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Tylosaurus ✝

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Description

Tylosaurus (from the ancient Greek τυλος (tylos) "protuberance, knob" + Greek σαυρος (sauros) "lizard") was a mosasaur, a large, predatory marine reptile closely related to modern monitor lizards and to snakes, from the Late Cretaceous.

From Wikipedia article at https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tylosaurus, which is released under the Creative Commons Attribution-Share-Alike License 3.0.

Source Data

Source	ID	Link
Global Biodiversity Information Facility ID (GBIF)	3238757	https://www.gbif.org/species/3238757
PaleoBioDB ID (PBDB)	36418	https://paleobiodb.org/classic/checkTaxonInfo?taxon_no=36418

Rank

genus

Taxonomy (GBIF,PBDB)

Life : Animalia : Chordata : Reptilia : Squamata : Mosasauridae : Tylosaurus

Taxonomic Status (GBIF)

accepted

Classification
(PBDB,GBIF)

Rank	Name	Author
-	Eukaryota
-	Opisthokonta	Cavalier-Smith 1987
kingdom	Animalia
-	Triploblastica	Lankester 1877
-	Nephrozoa	Jondelius et al. 2002
-	Deuterostomia	Grobben 1908
phylum	Chordata	Haeckel 1847
subphylum	Vertebrata	Lamarck 1801
superclass	Gnathostomata	Gegenbauer 1874
-	Osteichthyes
-	Sarcopterygii	Romer 1955
subclass	Dipnotetrapodomorpha
subclass	Tetrapodomorpha
-	Tetrapoda
-	Reptiliomorpha	Säve-Söderbergh 1934
-	Anthracosauria	Säve-Söderbergh 1934
-	Batrachosauria
-	Cotylosauria
-	Amniota	Haeckel 1866
-	Sauropsida	Huxley 1864
class	Reptilia	Laurenti 1768
subclass	Eureptilia
-	Romeriida	Gauthier et al. 1988
-	Diapsida
-	Eosuchia
-	Neodiapsida	Benton 1985
-	Sauria	Gauthier 1984
-	Lepidosauromorpha
superorder	Lepidosauria
order	Squamata	Oppel 1811
-	Episquamata	Pyron et al. 2013
-	Toxicofera	Vidal and Hedges 2005
superfamily	Mosasauria
family	Mosasauridae	Gervais 1852
-	Russellosaurina
subfamily	Tylosaurinae	Wiliston 1895
genus	Tylosaurus	Marsh 1872

Scientific Name

Tylosaurus Marsh, 1872

Name Published In

Amer. J. Sci., (3) 4

Opinions (PBDB)

Name	Rank	Opinion	Evidence	Author
Tylosaurus	genus	belongs to Mosasauria	stated with evidence	Leidy, 1873
Tylosaurus	genus	subjective synonym of Liodon	stated with evidence	Zittel, 1890
Tylosaurus	genus	belongs to Mosasauridae	stated without evidence	Osborn, 1899
Tylosaurus	genus	belongs to Tylosaurinae	stated without evidence	Hay, 1902
Tylosaurus	genus	belongs to Mosasauridae	stated with evidence	McDowell and Bogert, 1954
Tylosaurus	genus	belongs to Mosasauridae	stated without evidence	Miller, 1967
Tylosaurus	genus	belongs to Tylosaurinae	stated without evidence	Thurmond, 1969
Tylosaurus	genus	belongs to Plioplatecarpidae	stated without evidence	Russell, 1970
Tylosaurus	genus	belongs to Tylosaurinae	stated without evidence	Thurmond and Jones, 1981
Tylosaurus	genus	belongs to Mosasauridae	implied	Carroll, 1988
Tylosaurus	genus	belongs to Mosasauridae	stated with evidence	Everhart, 2002
Tylosaurus	genus	belongs to Squamata	second hand	Sepkoski, 2002
Tylosaurus	genus	belongs to Tylosaurinae	stated with evidence	Lindgren and Siverson, 2002
Tylosaurus	genus	belongs to Russellosaurina	stated with evidence	Bell and Polcyn, 2005
Tylosaurus	genus	belongs to Tylosaurinae	stated with evidence	Bardet et al., 2005

Status (PBDB)

extinct

Taxon Size (PBDB)

First Recorded Appearance

101 - 90 Ma
Late/Upper Cretaceous

Last Recorded Appearance

70.6 - 66.0 Ma
Late/Upper Cretaceous

Environment

terrestrial (based on Diapsida)

Motility

actively mobile (based on Osteichthyes)

Vision

well-developed (based on Mosasauridae)

Diet

carnivore (based on Mosasauridae)

Reproduction

ovoviviparous (based on Mosasauridae)

Taphonomy

phosphatic (based on Vertebrata)

Primary Reference (PBDB)

