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Megatherium

Description

Megatherium (meg-ə-THEER-ee-əm from the Greek mega [μέγας], meaning "great", and therion [θηρίον], "beast") was a genus of elephant-sized ground sloths endemic to South America, sometimes called the giant ground sloth, that lived from the Early Pliocene through the end of the Pleistocene. Only a few other land mammals equaled or exceeded Megatherium in size, such as large proboscideans (e.g., elephants) and the giant rhinoceros Paraceratherium. Megatherium was first discovered in 1788 on the bank of the Luján River in Argentina. The holotype specimen was then shipped to Spain the following year wherein it caught the attention of the esteemed paleontologist Georges Cuvier, who was the first to determine, by means of comparative anatomy, that Megatherium was a sloth.


Source Data
SourceIDLink
Global Biodiversity Information Facility ID (GBIF)3239357https://www.gbif.org/species/3239357
PaleoBioDB ID (PBDB)43616https://paleobiodb.org/classic/checkTaxonInfo?taxon_no=43616
Rankgenus
Taxonomy (GBIF)Life : Animalia : Chordata : Mammalia : Pilosa : Megatheriidae : Megatherium
Taxonomy (PBDB)Life : Animalia : Chordata : Mammalia : Xenarthra : Megatheriidae : Megatherium
Taxonomic Status (GBIF)accepted
Classification
(PBDB,GBIF)
RankNameAuthor
-Eukaryota
-OpisthokontaCavalier-Smith 1987
kingdomAnimalia
-TriploblasticaLankester 1877
-NephrozoaJondelius et al. 2002
-DeuterostomiaGrobben 1908
phylumChordataHaeckel 1847
subphylumVertebrataLamarck 1801
superclassGnathostomataGegenbauer 1874
-Osteichthyes
-SarcopterygiiRomer 1955
subclassDipnotetrapodomorpha
subclassTetrapodomorpha
-Tetrapoda
-ReptiliomorphaSäve-Söderbergh 1934
-AnthracosauriaSäve-Söderbergh 1934
-Batrachosauria
-Cotylosauria
-AmniotaHaeckel 1866
-SynapsidaOsborn 1903
-Therapsida
infraorderCynodontia
-EpicynodontiaHopson and Kitching 2001
infraorderEucynodontiaKemp 1982
-ProbainognathiaHopson 1990
-MammaliamorphaRowe 1988
-MammaliaformesRowe 1988
classMammaliaLinnaeus 1758
subclassTribosphenida
infraclassEutheria
-PlacentaliaOwen 1837
-AmericatheriaShockey 2017
-Xenarthra
infraorderPilosaFlower 1883
-FolivoraDelsuc et al. 2001
-EutardigradaGaudin 1995
familyMegatheriidaeGray 1821
subfamilyMegatheriinaeGill 1872
genusMegatheriumCuvier 1796
Scientific NameMegatherium Cuvier, 1796
Name Published InMag. Encyclop., 1 (3)
Opinions (PBDB)
NameRankOpinionEvidenceAuthor
Megatheriumgenusbelongs to Bradypidaestated without evidenceGray, 1825
Megatheriumgenusbelongs to Edentatastated without evidenceLeidy, 1860
Megatheriumgenusbelongs to Mylomorphastated without evidenceAmeghino, 1885
Megatheriumgenusbelongs to Megatheriidaestated without evidenceLydekker, 1894
Megatheriumgenusbelongs to MegatheriidaeimpliedCarroll, 1988
Megatheriumgenusbelongs to Megatheriinaestated with evidenceGaudin, 1995
Megatheriumgenusbelongs to Megatheriinaestated without evidenceZurita et al., 2004
Status (PBDB)extinct
Taxon Size (PBDB)16
First Recorded Appearance17.5 - 16.3 Ma
Miocene
Last Recorded Appearance0.01 Ma
Pleistocene
Environmentterrestrial (based on Eutheria)
Motilityactively mobile (based on Osteichthyes)
Dietherbivore (based on Megatheriidae)
Taphonomyphosphatic (based on Vertebrata)
Primary Reference (PBDB)E. L. Lundelius, Jr. 1972. Fossil Vertebrates from the Late Pleistocene Ingleside Fauna, San Patricio County, Texas. Bureau of Economic Geology Report of Investigations 77:1-74
Wikipediahttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Megatherium

