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Polyplacophora

Description

Chitons are marine molluscs of varying size in the class Polyplacophora, formerly known as Amphineura. About 940 extant and 430 fossil species are recognized.

From Wikipedia article at https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polyplacophora, which is released under the Creative Commons Attribution-Share-Alike License 3.0.

Source Data

Source	ID	Link
Global Biodiversity Information Facility ID (GBIF)	346	https://www.gbif.org/species/346
PaleoBioDB ID (PBDB)	8023	https://paleobiodb.org/classic/checkTaxonInfo?taxon_no=8023

Rank

class

Taxonomy (GBIF,PBDB)

Life : Animalia : Mollusca : Polyplacophora

Taxonomic Status (GBIF)

accepted

Classification

Rank	Name	Author
kingdom	Animalia	Linnaeus 1758
—	Bilateria
—	Eubilateria	Ax 1987
—	Protostomia	Grobben 1908
—	Spiralia
superphylum	Lophotrochozoa
phylum	Mollusca	Linnaeus 1758
—	Serialia	Giribet et al. 2006
class	Polyplacophora	de Blainville 1816
Unranked entries are considered an unranked clade in modern classifications. Ranks may be repeated or presented in the wrong order because authors may disagree about how to rank taxa.

Scientific Name

Polyplacophora

Status (PBDB)

extant

Taxon Size (PBDB)

425

Extant Size (PBDB)

94 (22%)

First Recorded Appearance

501 - 485 Ma
Cambrian

Environment

marine,brackish

Motility

facultatively mobile, attached

Vision

limited

Diet

grazer

Ecospace Comments

LIFE HISTORY: Surficial, fully motile slow/facultatively motile unattached, surface deposit feeding according to Bambach et al (2007).

Taphonomy

aragonite

Primary Reference (PBDB)

J. J. Sepkoski, Jr. 2002. A compendium of fossil marine animal genera. Bulletins of American Paleontology 363:1-560

Common Name(s)

Chitons, Coat-of-mail Shells, Chiton

Wikipedia

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polyplacophora

External Images

Fossil Distribution

Subtaxa

Name	Status	Common Name(s)	Fossil Occurrences	Oldest	Youngest
Chitonida order	accepted	No associated record in PBDB
Lepidopleurida order	accepted	No associated record in PBDB
Alastegiidae ✝ family	accepted		1	461 Ma Middle Ordovician	450 Ma Late Ordovician
Aulochitonidae ✝ family	accepted		4	501 Ma Cambrian	485 Ma Cambrian
Chelodidae family	accepted	No associated record in PBDB
Cobcrephoridae family	accepted	No associated record in PBDB
Crassitudochitonidae ✝ family	accepted		1	265 Ma Permian	260 Ma Permian
Dycheiidae ✝ family	accepted		3	501 Ma Cambrian	485 Ma Cambrian
Echinochitonidae ✝ family	accepted		1	461 Ma Middle Ordovician	450 Ma Late Ordovician
Gotlandochitonidae ✝ family	accepted		12	485 Ma Cambrian	72.1 Ma Late Cretaceous
Haeggochitonidae family	accepted	No associated record in PBDB
Helminthochitonidae ✝ family	accepted		2	388 Ma Middle Devonian	372 Ma Late Devonian
Ivoechitonidae family	accepted	No associated record in PBDB
Litochitonidae family	accepted	No associated record in PBDB
Mattheviidae ✝ family	accepted		51	501 Ma Cambrian	411 Ma Early Devonian
Olingechitonidae family	accepted	No associated record in PBDB
Preacanthochitonidae ✝ family	accepted		6	501 Ma Cambrian	450 Ma Late Ordovician
Robustidae family	accepted	No associated record in PBDB
Scanochitonidae ✝ family	accepted		3	83.6 Ma Late Cretaceous	72.1 Ma Late Cretaceous
Septemchitonidae ✝ family	accepted		0
Strobilepidae family	accepted		6	393 Ma Early Devonian	254 Ma Permian
Alastega ✝ genus	accepted		4	461 Ma Middle Ordovician	427 Ma Silurian
Arctoplax ✝ genus	accepted		1	431 Ma Silurian	427 Ma Silurian
Cymatochiton ✝ genus	accepted		5	272 Ma Permian	254 Ma Permian
Enetoplax ✝ genus	accepted		1	431 Ma Silurian	427 Ma Silurian
Heloplax ✝ genus	accepted		1	431 Ma Silurian	427 Ma Silurian
Homeochiton ✝ genus	accepted		1	296 Ma Permian	268 Ma Permian
Plectrochiton ✝ genus	accepted		1	431 Ma Silurian	427 Ma Silurian
Polysacos genus	accepted		1	359 Ma Late Devonian	345 Ma Carboniferous
Preacanthochiton genus	accepted	No associated record in PBDB
Priscochiton ✝ genus	accepted		0
Prisochiton ✝ genus	accepted		2	461 Ma Middle Ordovician	443 Ma Silurian
Probolaeum ✝ genus	accepted		0
Pterygochiton ✝ genus	accepted		5	201 Ma Early Jurassic	174 Ma Middle Jurassic
Pyknochiton ✝ genus	accepted		1	279 Ma Permian	272 Ma Permian
Gotlandiochiton hami species	accepted	No associated record in PBDB