J. J. Sepkoski, Jr. 2002. A compendium of fossil marine animal genera. Bulletins of American Paleontology 363:1-560

Wikipedia

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tylosaurus

Fossil Distribution

Subtaxa

Name	Status	Common Name(s)	Fossil Occurrences	Oldest	Youngest
Hainosaurus neumilleri ✝ species	accepted (GBIF) listed (PBDB)		1	83.5 Ma Late/Upper Cretaceous	83.5 Ma Late/Upper Cretaceous
Hainosaurus pembinensis ✝ species	accepted (GBIF) listed (PBDB)		1	83.5 Ma Late/Upper Cretaceous	83.5 Ma Late/Upper Cretaceous
Liodon nepaeolicus species	accepted (GBIF)	No associated record in PBDB
Macrosaurus proriger ✝ species	accepted (GBIF) listed (PBDB)		6	86.3 Ma Late/Upper Cretaceous	83.5 Ma Late/Upper Cretaceous
Hainosaurus bernardi ✝ species	accepted (GBIF) listed (PBDB)		2	83.5 Ma Late/Upper Cretaceous	70.6 Ma Late/Upper Cretaceous
Tylosaurus gaudryi ✝ species	listed (PBDB)		1	85.8 Ma Late/Upper Cretaceous	85.8 Ma Late/Upper Cretaceous
Tylosaurus ivoensis ✝ species	accepted (GBIF) listed (PBDB)		9	83.6 Ma Late/Upper Cretaceous	83.5 Ma Late/Upper Cretaceous
Tylosaurus kansasensis ✝ species	accepted (GBIF) listed (PBDB)		15	93.9 Ma Late/Upper Cretaceous	89.3 Ma Late/Upper Cretaceous
Tylosaurus laticaudus ✝ species	listed (PBDB)		1	70.6 Ma Late/Upper Cretaceous	70.6 Ma Late/Upper Cretaceous
Tylosaurus nepaeolicus ✝ species	listed (PBDB)		2	89.3 Ma Late/Upper Cretaceous	89.3 Ma Late/Upper Cretaceous
Tylosaurus perlatus ✝ species	listed (PBDB)
Tylosaurus saskatchewanensis ✝ species	doubtful (GBIF) listed (PBDB)		1	83.5 Ma Late/Upper Cretaceous	83.5 Ma Late/Upper Cretaceous
Tylosaurus zangerli ✝ species	accepted (GBIF) listed (PBDB)		1	86.3 Ma Late/Upper Cretaceous	86.3 Ma Late/Upper Cretaceous

Obsolete Names

Name	Source	Taxon Rank	Taxonomy
Elliptonodon Emmons, 1858	GBIF	genus	Animalia : Chordata : Reptilia : Squamata : Mosasauridae : *Elliptonodon*
Liodon dyspelor (Cope, 1871)	GBIF	species	Animalia : Chordata : Reptilia : Squamata : Mosasauridae : Tylosaurus : *Liodon dyspelor*
Elliptonodon compressus Emmons, 1858	GBIF	species	Animalia : Chordata : Reptilia : Squamata : Mosasauridae : Tylosaurus : *Elliptonodon compressus*
Tylosaurus dyspelor (Cope, 1871)	GBIF	species	Animalia : Chordata : Reptilia : Squamata : Mosasauridae : Tylosaurus : *Tylosaurus dyspelor*

Synonymy List

Year	Name and Author
1858	Elliptonodon Emmons
1858	Elliptonodon compressus Emmons p. 222
1869	Liodon dyspelor Cope
1870	Liodon dyspelor Cope
1872	Rhamphosaurus Cope p. 2
1872	Rhinosaurus Marsh p. 17
1872	Tylosaurus Marsh p. 47
1873	Tylosaurus dyspelor Leidy p. 271
1873	Tylosaurus Leidy p. 343
1874	Liodon dyspelor Cope p. 38
1875	Liodon dyspelor Cope p. 167
1885	Hainosaurus Dollo
1899	Tylosaurus Osborn p. 169
1899	Tylosaurus dyspelor Osborn p. 169
1899	Tylosaurus Osborn p. 920
1899	Tylosaurus dyspelor Osborn p. 920
1902	Tylosaurus Hay p. 471
1902	Tylosaurus dyspelor Hay p. 472
1902	Elliptonodon Hay p. 473
1902	Elliptonodon compressus Hay p. 473
1954	Elliptonodon McDowell and Bogert p. 132

Year	Name and Author
1954	Hainosaurus McDowell and Bogert p. 132
1954	Tylosaurus McDowell and Bogert p. 132
1967	Tylosaurus Miller p. 227
1969	Tylosaurus Thurmond p. 76
1970	Tylosaurus Russell p. 374
1981	Tylosaurus Thurmond and Jones p. 162
1988	Hainosaurus Carroll
1988	Tylosaurus Carroll
2002	Tylosaurus Everhart p. 37
2002	Tylosaurus Lindgren and Siverson
2002	Hainosaurus Novas et al.
2002	Tylosaurus Novas et al.
2002	Hainosaurus Sepkoski, Jr.
2002	Tylosaurus Sepkoski, Jr.
2005	Hainosaurus Bardet et al.
2005	Tylosaurus Bardet et al.
2005	Tylosaurus Bell and Polcyn p. 189
2005	Hainosaurus Lindgren p. 1157
2006	Tylosaurus Bardet et al.
2018	Tylosaurus Jiménez-Huidobro et al.

