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Alethinophidia

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Source Data

Source	ID	Link
Global Biodiversity Information Facility ID (GBIF)	Not linked to a GBIF record.
PaleoBioDB ID (PBDB)	63404	https://paleobiodb.org/classic/checkTaxonInfo?taxon_no=63404

Rank

infraorder (PBDB)

Taxonomy (PBDB)

Life : Animalia : Chordata : Reptilia : Squamata : Alethinophidia

Classification
(PBDB,GBIF)

Rank	Name	Author
-	Eukaryota
-	Opisthokonta	Cavalier-Smith 1987
kingdom	Animalia
-	Triploblastica	Lankester 1877
-	Nephrozoa	Jondelius et al. 2002
-	Deuterostomia	Grobben 1908
phylum	Chordata	Haeckel 1847
subphylum	Vertebrata	Lamarck 1801
superclass	Gnathostomata	Gegenbauer 1874
-	Osteichthyes
-	Sarcopterygii	Romer 1955
subclass	Dipnotetrapodomorpha
subclass	Tetrapodomorpha
-	Tetrapoda
-	Reptiliomorpha	Säve-Söderbergh 1934
-	Anthracosauria	Säve-Söderbergh 1934
-	Batrachosauria
-	Cotylosauria
-	Amniota	Haeckel 1866
-	Sauropsida	Huxley 1864
class	Reptilia	Laurenti 1768
subclass	Eureptilia
-	Romeriida	Gauthier et al. 1988
-	Diapsida
-	Eosuchia
-	Neodiapsida	Benton 1985
-	Sauria	Gauthier 1984
-	Lepidosauromorpha
superorder	Lepidosauria
order	Squamata	Oppel 1811
suborder	Ophidia
-	Serpentes
infraorder	Alethinophidia	Nopcsa 1923

Opinions (PBDB)

Name	Rank	Opinion	Evidence	Author
Alethinophidia	infraorder	belongs to Serpentes	stated without evidence	Holman and Case, 1988
Alethinophidia	infraorder	belongs to Serpentes	stated with evidence	Vidal and Hedges, 2002
Alethinophidia	infraorder	belongs to Squamata	stated without evidence	Parmley and DeVore, 2005
Alethinophidia	unranked clade	belongs to Serpentes	implied	Augé and Rage, 2006
Alethinophidia	suborder	belongs to Serpentes	stated without evidence	Snetkov and Bannikov, 2010
Alethinophidia	unranked clade	belongs to Serpentes	stated with evidence	Wilson et al., 2010
Alethinophidia	infraorder	belongs to Serpentes	stated without evidence	Zvonok and Snetkov, 2012
Alethinophidia	unranked clade	belongs to Ophidia	stated without evidence	Fernicola and Albino, 2012
Alethinophidia	unranked clade	belongs to Serpentes	stated with evidence	Longrich et al., 2012
Alethinophidia	unranked clade	belongs to Serpentes	implied	Smith, 2013
Alethinophidia	infraorder	belongs to Serpentes	stated without evidence	Stocker and Kirk, 2016

Status (PBDB)

extant

Taxon Size (PBDB)

568

Extant Size (PBDB)

237 (42%)

First Recorded Appearance

105 - 94 Ma
Cretaceous

Environment

terrestrial (based on Diapsida)

Motility

actively mobile (based on Osteichthyes)

Taphonomy

phosphatic (based on Vertebrata)

Primary Reference (PBDB)

F. B. Nopcsa. 1923. Eidolosaurus und Pachyophis, Zwei neue Neocom-Reptilien. Palaeontographica 65:97-154

Subtaxa

Name	Status	Common Name(s)	Fossil Occurrences	Oldest	Youngest
Acrochordoidea superfamily	listed (PBDB)		10	66.0 Ma Late/Upper Cretaceous	0 Ma Extant
Anilioidea superfamily	listed (PBDB)		3	83.5 Ma Late/Upper Cretaceous	0 Ma Extant
Simoliopheoidea superfamily	listed (PBDB)
Aniliidae family	accepted (GBIF) listed (PBDB)	Pipe Snake	58	85.8 Ma Late/Upper Cretaceous	0 Ma Extant
Cylindrophiidae family	accepted (GBIF) listed (PBDB)	Asian Pipe Snake			0 Ma Extant
Nigerophiidae ✝ family	accepted (GBIF) listed (PBDB)		10	99.6 Ma Late/Upper Cretaceous	38.0 Ma Eocene
Palaeophiidae ✝ family	accepted (GBIF) listed (PBDB)		110	83.6 Ma Late/Upper Cretaceous	37.2 Ma Eocene
Cerberophis ✝ genus	accepted (GBIF) listed (PBDB)		1	70.6 Ma Late/Upper Cretaceous	70.6 Ma Late/Upper Cretaceous
Coniophis ✝ genus	accepted (GBIF) listed (PBDB)		38	105 Ma Early/Lower Cretaceous	37.2 Ma Eocene
Itaboraiophis ✝ genus	accepted (GBIF) listed (PBDB)		1	58.7 Ma Paleocene	58.7 Ma Paleocene
Paulacoutophis ✝ genus	accepted (GBIF) listed (PBDB)		1	58.7 Ma Paleocene	58.7 Ma Paleocene
Tuscahomaophis ✝ genus	doubtful (GBIF) listed (PBDB)		1	58.7 Ma Paleocene	58.7 Ma Paleocene
Henophidia unranked clade	listed (PBDB)		85	66.0 Ma Late/Upper Cretaceous	0 Ma Extant
Macrostomata unranked clade	listed (PBDB)		2,411	99.6 Ma Late/Upper Cretaceous	0 Ma Extant