Fossil Distribution

Subtaxa

NameStatusCommon Name(s)Fossil OccurrencesOldestYoungest
Megatherium altiplanicum
species
accepted (GBIF)
listed (PBDB)
46.80 Ma
Miocene
5.33 Ma
Miocene
Megatherium americanum
species
accepted (GBIF)
listed (PBDB)
289.00 Ma
Miocene
0.01 Ma
Pleistocene
Megatherium antiquum
species
accepted (GBIF)No associated record in PBDB
Megatherium bergi
species
listed (PBDB)
Megatherium celendinense
species
accepted (GBIF)
listed (PBDB)
10.78 Ma
Pleistocene
0.78 Ma
Pleistocene
Megatherium gallardoi
species
accepted (GBIF)
listed (PBDB)
Megatherium gaudryi
species
accepted (GBIF)
listed (PBDB)
Megatherium gervaisi
species
accepted (GBIF)No associated record in PBDB
Megatherium istilarti
species
listed (PBDB)
Megatherium lundi
species
listed (PBDB)
Megatherium medinae
species
accepted (GBIF)
listed (PBDB)
32.59 Ma
Pleistocene
2.59 Ma
Pleistocene
Megatherium sundti
species
accepted (GBIF)
listed (PBDB)
12.59 Ma
Pleistocene
2.59 Ma
Pleistocene
Megatherium tarijense
species
accepted (GBIF)
listed (PBDB)
32.59 Ma
Pleistocene
0.13 Ma
Pleistocene
Megatherium uquiense
species
listed (PBDB)
Megatherium urbinai
species
accepted (GBIF)
listed (PBDB)
32.59 Ma
Pleistocene
2.59 Ma
Pleistocene
Neoracanthus brackebuschianus
species
accepted (GBIF)
listed (PBDB)
Neoracanthus burmeisteri
species
listed (PBDB)
Oracanthus burmeisteri
species
accepted (GBIF)No associated record in PBDB

Obsolete Names

NameSourceTaxon RankTaxonomy
Essonodontherium Ameghino, 1884GBIFgenusAnimalia : Chordata : Mammalia : Pilosa : Megatheriidae : Essonodontherium
Ocnobates Cope, 1890GBIFgenusAnimalia : Chordata : Mammalia : Pilosa : Megatheriidae : Ocnobates
Neoracanthus Ameghino, 1889GBIFgenusAnimalia : Chordata : Mammalia : Pilosa : Megatheriidae : Neoracanthus
Oracanthus Ameghino, 1885GBIFgenusAnimalia : Chordata : Mammalia : Pilosa : Megatheriidae : Oracanthus
Megalotherium Lydekker, 1889GBIFgenusAnimalia : Chordata : Mammalia : Pilosa : Megatheriidae : Megalotherium
Orocanthus AmeghinoGBIFgenusAnimalia : Chordata : Mammalia : Pilosa : Megatheriidae : Orocanthus
Megaterium Cuvier, 1803GBIFgenusAnimalia : Chordata : Mammalia : Pilosa : Megatheriidae : Megaterium
Hebetotherium Ameghino, 1898GBIFgenusAnimalia : Chordata : Mammalia : Pilosa : Megatheriidae : Hebetotherium

Synonymy List

YearName and Author
1796Megatherium Cuvier
1825Megatherium Gray p. 343
1860Megatherium Leidy p. 111
1884Essonodontherium Ameghino
1885Megatherium Ameghino p. 114
1885Megatherium antiquum Ameghino p. 114
1885Oracanthus Ameghino p. 495
1889Neoracanthus Ameghino p. 673
1889Megatherium Cope p. 659
YearName and Author
1894Megatherium Lydekker p. 71
1902Megatherium Hay p. 576
1926Megatherium Schneider p. 148
1988Essonodontherium Carroll
1988Megatherium Carroll
1995Megatherium Gaudin
2004Megatherium Pujos and Salas
2004Megatherium Zurita et al.
2016Megatherium Amson et al. p. 231 figs. Fig. 10

