Łowicz meteorite, Łowicz County, Łódź Voivodeship, Polandi
| Regional Level Types | |
|---|---|
| Łowicz meteorite | Meteorite Fall Location |
| Łowicz County | County |
| Łódź Voivodeship | Voivodeship |
| Poland | Country |
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Latitude & Longitude (WGS84):
52° 0' North , 19° 55' East
Latitude & Longitude (decimal):
Locality type:
Meteorite Class:
Meteoritical Society Class:
Köppen climate type:
Nearest Settlements:
| Place | Population | Distance |
|---|---|---|
| Łyszkowice | 1,100 (2010) | 1.8km |
| Łagów | 180 (2010) | 1.8km |
| Domaniewice | 906 (2010) | 7.8km |
| Rogoźno | 552 (2010) | 8.4km |
| Bobrowniki | 1,200 (2010) | 10.0km |
Name(s) in local language(s):
Meteoryt Łowicz, Powiat Łowicki, Województwo Łódzkie
Mesosiderite-A3 (Stony Iron)
Fall of 12 March 1935, 59 kg
A true meteorite shower from the vicinity of Łowicz. 58 stones were reported in the early literature, but additional stones have apparently been found more recently. Fe-Ni metal and orthopyroxene-rich silicates (metal/silicate ration 3:2) account for ~99 wt% of the meteorite. Fe-Ni is ~ 8 wt% Ni while orthopyroxene is variable (En82-65). Calcic plagioclase has both bytownite and anorthite components. Inverted pigeonite and olivine coronas are indicative of alteration processes. Minor pyroxenes, sulfides, phosphides, and phosphates also indicate a range of complex interactions in the mineralogical history of the meteorite. Ar-Ar ages most likely indicate strong impacts between 3.6 and 4.0 billion years ago not unlike similar studies of other mesosiderites.
Tyminski & Brachaniec (2014) have suggested that specific mineralogical and textural features in Łowicz are due to connections with the HED clan. This consideration is now in active play as O-isotope ratios of mesosiderites — but not pallasites — have been shown to be quite similar to those of the normal HED meteorites.
As of 2000 35 stones were held by the Geological Museum of Warsaw.
Select Mineral List Type
Standard Detailed Gallery Strunz Chemical ElementsMineral List
17 valid minerals.
Meteorite/Rock Types Recorded
Note: data is currently VERY limited. Please bear with us while we work towards adding this information!
Select Rock List Type
Alphabetical List Tree DiagramDetailed Mineral List:
| ⓘ Anorthite Formula: Ca(Al2Si2O8) Reference: Karwowski Ł. 2003: The new mineralogical data on the Łowicz meteorite. Mineralogical Society of Poland - Special Papers, vol. 22, pp. 102-104; Powell, B. N. (1971). Petrology and chemistry of mesosiderites—II. Silicate textures and compositions and metal-silicate relationships. Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta 35(1): 5-34. (Jan 1971) |
| ⓘ Anorthite var. Bytownite Formula: (Ca,Na)[Al(Al,Si)Si2O8] Reference: Powell, B. N. (1971). Petrology and chemistry of mesosiderites—II. Silicate textures and compositions and metal-silicate relationships. Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta 35(1): 5-34. (Jan 1971) |
