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Polyplacophora

Description

Chitons are marine molluscs of varying size in the class Polyplacophora, formerly known as Amphineura. About 940 extant and 430 fossil species are recognized.

From Wikipedia article at https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polyplacophora, which is released under the Creative Commons Attribution-Share-Alike License 3.0.

Source Data

Source	ID	Link
Global Biodiversity Information Facility ID (GBIF)	346	https://www.gbif.org/species/346
PaleoBioDB ID (PBDB)	8023	https://paleobiodb.org/classic/checkTaxonInfo?taxon_no=8023

Rank

class

Taxonomy (GBIF,PBDB)

Life : Animalia : Mollusca : Polyplacophora

Taxonomic Status (GBIF)

accepted

Classification
(PBDB,GBIF)

Rank	Name	Author
-	Eukaryota
-	Opisthokonta	Cavalier-Smith 1987
kingdom	Animalia
-	Bilateria
-	Eubilateria	Ax 1987
-	Protostomia	Grobben 1908
-	Spiralia
superphylum	Lophotrochozoa
phylum	Mollusca	Linnaeus 1758
-	Serialia	Giribet et al. 2006
class	Polyplacophora	de Blainville 1816

Common Name

chiton

Scientific Name

Polyplacophora

Opinions (PBDB)

Name	Rank	Opinion	Evidence	Author
Polyplacophora	order	belongs to Amphineura	stated without evidence	Martin, 1904
Polyplacophora	class	belongs to Mollusca	implied	Barnes, 1998
Polyplacophora	class	belongs to Mollusca	second hand	Sepkoski, 2002
Polyplacophora	class	belongs to Serialia	stated with evidence	Giribet et al., 2006

Status (PBDB)

extant

Taxon Size (PBDB)

425

Extant Size (PBDB)

94 (22%)

First Recorded Appearance

501 - 485 Ma
Cambrian

Environment

marine,brackish

Motility

facultatively mobile, attached

Vision

limited

Diet

grazer

Ecospace Comments

LIFE HISTORY: Surficial, fully motile slow/facultatively motile unattached, surface deposit feeding according to Bambach et al (2007).

Taphonomy

aragonite

Primary Reference (PBDB)

J. J. Sepkoski, Jr. 2002. A compendium of fossil marine animal genera. Bulletins of American Paleontology 363:1-560

Common Name(s)

Chitone, Käferschnecken, Chitons, Coat-of-mail Shells, Keverslakken, Ledsnäckor, 多板, Chíton, Poliplacoforo, Quíton, Chiton

