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Phenacodus ✝

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Description

Phenacodus is an extinct genus of mammals from the late Paleocene through middle Eocene, about 55 million years ago. It is one of the earliest and most primitive of the ungulates, typifying the family Phenacodontidae and the order Perissodactyla.

From Wikipedia article at https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phenacodus, which is released under the Creative Commons Attribution-Share-Alike License 3.0.

Source Data

Source	ID	Link
Global Biodiversity Information Facility ID (GBIF)	3239508	https://www.gbif.org/species/3239508
PaleoBioDB ID (PBDB)	42288	https://paleobiodb.org/classic/checkTaxonInfo?taxon_no=42288

Rank

genus

Taxonomy (GBIF)

Life : Animalia : Chordata : Mammalia : Phenacodontidae : Phenacodus

Taxonomy (PBDB)

Life : Animalia : Chordata : Mammalia : Ungulata : Phenacodontidae : Phenacodus

Taxonomic Status (GBIF)

doubtful

Classification
(PBDB,GBIF)

Rank	Name	Author
-	Eukaryota
-	Opisthokonta	Cavalier-Smith 1987
kingdom	Animalia
-	Triploblastica	Lankester 1877
-	Nephrozoa	Jondelius et al. 2002
-	Deuterostomia	Grobben 1908
phylum	Chordata	Haeckel 1847
subphylum	Vertebrata	Lamarck 1801
superclass	Gnathostomata	Gegenbauer 1874
-	Osteichthyes
-	Sarcopterygii	Romer 1955
subclass	Dipnotetrapodomorpha
subclass	Tetrapodomorpha
-	Tetrapoda
-	Reptiliomorpha	Säve-Söderbergh 1934
-	Anthracosauria	Säve-Söderbergh 1934
-	Batrachosauria
-	Cotylosauria
-	Amniota	Haeckel 1866
-	Synapsida	Osborn 1903
-	Therapsida
infraorder	Cynodontia
-	Epicynodontia	Hopson and Kitching 2001
infraorder	Eucynodontia	Kemp 1982
-	Probainognathia	Hopson 1990
-	Mammaliamorpha	Rowe 1988
-	Mammaliaformes	Rowe 1988
class	Mammalia	Linnaeus 1758
subclass	Tribosphenida
infraclass	Eutheria
order	Ungulata
-	Cetungulata	Irwin and Wilson 1993
-	Taxeopoda	Cope 1882
-	Phenacodonta	McKenna 1975
family	Phenacodontidae	Cope 1881
genus	Phenacodus	Cope 1873

Scientific Name

Phenacodus Cope, 1873

Name Published In

Pal. Bull., no. 17

Opinions (PBDB)

Name	Rank	Opinion	Evidence	Author
Phenacodus	genus	belongs to Phenacodontidae	stated without evidence	Cope, 1873
Phenacodus	genus	belongs to Phenacodontidae	implied	Carroll, 1988
Phenacodus	genus	belongs to Phenacodontidae	stated without evidence	Archibald, 1998
Phenacodus	genus	belongs to Perissodactyla	stated with evidence	Cooper et al., 2014
Phenacodus	genus	belongs to Phenacodontidae	stated with evidence	Halliday et al., 2017

Status (PBDB)

extinct

Taxon Size (PBDB)

First Recorded Appearance

63.3 - 61.7 Ma
Paleocene

Last Recorded Appearance

50.3 - 46.2 Ma
Eocene

Environment

terrestrial (based on Eutheria)

Motility

actively mobile (based on Osteichthyes)

Diet

herbivore (based on Phenacodontidae)

Taphonomy

phosphatic (based on Vertebrata)

Primary Reference (PBDB)

E. D. Cope. 1873. Fourth notice of extinct Vertebrata from the Bridger and the Green River tertiaries. Palaeontological Bulletin 17:1-4