| ⓘ 'Apatite' Formula: Ca5(PO4)3(Cl/F/OH) Reference: Powell, B. N. (1971). Petrology and chemistry of mesosiderites—II. Silicate textures and compositions and metal-silicate relationships. Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta 35(1): 5-34. (Jan 1971) |
| ⓘ Augite Formula: (CaxMgyFez)(Mgy1Fez1)Si2O6 Reference: Powell, B. N. (1971). Petrology and chemistry of mesosiderites—II. Silicate textures and compositions and metal-silicate relationships. Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta 35(1): 5-34. (Jan 1971) |
| ⓘ Chromite Formula: Fe2+Cr3+2O4 Reference: Karwowski Ł. 2003: The new mineralogical data on the Łowicz meteorite. Mineralogical Society of Poland - Special Papers, vol. 22, pp. 102-104; Ramdohr, P. (1973). The Opaque Minerals in Stony Meteorites. Elsevier Publishing Company: Amsterdam; London: New York. 245 pages.; Ramdohr, P. (1973). The Opaque Minerals in Stony Meteorites. Elsevier Publishing Company: Amsterdam; London: New York. 245 pages. |
| ⓘ Clinoenstatite Formula: MgSiO3 Reference: Karwowski Ł. 2003: The new mineralogical data on the Łowicz meteorite. Mineralogical Society of Poland - Special Papers, vol. 22, pp. 102-104 |
| ⓘ Diopside Formula: CaMgSi2O6 Reference: Karwowski Ł. 2003: The new mineralogical data on the Łowicz meteorite. Mineralogical Society of Poland - Special Papers, vol. 22, pp. 102-104 |
| ⓘ Enstatite Formula: Mg2Si2O6 Reference: Karwowski Ł. 2003: The new mineralogical data on the Łowicz meteorite. Mineralogical Society of Poland - Special Papers, vol. 22, pp. 102-104 |
| ⓘ Enstatite var. Bronzite Formula: (Mg,Fe2+)2[SiO3]2 Reference: Karwowski Ł. 2003: The new mineralogical data on the Łowicz meteorite. Mineralogical Society of Poland - Special Papers, vol. 22, pp. 102-104 |
| ⓘ 'Fayalite-Forsterite Series' Reference: Karwowski Ł. 2003: The new mineralogical data on the Łowicz meteorite. Mineralogical Society of Poland - Special Papers, vol. 22, pp. 102-104; Powell, B. N. (1971). Petrology and chemistry of mesosiderites—II. Silicate textures and compositions and metal-silicate relationships. Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta 35(1): 5-34. (Jan 1971); Hewins, R. H. (1979) The Pyroxene Chemistry of Four Mesosiderites. In: Lunar and Planetary Science Conference X, Proceedings, vol. 1: 1109-1125. |
| ⓘ 'Feldspar Group' Reference: Karwowski Ł. 2003: The new mineralogical data on the Łowicz meteorite. Mineralogical Society of Poland - Special Papers, vol. 22, pp. 102-104 |
| ⓘ Fluorapatite Formula: Ca5(PO4)3F Reference: Karwowski Ł. 2003: The new mineralogical data on the Łowicz meteorite. Mineralogical Society of Poland - Special Papers, vol. 22, pp. 102-104 |
| ⓘ Ilmenite Formula: Fe2+TiO3 Reference: Karwowski Ł. 2003: The new mineralogical data on the Łowicz meteorite. Mineralogical Society of Poland - Special Papers, vol. 22, pp. 102-104; Ramdohr, P. (1973). The Opaque Minerals in Stony Meteorites. Elsevier Publishing Company: Amsterdam; London: New York. 245 pages.; Ramdohr, P. (1973). The Opaque Minerals in Stony Meteorites. Elsevier Publishing Company: Amsterdam; London: New York. 245 pages. |