References

Sepkoski, Jr. J. J. (2002) A compendium of fossil marine animal genera, Bulletins of American Paleontology 363, 1-560

Cope E. D. On Some Species of Pythonomorpha from the Cretaceous Beds of Kansas and New Mexico, Proceedings of the American Philosophical Society 11 81, 574-584

Leidy J. Part I. Contributions to the extinct vertebrate fauna of the western territories, Report of the United States Geological Survey of the Territories 1, 1-358

Cope E. D. Review of the Vertebrata of the Cretaceous Period found west of the Mississippi River, Bulletin of the United States Geological and Geographical Survey of the Territories, First Series 2, 3-48

Cope E. D. The Vertebrata of the Cretaceous formations of the west, Report of the United States Geological and Geographical Survey of the Territories 2, 1-303

Osborn H. F. A complete mosasaur skeleton, osseous and cartilaginous, Memoirs of the American Museum of Natural History 1 4, 165-188

Hay O. P. (1902) , Bibliography and Catalogue of the Fossil Vertebrata of North America. Bulletin of the United States Geological Survey 179, 1-868

McDowell S. B., Bogert C. M. (1954) The systematic postition of Lanthanotus and the affinities of the anguinomorphan lizards, Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History 105 1, 1-142

Miller H. W. (1967) Cretaceous vertebrates from Phoebus Landing, North Carolina, Proceedings of the Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia 119, 219-235

Thurmond J. T. (1969) Notes on mosasaurs from Texas, The Texas Journal of Science 21 1, 69-80

Russell D. A. (1970) The vertebrate fauna of the Selma Formation of Alabamam: Part VII The Mosasaurs, Fieldiana: Geology Memoirs 3 7, 365-380

Thurmond J. T., Jones D. E. (1981) , Fossil Vertebrates of Alabama, 1-244

Carroll R. L. (1988) , Vertebrate Paleontology and Evolution, 1-698

Lindgren J., Siverson M. (2002) Tylosaurus ivoensis: a giant mosasaur from the early Campanian of Sweden, Transactions of the Royal Society of Edinburgh: Earth Sciences 93, 73-93 doi:10.1017/S026359330000033X

Novas F. E., Fernández M., et al (2002) Lakumasaurus antarcticus, n. gen. et sp., a new mosasaur (Reptilia, Squamata) from the Upper Cretaceous of Antarctica, Ameghiniana 39 2, 245-249

Bardet N., Pereda Suberbiola X., et al (2005) A new species of Halisaurus from the Late Cretaceous phosphates of Morocco, and the phylogenetical relationships of the Halisaurinae (Squamata: Mosasauridae), Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 143, 447-472

Bell G. L., Polcyn M. J. (2005) Dallasaurus turneri, a new primitive mosasauroid from the Middle Turonian of Texas and comments on the phylogeny of Mosasauridae (Squamata), Netherlands Journal of Geosciences 84 3, 177-194

Lindgren J. (2005) The first record of Hainosaurus (Reptilia: Mosasauridae) from Sweden, Journal of Paleontology 79 6, 1157-1165

Bardet N., Pereda Suberbiola X., et al (2006) A tylosaurine Mosasauridae (Squamata) from the Late Cretaceous of the Basque-Cantabrian region, Estudios Geológicos 62 1, 213-218

Jiménez-Huidobro P., Caldwell M. W., et al (2018) A new species of tylosaurine mosasaur from the upper Campanian Bearpaw\r\nFormation of Saskatchewan, Canada, Journal of Systematic Palaeontology doi:10.1080/14772019.2018.1471744

Amer. J. Sci., (3) 4 - via The Interim Register of Marine and Nonmarine Genera

Nomenclator Zoologicus. A list of the names of genera and subgenera in zoology from the tenth edition of Linnaeus, 1758 to the end of 2004. Digitised by uBio from vols. 1-9 of Neave (ed.), 1939-1996 plus supplementary digital-only volume. http://ubio.org/NomenclatorZoologicus (as at 2006). - via The Interim Register of Marine and Nonmarine Genera

SN2000: Brands, S. J. (compiler) 1989-2005. Systema Naturae 2000. Amsterdam, The Netherlands (2006 version). Available online at http://sn2000.taxonomy.nl/. - via The Interim Register of Marine and Nonmarine Genera

Sepkoski, J. J., Jr. (2002). A compendium of fossil marine animal genera. Bulletins of American Paleontology. 363, 1-560. - via The Interim Register of Marine and Nonmarine Genera

SN2000/Storer et al., 1979 - via The Interim Register of Marine and Nonmarine Genera

Data courtesy of: PBDB: The Paleobiology Database, Creative Commons CC-BY licenced. , GBIF: the Global Biodiversity Information Facility, various licences, iDigBio, various licences, and EOL: The Encyclopedia of Life (Open Data Public Domain). Because fossils are made of minerals too!

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