerals, Rocks, etc.
ⓘ	'Amber'	-

List of minerals for each chemical element

H	Hydrogen
H	ⓘ Branchite	C₂₀H₃₄
H	ⓘ Gypsum	CaSO₄ · 2H₂O
H	ⓘ Opal	SiO₂ · nH₂O
C	Carbon
C	ⓘ Branchite	C₂₀H₃₄
O	Oxygen
O	ⓘ Gypsum	CaSO₄ · 2H₂O
O	ⓘ Quartz	SiO₂
O	ⓘ Opal	SiO₂ · nH₂O
O	ⓘ Quartz var. Chalcedony	SiO₂
Si	Silicon
Si	ⓘ Quartz	SiO₂
Si	ⓘ Opal	SiO₂ · nH₂O
Si	ⓘ Quartz var. Chalcedony	SiO₂
S	Sulfur
S	ⓘ Pyrite	FeS₂
S	ⓘ Gypsum	CaSO₄ · 2H₂O
Ca	Calcium
Ca	ⓘ Gypsum	CaSO₄ · 2H₂O
Fe	Iron
Fe	ⓘ Pyrite	FeS₂

References

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Year (asc) Year (desc) Author (A-Z) Author (Z-A)

Sammartino, F., Borzatti, A., von Löwenstern, A., Grassi, R. (2011-2012) Rinvenimento e studio di alcuni macrofossili vegetali del tardo Miocene sui Monti Livornesi. Quaderni del Museo di Storia Naturale di Livorno: 24: 11-19.

Sammartino, F. (2015-2016) Primo ritrovamento di ambra sui Monti Livornesi. Nota preliminare. Quaderni del Museo di Storia Naturale di Livorno: 26: 117-120.

External Links

https://www.researchgate.net/publication/271587555_Rinvenimento_e_studio_di_alcuni_macrofossili_vegetali_del_tardo_Miocene_sui_Monti_Livornesi [Sammartino et al., 2011-2012]

http://musmed.provincia.livorno.it/fileadmin/museo/Quaderni/26/Ambra_Monti_Livornesi.pdf [Sammartino, 2015-2016]

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