| ⓘ Iron Formula: Fe Reference: Karwowski Ł. 2003: The new mineralogical data on the Łowicz meteorite. Mineralogical Society of Poland - Special Papers, vol. 22, pp. 102-104; Ramdohr, P. (1973). The Opaque Minerals in Stony Meteorites. Elsevier Publishing Company: Amsterdam; London: New York. 245 pages.; Ramdohr, P. (1973). The Opaque Minerals in Stony Meteorites. Elsevier Publishing Company: Amsterdam; London: New York. 245 pages. |
| ⓘ Iron var. Kamacite Formula: (Fe,Ni) Reference: Karwowski Ł. 2003: The new mineralogical data on the Łowicz meteorite. Mineralogical Society of Poland - Special Papers, vol. 22, pp. 102-104; Ramdohr, P. (1973). The Opaque Minerals in Stony Meteorites. Elsevier Publishing Company: Amsterdam; London: New York. 245 pages.; Ramdohr, P. (1973). The Opaque Minerals in Stony Meteorites. Elsevier Publishing Company: Amsterdam; London: New York. 245 pages. |
| ⓘ Merrillite Formula: Ca9NaMg(PO4)7 Reference: Mittlefehldt, D. W., McCoy, T. J., Goodrich, C. A. & Kracher, A. (1998). Non-chondritic meteorites from asteroidal bodies. In: Planetary Materials (Papike, J. J. [Ed.]): Chapter 4, 195 pages. Mineralogical Society of America: Washington, DC, USA. |
| ⓘ 'Orthopyroxene Subgroup' Reference: Powell, B. N. (1971). Petrology and chemistry of mesosiderites—II. Silicate textures and compositions and metal-silicate relationships. Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta 35(1): 5-34. (Jan 1971); Hewins, R. H. (1979) The Pyroxene Chemistry of Four Mesosiderites. In: Lunar and Planetary Science Conference X, Proceedings, vol. 1: 1109-1125. |
| ⓘ Pigeonite Formula: (CaxMgyFez)(Mgy1Fez1)Si2O6 Reference: Powell, B. N. (1971). Petrology and chemistry of mesosiderites—II. Silicate textures and compositions and metal-silicate relationships. Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta 35(1): 5-34. (Jan 1971); Hewins, R. H. (1979) The Pyroxene Chemistry of Four Mesosiderites. In: Lunar and Planetary Science Conference X, Proceedings, vol. 1: 1109-1125. |
| ⓘ 'Plagioclase' Formula: (Na,Ca)[(Si,Al)AlSi2]O8 Reference: Powell, B. N. (1971). Petrology and chemistry of mesosiderites—II. Silicate textures and compositions and metal-silicate relationships. Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta 35(1): 5-34. (Jan 1971); Hewins, R. H. (1979) The Pyroxene Chemistry of Four Mesosiderites. In: Lunar and Planetary Science Conference X, Proceedings, vol. 1: 1109-1125. |
| ⓘ 'Plessite' Reference: Karwowski Ł. 2003: The new mineralogical data on the Łowicz meteorite. Mineralogical Society of Poland - Special Papers, vol. 22, pp. 102-104 |
| ⓘ Rutile ? Formula: TiO2 Reference: Karwowski Ł. 2003: The new mineralogical data on the Łowicz meteorite. Mineralogical Society of Poland - Special Papers, vol. 22, pp. 102-104; Ramdohr, P. (1973). The Opaque Minerals in Stony Meteorites. Elsevier Publishing Company: Amsterdam; London: New York. 245 pages.; Ramdohr, P. (1973). The Opaque Minerals in Stony Meteorites. Elsevier Publishing Company: Amsterdam; London: New York. 245 pages. |