Wikipedia

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polyplacophora

External Images

Fossil Distribution

Subtaxa

Name	Status	Common Name(s)	Fossil Occurrences	Oldest	Youngest
Paleoloricata ✝ subclass	listed (PBDB)		95	501 Ma Cambrian	83.6 Ma Late Cretaceous
Chitonida order	accepted (GBIF)	No associated record in PBDB
Lepidopleurida order	accepted (GBIF)	No associated record in PBDB
Multiplacophora order	listed (PBDB)		8	393 Ma Early Devonian	260 Ma Permian
Neoloricata order	listed (PBDB)		447	466 Ma Middle Ordovician	0 Ma Extant
Mesoplacophora suborder	listed (PBDB)
Alastegiidae ✝ family	accepted (GBIF) listed (PBDB)		1	461 Ma Middle Ordovician	461 Ma Middle Ordovician
Aulochitonidae ✝ family	accepted (GBIF) listed (PBDB)		4	501 Ma Cambrian	501 Ma Cambrian
Callochitonidae ✝ family	accepted (GBIF) listed (PBDB)
Chelodidae family	accepted (GBIF)	No associated record in PBDB
Cobcrephoridae family	accepted (GBIF)	No associated record in PBDB
Crassitudochitonidae ✝ family	accepted (GBIF) listed (PBDB)		1	265 Ma Permian	265 Ma Permian
Dycheiidae ✝ family	accepted (GBIF) listed (PBDB)		3	501 Ma Cambrian	501 Ma Cambrian
Echinochitonidae ✝ family	accepted (GBIF) listed (PBDB)		1	461 Ma Middle Ordovician	461 Ma Middle Ordovician
Gotlandochitonidae ✝ family	accepted (GBIF) listed (PBDB)		12	485 Ma Cambrian	83.6 Ma Late Cretaceous
Haeggochitonidae family	accepted (GBIF)	No associated record in PBDB
Helminthochitonidae ✝ family	accepted (GBIF) listed (PBDB)		2	388 Ma Middle Devonian	383 Ma Late Devonian
Ivoechitonidae family	accepted (GBIF)	No associated record in PBDB
Litochitonidae family	accepted (GBIF)	No associated record in PBDB
Mattheviidae ✝ family	accepted (GBIF) listed (PBDB)		51	501 Ma Cambrian	419 Ma Early Devonian
Olingechitonidae family	accepted (GBIF)	No associated record in PBDB
Preacanthochitonidae ✝ family	accepted (GBIF) listed (PBDB)		6	501 Ma Cambrian	461 Ma Middle Ordovician
Robustidae family	accepted (GBIF)	No associated record in PBDB
Scanochitonidae ✝ family	accepted (GBIF) listed (PBDB)		3	83.6 Ma Late Cretaceous	83.6 Ma Late Cretaceous
Septemchitonidae ✝ family	accepted (GBIF) listed (PBDB)
Strobilepidae family	accepted (GBIF) listed (PBDB)		6	393 Ma Early Devonian	260 Ma Permian
Alastega ✝ genus	accepted (GBIF) listed (PBDB)		4	461 Ma Middle Ordovician	431 Ma Silurian
Arctoplax ✝ genus	accepted (GBIF) listed (PBDB)		1	431 Ma Silurian	431 Ma Silurian
Cymatochiton ✝ genus	accepted (GBIF) listed (PBDB)		5	272 Ma Permian	260 Ma Permian
Enetoplax ✝ genus	accepted (GBIF) listed (PBDB)		1	431 Ma Silurian	431 Ma Silurian
Heloplax ✝ genus	accepted (GBIF) listed (PBDB)		1	431 Ma Silurian	431 Ma Silurian
Homeochiton ✝ genus	accepted (GBIF) listed (PBDB)		1	296 Ma Permian	296 Ma Permian
Oligochiton ✝ genus	listed (PBDB)		1	28.1 Ma Oligocene	28.1 Ma Oligocene
Plectrochiton ✝ genus	accepted (GBIF) listed (PBDB)		1	431 Ma Silurian	431 Ma Silurian
Polysacos genus	accepted (GBIF) listed (PBDB)		1	359 Ma Late Devonian	359 Ma Late Devonian
Preacanthochiton genus	accepted (GBIF)	No associated record in PBDB
Priscochiton ✝ genus	accepted (GBIF) listed (PBDB)
Prisochiton ✝ genus	accepted (GBIF) listed (PBDB)		2	461 Ma Middle Ordovician	458 Ma Middle Ordovician
Probolaeum ✝ genus	accepted (GBIF) listed (PBDB)
Pterygochiton ✝ genus	accepted (GBIF) listed (PBDB)		5	201 Ma Early Jurassic	199 Ma Early Jurassic
Pyknochiton ✝ genus	accepted (GBIF) listed (PBDB)		1	279 Ma Permian	279 Ma Permian
Gotlandiochiton hami species	accepted (GBIF)	No associated record in PBDB

Synonymy List

Year	Name and Author
1816	Polyplacophora de Blainville
1904	Polyplacophora Martin p. 270
1998	Polyplacophora Barnes
2001	Polyplacophora Wells and Houston p. 19
2002	Polyplacophora Sepkoski, Jr.
2006	Polyplacophora Giribet et al. p. 7725

References

Sepkoski, Jr. J. J. (2002) A compendium of fossil marine animal genera, Bulletins of American Paleontology 363, 1-560

Wells A., Houston W. W. K. (2001) , Zoological Catalogue of Australia: Mollusca 17 2

Giribet G., Okusu A., et al (2006) Evidence for a clade composed of molluscs with serially repeated structures: monoplacophorans are related to chitons, Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 103 20, 7723-7728

Kaas P. & Van Belle R. A. (1985). Monograph of living Chitons (Mollusca: Polyplacophora). Vol. 1. Order Neoloricata: Lepidopleurina. E. J. Brill/W. Backhuys eds. Leiden 244 pp.: - via World Register of Introduced Marine Species (WRiMS)

Kaas P. & Van Belle R. A. (1987). Monograph of living Chitons (Mollusca: Polyplacophora). Vol. 3: Suborder Ischnochitonina. Ischnochitonidae: Chaetopleurinae, & Ischnochitonidae (pars). Additions to Vols 1 & 2.. * E. J. Brill/W. Backhuys eds. Leiden 302 pp.: - via World Register of Introduced Marine Species (WRiMS)