Synonymy List

Year	Name and Author
1923	Alethinophidia Nopcsa
1988	Alethinophidia Holman and Case p. 329
1998	Alethinophidia Nessov et al. p. 5
1999	Alethinophidia Gardner and Cifelli p. 89
2002	Alethinophidia Vidal and Hedges p. 983
2002	Alethinophidia Wilcox et al.
2005	Alethinophidia Parmley and DeVore p. 706
2006	Alethinophidia Augé and Rage p. 247
2008	Alethinophidia Venczel and Stiuca p. 755

Year	Name and Author
2010	Alethinophidia Snetkov and Bannikov p. 698
2010	Alethinophidia Wilson et al. p. 1
2012	Alethinophidia Fernicola and Albino
2012	Alethinophidia Longrich et al.
2012	Alethinophidia Zvonok and Snetkov p. 394
2013	Alethinophidia Palci et al.
2013	Alethinophidia Smith p. 158
2016	Alethinophidia Stocker and Kirk

References

Nopcsa F. B. (1923) Eidolosaurus und Pachyophis, Zwei neue Neocom-Reptilien, Palaeontographica 65, 97-154

Holman J. A., Case G. R. (1988) Reptiles from the Eocene Tallahatta Formation of Alabama, Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology 8 3, 328-333

Nessov L. A., Zhegallo V. I., et al (1998) A new locality of Late Cretaceous snakes, mammals and other vertebrates in Africa (western Libya), Annales de Paléontologie 84 3-4, 265-275

Gardner J. D., Cifelli R. L. (1999) A primitive snake from the Cretaceous of Utah, Special Papers in Palaeontology 60, 87-100

Vidal N., Hedges S. B. (2002) Higher-level relationships of snakes inferred from four nuclear and mitochondrial genes, Comptes Rendus Biologies 325 9, 977-985

Wilcox T. P., Zwickl D. J., et al (2002) Phylogenetic relationships of dwarf boas and a comparison of Bayesian and bootstrap measures of phylogenetic support, Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution 25, 361-371

Parmley D., DeVore M. (2005) Palaeopheid snakes from the Late Eocene Hardie Mine local fauna of central Georgia, Southeastern Naturalist 4 4, 703-722

Augé M., Rage J.-C. (2006) Herpetofaunas from the Upper Paleocene and Lower Eocene of Morocco, Annales de Paléontologie 92 3, 235-253 doi:10.1016/j.annpal.2005.09.001

Venczel M., Stiuca E. (2008) Late middle Miocene amphibians and squamate reptiles from Taut, Romania, Geodiversitas 30 4, 731-763

Snetkov P. B., Bannikov A. F. (2010) Vertebrae of sea snakes from the Eocene of the Crimea, Palaeontological Journal 44 6, 698-700

Wilson J. A., Mohabey D. M., et al (2010) Predation upon hatchling dinosaurs by a new snake from the Late Cretaceous of India, PLoS Biology 8 3, e1000322 doi:doi:10.1371/journal.pbio.1000322

Fernicola J. C., Albino A. (2012) Amphibians and squamate reptiles from the Santa Cruz Formation (late Early Miocene), Santa Cruz Province, Argentina: paleoenvironmental and paleobiological considerations, Early Miocene Paleobiology in Patagonia: High-Latitude Paleocommunities of the Santa Cruz Formation, 129-137

Longrich N. R., Bhullar B.-A. S., et al (2012) A transitional snake from the Late Cretaceous period of North America, Nature 488, 205-208 doi:10.1038/nature11227

Zvonok E. A., Snetkov P. B. (2012) New findings of snakes of the genus Palaeophis Owen, 1841 (Acrochordoidea: Palaeophiidae) from the Middle Eocene of Crimea, Proceedings of the Zoological Institute RAS 316 4, 392-400

Palci A., Caldwell M. W., et al (2013) Emended diagnosis and phylogenetic relationships of the Upper Cretaceous fossil snake Najash rionegrina Apesteguia and Zaher, 2006, Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology 33 1, 131-140

Smith K. T. (2013) New constraints on the evolution of the snake clades Ungaliophiinae, Loxocemidae and Colubridae (Serpentes), with comments on the fossil history of erycine boids in North America, Zoologischer Anzeiger 252 2, 157-182 doi:10.1016/j.jcz.2012.05.006

Stocker M. R., Kirk E. C. (2016) The first amphisbaenians from Texas, with notes on other squamates from the middle Eocene Purple Bench locality, Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology e1094081, 1-15 doi:10.1080/02724634.2016.1094081

Data courtesy of: PBDB: The Paleobiology Database, Creative Commons CC-BY licenced. , GBIF: the Global Biodiversity Information Facility, various licences, iDigBio, various licences, and EOL: The Encyclopedia of Life (Open Data Public Domain). Because fossils are made of minerals too!

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