| ⓘ Schreibersite Formula: (Fe,Ni)3P Reference: Karwowski Ł. 2003: The new mineralogical data on the Łowicz meteorite. Mineralogical Society of Poland - Special Papers, vol. 22, pp. 102-104; Ramdohr, P. (1973). The Opaque Minerals in Stony Meteorites. Elsevier Publishing Company: Amsterdam; London: New York. 245 pages.; Ramdohr, P. (1973). The Opaque Minerals in Stony Meteorites. Elsevier Publishing Company: Amsterdam; London: New York. 245 pages. ; Powell, B. N. (1971). Petrology and chemistry of mesosiderites—II. Silicate textures and compositions and metal-silicate relationships. Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta 35(1): 5-34. (Jan 1971) |
| ⓘ Taenite Formula: (Fe,Ni) Reference: Karwowski Ł. 2003: The new mineralogical data on the Łowicz meteorite. Mineralogical Society of Poland - Special Papers, vol. 22, pp. 102-104; Ramdohr, P. (1973). The Opaque Minerals in Stony Meteorites. Elsevier Publishing Company: Amsterdam; London: New York. 245 pages.; Ramdohr, P. (1973). The Opaque Minerals in Stony Meteorites. Elsevier Publishing Company: Amsterdam; London: New York. 245 pages. |
| ⓘ Tetrataenite Formula: FeNi Reference: Clarke Jr, RS & Scott, ERD (1980) - Tetrataenite—Ordered Fe,Ni, a new mineral in meteorites: American Mineralogist 65 (7 & 8): 624-630. (Jul/Aug 1980) |
| ⓘ Tridymite Formula: SiO2 Reference: Benjamin N. Powell (1969). Petrology and chemistry of mesosiderites—I. textures and composition of nickel-iron. Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta 33 (7): 789-810. (July 1969) |
| ⓘ Troilite Formula: FeS Reference: Karwowski Ł. 2003: The new mineralogical data on the Łowicz meteorite. Mineralogical Society of Poland - Special Papers, vol. 22, pp. 102-104; Ramdohr, P. (1973). The Opaque Minerals in Stony Meteorites. Elsevier Publishing Company: Amsterdam; London: New York. 245 pages.; Ramdohr, P. (1973). The Opaque Minerals in Stony Meteorites. Elsevier Publishing Company: Amsterdam; London: New York. 245 pages. ; Powell, B. N. (1971). Petrology and chemistry of mesosiderites—II. Silicate textures and compositions and metal-silicate relationships. Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta 35(1): 5-34. (Jan 1971) |
Gallery:
List of minerals arranged by Strunz 10th Edition classification
| Group 1 - Elements | |||
|---|---|---|---|
| ⓘ | Iron | 1.AE.05 | Fe |
| ⓘ | var. Kamacite | 1.AE.05 | (Fe,Ni) |
| ⓘ | Schreibersite | 1.BD.05 | (Fe,Ni)3P |
| ⓘ | Taenite | 1.AE.10 | (Fe,Ni) |
| ⓘ | Tetrataenite | 1.AE.10 | FeNi |
| Group 2 - Sulphides and Sulfosalts | |||
| ⓘ | Troilite | 2.CC.10 | FeS |
| Group 4 - Oxides and Hydroxides | |||
| ⓘ | Chromite | 4.BB.05 | Fe2+Cr3+2O4 |
| ⓘ | Ilmenite | 4.CB.05 | Fe2+TiO3 |
| ⓘ | Rutile ? | 4.DB.05 | TiO2 |
| ⓘ | Tridymite | 4.DA.10 | SiO2 |
| Group 8 - Phosphates, Arsenates and Vanadates | |||
| ⓘ | Fluorapatite | 8.BN.05 | Ca5(PO4)3F |
| ⓘ | Merrillite | 8.AC.45 | Ca9NaMg(PO4)7 |
| Group 9 - Silicates | |||
| ⓘ | Anorthite | 9.FA.35 | Ca(Al2Si2O8) |