Wikipedia

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phenacodus

Fossil Distribution

Subtaxa

Name	Status	Fossil Occurrences	Oldest	Youngest
Hyracotherium vortmani ✝ species	accepted (GBIF) listed (PBDB)	197	61.7 Ma Paleocene	50.3 Ma Eocene
Opisthotomus astutus ✝ species	accepted (GBIF) listed (PBDB)
Opisthotomus flagrans ✝ species	accepted (GBIF) listed (PBDB)
Phenacodus bisonensis ✝ species	accepted (GBIF) listed (PBDB)	7	61.7 Ma Paleocene	61.7 Ma Paleocene
Phenacodus grangeri ✝ species	accepted (GBIF) listed (PBDB)	56	63.3 Ma Paleocene	56.8 Ma Paleocene
Phenacodus intermedius ✝ species	accepted (GBIF) listed (PBDB)	204	56.8 Ma Paleocene	55.8 Ma Eocene
Phenacodus magnus ✝ species	accepted (GBIF) listed (PBDB)	16	61.7 Ma Paleocene	58.7 Ma Paleocene
Phenacodus matthewi ✝ species	accepted (GBIF) listed (PBDB)	5	63.3 Ma Paleocene	61.7 Ma Paleocene
Phenacodus puercensis ✝ species	accepted (GBIF) listed (PBDB)	41	63.3 Ma Paleocene	61.7 Ma Paleocene
Phenacodus sulcatus ✝ species	accepted (GBIF) listed (PBDB)
Phenacodus trilobatus ✝ species	accepted (GBIF) listed (PBDB)	32	55.8 Ma Eocene	55.8 Ma Eocene
Phenacodus zuniensis ✝ species	accepted (GBIF) listed (PBDB)

Obsolete Names

Name	Source	Taxon Rank	Taxonomy
Phenacodus omnivorus Cope, 1874	GBIF	species	Animalia : Chordata : Mammalia : Phenacodontidae : *Phenacodus omnivorus*
Eohyus Marsh, 1894	GBIF	genus	Animalia : Chordata : Mammalia : Phenacodontidae : *Eohyus*
Opisthotomus Cope, 1875	GBIF	genus	Animalia : Chordata : Mammalia : Phenacodontidae : *Opisthotomus*
Eohyus distans Marsh, 1894	GBIF	species	Animalia : Chordata : Mammalia : Phenacodontidae : *Eohyus distans*
Phenacodus hemiconus Cope, 1882	GBIF	species	Animalia : Chordata : Mammalia : Phenacodontidae : *Phenacodus hemiconus*
Trispondylus Cope, 1884	GBIF	genus	Animalia : Chordata : Mammalia : Phenacodontidae : *Trispondylus*
Theocodus Cope, 1883	GBIF	genus	Animalia : Chordata : Mammalia : Phenacodontidae : *Theocodus*
Phenacodus nuniensis Cope, 1885	GBIF	species	Animalia : Chordata : Mammalia : Phenacodontidae : *Phenacodus nuniensis*
Phenacodus primaeous Cope, 1873	GBIF	species	Animalia : Chordata : Mammalia : Phenacodontidae : *Phenacodus primaeous*
Phenacodus primaevus Cope, 1873	GBIF	species	Animalia : Chordata : Mammalia : Phenacodontidae : *Phenacodus primaevus*

Synonymy List

Year	Name and Author
1873	Phenacodus Cope
1873	Phenacodus primaeous Cope p. 3
1874	Phenacodus omnivorus Cope
1875	Opisthotomus Cope p. 15
1875	Phenacodus omnivorus Cope p. 18
1875	Phenacodus primaevus Cope p. 18
1877	Opisthotomus Schlosser p. 34
1882	Phenacodus hemiconus Cope p. 179
1884	Trispondylus Cope
1885	Phenacodus nuniensis Cope
1894	Eohyus Marsh
1894	Eohyus distans Marsh p. 259
1895	Trispondylus Haeckel p. 534
1902	Phenacodus Hay p. 604