Unlinked PBDB sub-entries

Name	Status	Fossil Occurrences	Extant	Oldest	Youngest
Multiplacophora order	Not linked to GBIF	8		393 Ma Early Devonian	254 Ma Permian
Paleoloricata ✝ subclass	Not linked to GBIF	95	extinct	501 Ma Cambrian	72.1 Ma Late Cretaceous
Neoloricata order	Not linked to GBIF	447	extant	466 Ma Middle Ordovician
Mesoplacophora suborder	Not linked to GBIF	0
Oligochiton ✝ genus	Not linked to GBIF	1	extinct	28.1 Ma Oligocene	23.0 Ma Miocene

Synonymy List

Year	Name and Author
1816	Polyplacophora de Blainville
1904	Polyplacophora Martin p. 270
1998	Polyplacophora Barnes
2001	Polyplacophora Wells and Houston p. 19
2002	Polyplacophora Sepkoski, Jr.
2006	Polyplacophora Giribet et al. p. 7725

References

Sepkoski, Jr. J. J. (2002) A compendium of fossil marine animal genera, Bulletins of American Paleontology 363, 1-560

Wells A., Houston W. W. K. (2001) , Zoological Catalogue of Australia: Mollusca 17 2

Giribet G., Okusu A., et al (2006) Evidence for a clade composed of molluscs with serially repeated structures: monoplacophorans are related to chitons, Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 103 20, 7723-7728

Kaas P. & Van Belle R. A. (1985). Monograph of living Chitons (Mollusca: Polyplacophora). Vol. 1. Order Neoloricata: Lepidopleurina. E. J. Brill/W. Backhuys eds. Leiden 244 pp.: - via World Register of Introduced Marine Species (WRiMS)

Kaas P. & Van Belle R. A. (1987). Monograph of living Chitons (Mollusca: Polyplacophora). Vol. 3: Suborder Ischnochitonina. Ischnochitonidae: Chaetopleurinae, & Ischnochitonidae (pars). Additions to Vols 1 & 2.. * E. J. Brill/W. Backhuys eds. Leiden 302 pp.: - via World Register of Introduced Marine Species (WRiMS)

Kaas P. & Van Belle R. A. (1990). Monograph of living Chitons (Mollusca: Polyplacophora). Vol. 4. Suborder Ischnochitonina. Ischnochitonidae: Ischnochitoninae (continued). Additions to Vols 1, 2 and 3. E. J. Brill, Leiden, 298 p. - via World Register of Introduced Marine Species (WRiMS)

Kaas P. & Van Belle R. A. (1994). Monograph of living Chitons (Mollusca: Polyplacophora). Vol. 5. Suborder Ischnochitonina. Ischnochitonidae: Ischnochitoninae (concluded), Callistoplacinae; Mopaliidae. Additions to Volumes 1-4. E. J. Brill, Leiden. 402 pp. - via World Register of Introduced Marine Species (WRiMS)