| ⓘ | var. Bytownite | 9.FA.35 | (Ca,Na)[Al(Al,Si)Si2O8] |
| ⓘ | Augite | 9.DA.15 | (CaxMgyFez)(Mgy1Fez1)Si2O6 |
| ⓘ | Clinoenstatite | 9.DA.10 | MgSiO3 |
| ⓘ | Diopside | 9.DA.15 | CaMgSi2O6 |
| ⓘ | Enstatite | 9.DA.05 | Mg2Si2O6 |
| ⓘ | var. Bronzite | 9.DA.05 | (Mg,Fe2+)2[SiO3]2 |
| ⓘ | Pigeonite | 9.DA.10 | (CaxMgyFez)(Mgy1Fez1)Si2O6 |
| Unclassified Minerals, Rocks, etc. | |||
| ⓘ | 'Apatite' | - | Ca5(PO4)3(Cl/F/OH) |
| ⓘ | 'Fayalite-Forsterite Series' | - | |
| ⓘ | 'Feldspar Group' | - | |
| ⓘ | 'Orthopyroxene Subgroup' | - | |
| ⓘ | 'Plagioclase' | - | (Na,Ca)[(Si,Al)AlSi2]O8 |
| ⓘ | 'Plessite' | - | |
List of minerals for each chemical element
| H | Hydrogen | |
|---|---|---|
| H | ⓘ Apatite | Ca5(PO4)3(Cl/F/OH) |
| O | Oxygen | |
| O | ⓘ Ilmenite | Fe2+TiO3 |
| O | ⓘ Chromite | Fe2+Cr23+O4 |
| O | ⓘ Anorthite | Ca(Al2Si2O8) |
| O | ⓘ Enstatite var. Bronzite | (Mg,Fe2+)2[SiO3]2 |
| O | ⓘ Diopside | CaMgSi2O6 |
| O | ⓘ Fluorapatite | Ca5(PO4)3F |
| O | ⓘ Clinoenstatite | MgSiO3 |
| O | ⓘ Tridymite | SiO2 |
| O | ⓘ Pigeonite | (CaxMgyFez)(Mgy1Fez1)Si2O6 |
| O | ⓘ Plagioclase | (Na,Ca)[(Si,Al)AlSi2]O8 |
| O | ⓘ Anorthite var. Bytownite | (Ca,Na)[Al(Al,Si)Si2O8] |
| O | ⓘ Apatite | Ca5(PO4)3(Cl/F/OH) |
| O | ⓘ Augite | (CaxMgyFez)(Mgy1Fez1)Si2O6 |
| O | ⓘ Merrillite | Ca9NaMg(PO4)7 |
| O | ⓘ Enstatite | Mg2Si2O6 |
| O | ⓘ Rutile | TiO2 |
| F | Fluorine | |
| F | ⓘ Fluorapatite | Ca5(PO4)3F |
| F | ⓘ Apatite | Ca5(PO4)3(Cl/F/OH) |
| Na | Sodium | |
| Na | ⓘ Plagioclase | (Na,Ca)[(Si,Al)AlSi2]O8 |
| Na | ⓘ Anorthite var. Bytownite | (Ca,Na)[Al(Al,Si)Si2O8] |
| Na | ⓘ Merrillite | Ca9NaMg(PO4)7 |
| Mg | Magnesium | |
| Mg | ⓘ Enstatite var. Bronzite | (Mg,Fe2+)2[SiO3]2 |
| Mg | ⓘ Diopside | CaMgSi2O6 |
| Mg | ⓘ Clinoenstatite | MgSiO3 |
| Mg | ⓘ Pigeonite | (CaxMgyFez)(Mgy1Fez1)Si2O6 |
| Mg | ⓘ Augite | (CaxMgyFez)(Mgy1Fez1)Si2O6 |
| Mg | ⓘ Merrillite | Ca9NaMg(PO4)7 |
| Mg | ⓘ Enstatite | Mg2Si2O6 |
| Al | Aluminium | |
| Al | ⓘ Anorthite | Ca(Al2Si2O8) |
| Al | ⓘ Plagioclase | (Na,Ca)[(Si,Al)AlSi2]O8 |
| Al | ⓘ Anorthite var. Bytownite | (Ca,Na)[Al(Al,Si)Si2O8] |
| Si | Silicon | |
| Si | ⓘ Anorthite | Ca(Al2Si2O8) |
| Si | ⓘ Enstatite var. Bronzite | (Mg,Fe2+)2[SiO3]2 |
| Si | ⓘ Diopside | CaMgSi2O6 |
| Si | ⓘ Clinoenstatite | MgSiO3 |
| Si | ⓘ Tridymite | SiO2 |
| Si | ⓘ Pigeonite | (CaxMgyFez)(Mgy1Fez1)Si2O6 |
| Si | ⓘ Plagioclase | (Na,Ca)[(Si,Al)AlSi2]O8 |
| Si | ⓘ Anorthite var. Bytownite | (Ca,Na)[Al(Al,Si)Si2O8] |
| Si | ⓘ Augite | (CaxMgyFez)(Mgy1Fez1)Si2O6 |
| Si | ⓘ Enstatite | Mg2Si2O6 |
| P | Phosphorus | |
| P | ⓘ Schreibersite | (Fe,Ni)3P |
| P | ⓘ Fluorapatite | Ca5(PO4)3F |
| P | ⓘ Apatite | Ca5(PO4)3(Cl/F/OH) |
| P | ⓘ Merrillite | Ca9NaMg(PO4)7 |
| S | Sulfur | |
| S | ⓘ Troilite | FeS |
| Cl | Chlorine | |
| Cl | ⓘ Apatite | Ca5(PO4)3(Cl/F/OH) |
| Ca | Calcium | |
| Ca | ⓘ Anorthite | Ca(Al2Si2O8) |
| Ca | ⓘ Diopside | CaMgSi2O6 |
| Ca | ⓘ Fluorapatite | Ca5(PO4)3F |
| Ca | ⓘ Pigeonite | (CaxMgyFez)(Mgy1Fez1)Si2O6 |
| Ca | ⓘ Plagioclase | (Na,Ca)[(Si,Al)AlSi2]O8 |
| Ca | ⓘ Anorthite var. Bytownite | (Ca,Na)[Al(Al,Si)Si2O8] |