Kaas P. & Van Belle R. A. (1990). Monograph of living Chitons (Mollusca: Polyplacophora). Vol. 4. Suborder Ischnochitonina. Ischnochitonidae: Ischnochitoninae (continued). Additions to Vols 1, 2 and 3. E. J. Brill, Leiden, 298 p. - via World Register of Introduced Marine Species (WRiMS)

Kaas P. & Van Belle R. A. (1994). Monograph of living Chitons (Mollusca: Polyplacophora). Vol. 5. Suborder Ischnochitonina. Ischnochitonidae: Ischnochitoninae (concluded), Callistoplacinae; Mopaliidae. Additions to Volumes 1-4. E. J. Brill, Leiden. 402 pp. - via World Register of Introduced Marine Species (WRiMS)

Hayward, P.J. & Ryland, J.S. (2002) - via Taxa Watermanagement the Netherlands (TWN)

An outline for the classification of Phylum Mollusca in taxonomic databases [report elaborated by WoRMS editors for internal use, june 2010] - via World Register of Introduced Marine Species (WRiMS)

Bergenhayn J. R. M. (1955). Die fossilen schwedischen Loricaten nebst einer vorlafigen Revision der ganzen Klasse Loricata. Kungliga Fysiografiska Sallskapets Handlingar, Lund N.F. 66(8): 1-44 pl. 1-2 - via World Register of Introduced Marine Species (WRiMS)

Kaas P. & Van Belle R. A. (1985). Monograph of living Chitons (Mollusca: Polyplacophora). Vol. 2. Suborder Ischnochitonina. Ischnochitonidae: Schizoplacinae, Callochitoninae & Lepidochitoninae. E. J. Brill/W. Backhuys eds. Leiden, 198 pp. - via World Register of Introduced Marine Species (WRiMS)

Kaas P., Van Belle R.A. & Strack H. 2006. Monograph of living chitons (Mollusca: Polyplacaphora); volume 6: Suborder Ischnochitonina (concluded); Schizochitonidae & Chitonidae, additions to volumes 1-5. Brill, Leiden, 464 pp. - via World Register of Introduced Marine Species (WRiMS)

Kaas, P. & Van Belle, R. A. (1998). Catalogue of living chitons (Mollusca, Polyplacophora). second, revised edition. 1-204; Backhyus Publishers Leiden. - via World Register of Introduced Marine Species (WRiMS)

Turgeon, D. D., J. F. Quinn, Jr., A. E. Bogan, E. V. Coan, F. G. Hochberg, W. G. Lyons, et al., 1998: Common and scientific names of aquatic invertebrates from the United States and Canada: Mollusks, 2nd ed.. American Fisheries Society Special Publication 26. 526. - via Integrated Taxonomic Information System (ITIS)

Higo, Shun'ichi, Paul Callomon, and Yoshihiro Goto, 1999: null. Catalogue and Bibliography of the Marine Shell-bearing Mollusca of Japan: Gastropoda, Bivalvia, Polyplacophora, Scaphopoda. 749. - via Integrated Taxonomic Information System (ITIS)

Abbott, Robert Tucker, 1974: null. American Seashells: The Marine Mollusca of the Atlantic and Pacific Coasts of North America. 2nd ed.. 663. - via Integrated Taxonomic Information System (ITIS)

Vaught, K. C. / Abbott, Robert T. and Kenneth J. Boss, 1989: null. A classification of the living Mollusca. xii+195. - via Integrated Taxonomic Information System (ITIS)

An outline for the classification of Phylum Mollusca in taxonomic databases [report elaborated by WoRMS editors for internal use, june 2010] - via World Register of Marine Species

Kaas, P. & Van Belle, R. A. (1998). Catalogue of living chitons (Mollusca, Polyplacophora). second, revised edition. 1-204; Backhyus Publishers Leiden. - via World Register of Marine Species

Gärdenfors, Ulf, Hall, Ragnar, Hallingbäck, Tomas, Hansson, Hans G. & Hedström, Lars (2003) Djur, svampar och växter i Sverige 2003. Förteckning över antal arter per familj. ArtDatabanken Rapporterar 5, ArtDatabanken, Uppsala. (reviderad excelfil med svenska djurfamiljer). - via Dyntaxa. Svensk taxonomisk databas

WoRMS (2016) Accessed through World Register of Marine Species at http://www.marinespecies.org/ - via Dyntaxa. Svensk taxonomisk databas

Data courtesy of: PBDB: The Paleobiology Database, Creative Commons CC-BY licenced. , GBIF: the Global Biodiversity Information Facility, various licences, iDigBio, various licences, and EOL: The Encyclopedia of Life (Open Data Public Domain). Because fossils are made of minerals too!

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