Hayward, P.J. & Ryland, J.S. (2002) - via Taxa Watermanagement the Netherlands (TWN)

An outline for the classification of Phylum Mollusca in taxonomic databases [report elaborated by WoRMS editors for internal use, june 2010] - via World Register of Introduced Marine Species (WRiMS)

Bergenhayn J. R. M. (1955). Die fossilen schwedischen Loricaten nebst einer vorlafigen Revision der ganzen Klasse Loricata. Kungliga Fysiografiska Sallskapets Handlingar, Lund N.F. 66(8): 1-44 pl. 1-2 - via World Register of Introduced Marine Species (WRiMS)

Kaas P. & Van Belle R. A. (1985). Monograph of living Chitons (Mollusca: Polyplacophora). Vol. 2. Suborder Ischnochitonina. Ischnochitonidae: Schizoplacinae, Callochitoninae & Lepidochitoninae. E. J. Brill/W. Backhuys eds. Leiden, 198 pp. - via World Register of Introduced Marine Species (WRiMS)

Kaas P., Van Belle R.A. & Strack H. 2006. Monograph of living chitons (Mollusca: Polyplacaphora); volume 6: Suborder Ischnochitonina (concluded); Schizochitonidae & Chitonidae, additions to volumes 1-5. Brill, Leiden, 464 pp. - via World Register of Introduced Marine Species (WRiMS)

Kaas, P. & Van Belle, R. A. (1998). Catalogue of living chitons (Mollusca, Polyplacophora). second, revised edition. 1-204; Backhyus Publishers Leiden. - via World Register of Introduced Marine Species (WRiMS)

Turgeon, D. D., J. F. Quinn, Jr., A. E. Bogan, E. V. Coan, F. G. Hochberg, W. G. Lyons, et al., 1998: Common and scientific names of aquatic invertebrates from the United States and Canada: Mollusks, 2nd ed.. American Fisheries Society Special Publication 26. 526. - via Integrated Taxonomic Information System (ITIS)

Higo, Shun'ichi, Paul Callomon, and Yoshihiro Goto, 1999: null. Catalogue and Bibliography of the Marine Shell-bearing Mollusca of Japan: Gastropoda, Bivalvia, Polyplacophora, Scaphopoda. 749. - via Integrated Taxonomic Information System (ITIS)

Abbott, Robert Tucker, 1974: null. American Seashells: The Marine Mollusca of the Atlantic and Pacific Coasts of North America. 2nd ed.. 663. - via Integrated Taxonomic Information System (ITIS)

Vaught, K. C. / Abbott, Robert T. and Kenneth J. Boss, 1989: null. A classification of the living Mollusca. xii+195. - via Integrated Taxonomic Information System (ITIS)

An outline for the classification of Phylum Mollusca in taxonomic databases [report elaborated by WoRMS editors for internal use, june 2010] - via World Register of Marine Species

Kaas, P. & Van Belle, R. A. (1998). Catalogue of living chitons (Mollusca, Polyplacophora). second, revised edition. 1-204; Backhyus Publishers Leiden. - via World Register of Marine Species

Gärdenfors, Ulf, Hall, Ragnar, Hallingbäck, Tomas, Hansson, Hans G. & Hedström, Lars (2003) Djur, svampar och växter i Sverige 2003. Förteckning över antal arter per familj. ArtDatabanken Rapporterar 5, ArtDatabanken, Uppsala. (reviderad excelfil med svenska djurfamiljer). - via Dyntaxa. Svensk taxonomisk databas

WoRMS (2016) Accessed through World Register of Marine Species at http://www.marinespecies.org/ - via Dyntaxa. Svensk taxonomisk databas

Data courtesy of: PBDB: The Paleobiology Database, Creative Commons CC-BY licenced. , GBIF: the Global Biodiversity Information Facility, various licences, iDigBio, various licences, and EOL: The Encyclopedia of Life (Open Data Public Domain). Because fossils are made of minerals too!

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