References

Lundelius, Jr. E. L. (1972) Fossil Vertebrates from the Late Pleistocene Ingleside Fauna, San Patricio County, Texas, Bureau of Economic Geology Report of Investigations 77, 1-74 doi:10.23867/RI0077D
Gray J. E. An outline of an attempt at the disposition of Mammalia into Tribes and Families, with a list of genera apparently appertaining to each Tribe, Annals of Philosophy, new series 10, 337-344
Leidy J. Description of Vertebrate Fossils, Post-Pleiocene Fossils of South-Carolina, 99-122
Ameghino F. Nuevos restos de mamíferos fósiles Oligocenos recogidos por el Profesor Pedro Scalabrini y pertenecientes al Museo Provincial de la ciudad del Parana [New remains of Oligocene fossil mammals collected by Professor Pedro Scalabrini and belonging to the Provincial Museum of the city of Parana], Boletín de la Academia Nacional de Ciencias 8, 1-205
Cope E. D. The Edentata of North America, American Naturalist 23 272, 657-664
Lydekker R. Contributions to a knowledge of the fossil vertebrates of Argentina. II. 2. The extinct edentates of Argentina, Anales del Museo de La Plata. Paleontología Argentina 3, 1-118
Hay O. P. (1902) , Bibliography and Catalogue of the Fossil Vertebrata of North America. Bulletin of the United States Geological Survey 179, 1-868
Schneider C. O. (1926) Lista preliminar de los mamiferos fosiles de Chile, Revista Chilena de Historia Natural 30, 144-156
Carroll R. L. (1988) , Vertebrate Paleontology and Evolution, 1-698
Gaudin T. J. (1995) The ear region of edentates and the phylogeny of Tardigrada (Mammalia, Xenarthra), Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology 15 3, 672-705
Pujos F., Salas R. (2004) A new species of Megatherium (Mammalia: Xenarthra: Megatheriidae) from the Pleistocene of Sacaco and Tres Ventanas, Peru, Palaeontology 47 3, 579-604
Zurita A. E., Carlini A. A., et al (2004) Mamíferos extintos del Cuaternario de la Provincia del Chaco (Argentina) y su relación con aquéllos del este de la región pampeana y de Chile, Revista geológica de Chile 31 1, 65-87
Amson E., Muizon C., et al (2016) A reappraisal of the phylogeny of the Megatheria (Mammalia: Tardigrada), with an emphasis on the relationships of the Thalassocninae, the marine sloths, ZoologicalJournaloftheLinneanSociety 179, 217-236 doi:10.1111/zoj.12450
Mag. Encyclop., 1 (3) - via The Interim Register of Marine and Nonmarine Genera
Nomenclator Zoologicus. A list of the names of genera and subgenera in zoology from the tenth edition of Linnaeus, 1758 to the end of 2004. Digitised by uBio from vols. 1-9 of Neave (ed.), 1939-1996 plus supplementary digital-only volume. http://ubio.org/NomenclatorZoologicus (as at 2006). - via The Interim Register of Marine and Nonmarine Genera
SN2000/McKenna & Bell, 1997 - via The Interim Register of Marine and Nonmarine Genera
SN2000: Brands, S. J. (compiler) 1989-2005. Systema Naturae 2000. Amsterdam, The Netherlands (2006 version). Available online at http://sn2000.taxonomy.nl/. - via The Interim Register of Marine and Nonmarine Genera
Palaeo DB (June 2011) - via The Interim Register of Marine and Nonmarine Genera
Data courtesy of: PBDB: The Paleobiology Database, Creative Commons CC-BY licenced. , GBIF: the Global Biodiversity Information Facility, various licences, iDigBio, various licences, and EOL: The Encyclopedia of Life (Open Data Public Domain). Because fossils are made of minerals too!
 
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