| Ca | ⓘ Apatite | Ca5(PO4)3(Cl/F/OH) |
| Ca | ⓘ Augite | (CaxMgyFez)(Mgy1Fez1)Si2O6 |
| Ca | ⓘ Merrillite | Ca9NaMg(PO4)7 |
| Ti | Titanium | |
| Ti | ⓘ Ilmenite | Fe2+TiO3 |
| Ti | ⓘ Rutile | TiO2 |
| Cr | Chromium | |
| Cr | ⓘ Chromite | Fe2+Cr23+O4 |
| Fe | Iron | |
| Fe | ⓘ Iron var. Kamacite | (Fe,Ni) |
| Fe | ⓘ Taenite | (Fe,Ni) |
| Fe | ⓘ Ilmenite | Fe2+TiO3 |
| Fe | ⓘ Chromite | Fe2+Cr23+O4 |
| Fe | ⓘ Schreibersite | (Fe,Ni)3P |
| Fe | ⓘ Troilite | FeS |
| Fe | ⓘ Enstatite var. Bronzite | (Mg,Fe2+)2[SiO3]2 |
| Fe | ⓘ Pigeonite | (CaxMgyFez)(Mgy1Fez1)Si2O6 |
| Fe | ⓘ Augite | (CaxMgyFez)(Mgy1Fez1)Si2O6 |
| Fe | ⓘ Tetrataenite | FeNi |
| Fe | ⓘ Iron | Fe |
| Ni | Nickel | |
| Ni | ⓘ Iron var. Kamacite | (Fe,Ni) |
| Ni | ⓘ Taenite | (Fe,Ni) |
| Ni | ⓘ Schreibersite | (Fe,Ni)3P |
| Ni | ⓘ Tetrataenite | FeNi |
References
Sort by
Year (asc) Year (desc) Author (A-Z) Author (Z-A)Benjamin N. Powell (1969). Petrology and chemistry of mesosiderites—I. textures and composition of nickel-iron. Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta 33 (7): 789-810. (July 1969)
Powell, B. N. (1971). Petrology and chemistry of mesosiderites—II. Silicate textures and compositions and metal-silicate relationships. Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta 35(1): 5-34. (Jan 1971)
Lang, B (1972) On the mass distribution of fragments from Łowicz meteorite shower 1935: Earth and Planetary Science Letters, Volume 14, Issue 2, p. 245-248. (March 1972)
Ramdohr, P. (1973). The Opaque Minerals in Stony Meteorites. Elsevier Publishing Company: Amsterdam; London: New York. 245 pages.
Hewins, R. H. (1979) The Pyroxene Chemistry of Four Mesosiderites. In: Lunar and Planetary Science Conference X, Proceedings, vol. 1: 1109-1125.
Clarke Jr, RS & Scott, ERD (1980) - Tetrataenite—Ordered Fe,Ni, a new mineral in meteorites: American Mineralogist 65 (7 & 8): 624-630. (Jul/Aug 1980)
Mittlefehldt, D. W., McCoy, T. J., Goodrich, C. A. & Kracher, A. (1998). Non-chondritic meteorites from asteroidal bodies. In: Planetary Materials (Papike, J. J. [Ed.]): Chapter 4, 195 pages. Mineralogical Society of America: Washington, DC, USA.
Grady, M. M. (2000) Catalogue of Meteorites (5/e). Cambridge University Press: Cambridge, New York, Oakleigh, Madrid, Cape Town. 690 pages.
Karwowski Ł. 2003: The new mineralogical data on the Łowicz meteorite. Mineralogical Society of Poland - Special Papers, vol. 22, pp. 102-104.
Greenwood, R.C., Franchi, I.A. & Jambon, A. (2006). New oxygen isotope evidence for the origin of mesosiderites and main group pallasites. In: 37th Lunar and Planetary Science Conference, 13-17 March 2006, Houston, Texas, USA.
Tyminski, Z. & Brachaniec, T. (2014) Łowicz Meteorite — Mesosiderite from Vesta: 77th Annual Meeting of the Meteoritical Society, held September 7–12, 2014 in Casablanca, Morocco. LPI Contribution No. 1800, pdf-id.5426. (Sept 2014)
External Links
http://www.lpi.usra.edu/meteor/metbull.php = Meteoritical Bulletin Database
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