Year	Name and Author
1902	Phenacodus hemiconus Hay p. 604
1902	Phenacodus nuniensis Hay p. 604
1902	Phenacodus omnivorus Hay p. 604
1902	Phenacodus primaevus Hay p. 604
1902	Eohyus Hay p. 651
1902	Eohyus distans Hay p. 651
1902	Opisthotomus Hay p. 792
1988	Phenacodus Carroll
1998	Phenacodus Archibald p. 321
2001	Phenacodus Thewissen et al. p. suppl.
2012	Phenacodus Rose et al.
2014	Phenacodus Cooper et al. p. 8 fig. 3
2017	Phenacodus Halliday et al. p. 527

References

Cope E. D. Fourth notice of extinct Vertebrata from the Bridger and the Green River tertiaries, Palaeontological Bulletin 17, 1-4 doi:25 October 1873

Cope E. D. , Systematic Catalogue of Vertebrata of the Eocene of New Mexico, Collected in 1874. Geographical Explorations and Surveys West of the 100th Meridian, Engineer Department, U. S. Army, 5-37

Schlosser M. Die Affen, Lemuren, Chiropteren, Insectivoren, Marsupialier, Creodonten und Carnivoren des Europaischen Tertiars, Beitrage zur Paleontologie Osterreich-Ungarns un des Orients 6, 1-224

Cope E. D. Contributions to the history of the Vertebrata of the lower Eocene of Wyoming and New Mexico, made during 1881, Proceedings of the American Philosophical Society 20 111, 139-197

Marsh O. C. Description of Tertiary artiodactyles, American Journal of Science 48 285, 259-275 doi:10.2475/ajs.s3-48.285.259

Hay O. P. (1902) , Bibliography and Catalogue of the Fossil Vertebrata of North America. Bulletin of the United States Geological Survey 179, 1-868

Carroll R. L. (1988) , Vertebrate Paleontology and Evolution, 1-698

Archibald J. D. (1998) Archaic ungulates ("Condylarthra"), Evolution of Tertiary Mammals of North America 1, 292-331

Thewissen J. G. M, Williams E. M., et al (2001) Skeletons of terrestrial cetaceans and the relationship of whales to artiodactyls, Nature 413, 277-281

Rose K. D., Chew A. E., et al (2012) Earliest Eocene mammalian fauna from the Paleocene-Eocene Thermal Maximum at Sand Creek Divide, southern Bighorn Basin, Wyoming, University of Michigan Papers on Paleontology 36, 1-122

Cooper L. N., Seiffert E. R., et al (2014) Anthracobunids from the Middle Eocene of India and Pakistan are stem perissodactyls, PLoS ONE 9 10, e109232:1-15 doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0109232

Halliday T. J. D., Upchurch P., et al (2017) Resolving the relationships of Paleocene placental mammals 92, 521-550 doi:10.1111/brv.12242

Nomenclator Zoologicus. A list of the names of genera and subgenera in zoology from the tenth edition of Linnaeus, 1758 to the end of 2004. Digitised by uBio from vols. 1-9 of Neave (ed.), 1939-1996 plus supplementary digital-only volume. http://ubio.org/NomenclatorZoologicus (as at 2006). - via The Interim Register of Marine and Nonmarine Genera

SN2000/McKenna & Bell, 1997 - via The Interim Register of Marine and Nonmarine Genera

SN2000: Brands, S. J. (compiler) 1989-2005. Systema Naturae 2000. Amsterdam, The Netherlands (2006 version). Available online at http://sn2000.taxonomy.nl/. - via The Interim Register of Marine and Nonmarine Genera

as per family - via The Interim Register of Marine and Nonmarine Genera

Pal. Bull., no. 17 - via The Interim Register of Marine and Nonmarine Genera

Palaeo DB (June 2011) - via The Interim Register of Marine and Nonmarine Genera

Data courtesy of: PBDB: The Paleobiology Database, Creative Commons CC-BY licenced. , GBIF: the Global Biodiversity Information Facility, various licences, iDigBio, various licences, and EOL: The Encyclopedia of Life (Open Data Public Domain). Because fossils are made of minerals too!

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